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Approach and evalua/on of anemia in children
Bounpalisone Souvanlasy M.D., Pediatrician Pediatric Hematologist-‐Oncologist
Na/onal Children Hospital
Scope • Approach to anemia • Defini/on of anemia • Evalua/on of anemia • Iron deficiency anemia
Epidemiology
§ Anemia affects 24.8% of the world popula/on § The highest prevalence is in preschool-‐age children (47.4%)
§ In SEA,66% of preschool children suffer from anemia.
§ Prevalence of anemia in Lao children aged 6–59 months was 40.9% (2006), 48.9% (2009)
WHO Global database on anemia, 2008
WHO Global database on anemia, 2008
Anemia in Na/onal children Hospital
• Children 6-‐59months 38.55% • Anemia with low MCV (Microcy/c anemia) 37.68%
• Most common age group – 1-‐2years 50.7% – 6-‐11months 34.5%
• Iron Deficiency anemia 41.2%
How to approach anemia
Three basic mechanisms • Decreased erythrocyte produc/on • Increased erythrocyte destruc/on • Blood loss
Manual of Pediatric Hematology and oncology,2011
Decreased erythrocyte produc/on
• Bone marrow failure – Acquire: Aplas/c anemia – Congenital: Diamond-‐Blackfan anemia, Fanconi’s anemia
• Bone marrow involvement – Malignancy: Leukemia (ALL,AML), CML, Neuroblastoma
• Nutri/onal deficiency – Iron deficiency anemia, Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency
Increased erythrocyte destruc/on
• Intrinsic red blood cell defects – Membrane defect – Enzyma/c defect – Hemoglobinopathies
• Extrinsic red blood cell defects – Autoimmune Hemoly/c anemia (AIHA) – Microangiopathy – Blood transfusion – Drug
Manual of Pediatric Hematology and oncology,2011
Blood loss
• Acute blood loss – Severe trauma
• Chronic blood loss – Pep/c ulcer – Meckel’s diver/culum – Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis – Parasite (hookworm, whipworm )
Manual of Pediatric Hematology and oncology,2011
History taking
• Age • Sex • Severity and ini/a/on of symptoms: lethargy, tachycardia, and pallor – Anemic infants: irritability and poor oral intake. – chronic anemia may have few or no symptoms, in contrast to pa/ents with acute anemia
• Ques/ons rela/ng to hemoly/c episodes – urine color, scleral icterus, or jaundice
Manual of Pediatric Hematology and oncology,2011
History taking
• Ques/ons about possible blood loss – Bleeding from GI tract – Menstrual losses – Severe or chronic epistaxis
• Ques/ons rela/ng to diet • Birth history – Infant and mother's blood type – History of exchange or intrauterine transfusion – History of anemia or jaundice or need for phototherapy in the neonatal period
– Gesta/onal age at birth
Manual of Pediatric Hematology and oncology,2011
History taking
• Prior CBCs, therapy or anemic episodes • Prior drug or toxin exposure • Underlying medical condi/ons • Infec/on • Travel • Family history
Manual of Pediatric Hematology and oncology,2011
Physical examina/on
• Severe: Pallor of the skin and mucous membranes
• Less severe or when the skin color is dark, pallor may be appreciated only in the nailbeds and palpebral conjunc/vae.
• Vital signs • Eyes: – Scleral icterus: Hemolysis. – Conjunc/val pallor: Hb < 10 grams/dL (6.21 mmol/L).
Physical examina/on
• A systolic flow murmur: Hb < 8 g/dL (4.96 mmol/L).
• Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly: malignancy or an infec/ous disease such as mononucleosis.
• Splenomegaly without lymphadenopathy: Hemoly/c disorders such as HS and AIHA or hemoglobinopathies.
• Careful ausculta/on of the abdomen and head may detect hemangiomas of the viscera.
Physical examina/on
• Skin: – Lack of red color in the palmar creases < 7 g/dL (4.34 mmol/L).
– The presence of large hemangiomas suggests microangiopathic anemia.
– Hyperpigmenta/on: Fanconi anemia – Carotenemia: Suspect iron deficiency in infants – Petechiae, purpura: Hemoly/c-‐uremic syndrome, bone marrow aplasia, bone marrow infiltra/on
Physical examina/on
• Musculoskeletal – Bony abnormali/es in hemoly/c disease
• Frontal bossing • Prominence of the malar and Maxillary bones
– Radial and thumb anomalies found in some pa/ents with Fanconi anemia.
– Hand: Spoon nails in iron deficiency anemia
• Mouth – Glossi/s: Vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency
Defini/on of anemia
Thalassemia
Rouleaux forma/on
Lymphoblast
Case 1
• A 1.8 year old boy • Present with fever for 4days • Anemia • No hepatospleenomegaly I. What inves/ga/on that you should do first ? 1. CBC 2. CBC, re/culocyte count 3. CBC, re/culocyte count Morphology 4. CBC, re/culocyte count, Hb typing
• WBC 7000, RBC 5.59, Hb 5.8, HCT 19.6, MCV 40, MCH 121.8, RDW 21.6, PLT 497K, Re/culocyte count 2%
II. What is the most likely diagnosis ? 1. Hb H disease 2. Iron deficiency anemia 3. Beta-‐thalassemia/Hb E 4. Beta-‐thalassemia Major
PBS
III. Do you want to change your diagnosis? 1. Hb H disease 2. Iron deficiency anemia 3. Beta-‐thalassemia/Hb E 4. Beta-‐thalassemia major
IV. What inves/ga/on that you want to do next? 1. Inclusion body 2. Hb typing 3. ferri/n 4. Serum iron 5. No need more inves/ga/on
• Poor appe/te, good conscious • VS: T 37 BP 86/50 P 100 RR 28 • Heart: normal • Inclusion body: posi/ve IV. What management that you should do? 1. Blood transfusion 2. Iron supplementa/on 3. Folic acid 4. Observe
Epidemiology
• 40–50% of children < 5 years of age in developing countries
• Na/onal children Hospital 41.2% ( Diagnosis by Iron therapeu/c trial)
• 80.3% of pa/ents with iron deficiency anemia between 6months to 2 years
• 21.2% have the combina/on of thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia
Causes of Iron-‐Deficiency Anemia
1. Deficient intake 2. Inadequate absorp/on or Impaired absorp/on
3. Increased demand 4. Blood loss
Diet
• 1mg/kg/day to a maximum of 15 mg/day (assuming 10% absorp/on) is required in normal infants.
• 2mg/kg/day to a maximum of 15 mg/kg/day is required in: – low-‐birth-‐weight infants – Infants with low ini/al hemoglobin values – Experienced significant blood loss.
Food Iron Content
Breast-‐fed infants absorb 49% of the iron Cow’s milk absorb 10% of iron .
Growth
• Growth is par/cularly rapid during infancy and during puberty.
• Each kilogram gain in weight requires an increase of 35–45 mg body iron.
• The amount of iron in the newborn is 75 mg/kg.
• Iron stores present at birth will be depleted: – 6 months in a full-‐term infant – 3–4 months in a premature infant.
Blood Loss
• GI Bleeding such as pep/c ulcer, Meckel diver/culum, polyp, hemangioma, or inflammatory bowel disease, cow’s milk protein-‐induced coli/s, chronic use of aspirin or nonsteroidal an/inflammatory drugs
• Parasite (hookworm and whipworm) • Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis • Recurrent epistaxis • Menstrual loss
Impaired Absorp/on
• Uncommon cause • Malabsorp/on syndrome • Celiac disease • severe prolonged diarrhea • Postgastrectomy • Inflammatory bowel disease • Helicobacter pylori infec/on-‐associated chronic gastri/s
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Most children with iron deficiency are asymptoma/c and are iden/fied by recommended laboratory screening at 12 months of age or sooner if at high risk.
• Pallor is the most important clinical sign of iron deficiency but is not usually visible un/l the hemoglobin falls to 7-‐8 g/dL.
• Anorexia-‐common and an early symptom
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Depression of growth • Nega/vely impact infant social-‐emo/onal behavior.
• Pica-‐pagophagia • Glossi/s, angular stoma//s • Koilonychia • Brimle hair
Diagnosis
• Hemoglobin and MCV is less than acceptable level for age
• MCH < 27.0 pg, MCHC < 30% • RDW is high >14.5% • Low or normal re/culocyte count, if associated with bleeding 3–4% may occur
• Thrombocytopenia is more common in severe iron-‐deficiency anemia
• Thrombocytosis is present when there is associated bleeding from the gut.
Diagnosis
• Therapeu/c trial – Ferrous sulfate, in a dose of 3-‐6 mg/kg per day of elemental iron (depending on the severity of the IDA) once or twice daily, is given for one month
– 12-‐24 hr: subjec/ve improvement; decreased irritability; increased appe/te
– 48-‐72 hr: Re/culocytosis, peaking at 5-‐7 days – Hemoglobin rise of > 1 g/dL within four weeks.
Iron therapeu/c trail
• Maximum 150mg • It should be given 30-‐45 min before meals or 2 hours aper meals, and only with juice or water.
• Oral iron is con/nued for an addi/onal 2months aper the Hgb reaches the normal range for age
Diagnosis
• Serum ferri/n: – ≤5 yr = <12 ng/ml – >5 yr = <15ng/ml – In all age groups in the presence of infec/on <30ng/ml
• Serum iron and iron binding capacity – Decreased serum iron – Increased iron binding capacity – Decreased iron satura/on (16% or less)
Nutri/onal Counseling
• Maintain breasseeding for at least 6 months, if possible. • Avoid cow’s milk un/l aper the first year of age • Provide supplemental iron for low birth weight infants: – Infants 1.5–2.0 kg: 2 mg/kg/day – Infants 1.0–1.5 kg: 3 mg/kg/day – Infants ,1 kg: 4 mg/kg/day
• Facilitators of iron absorp/on such as vitamin C-‐rich foods, meat, fish and poultry should be included in the diet
• Inhibitors of iron absorp/on such as tea, phosphate and phytates common in vegetarian diets should be eliminated.
Blood transfusion
• Hemoglobin concentra/ons of 4 to 5 g/dL Transfusions should be reserved for pa/ents in distress – HR >160/min – RR > 30/min – Lethargy, not feeding well).
• Giving transfusion volumes of 5 mL/kg over three to four hours to avoid inducing heart failure.
bmj.com 2002;325:1142
Take home messages
• Approach anemia pa/ents by physiology and MCV
• History taking and physical examina/on are important
• Appropriate inves/ga/on for evalua/on of anemia
• Don’t forget to send re/culocyte count • Morphology examina/on by your self
Take home messages
• Confirm diagnosis iron deficiency anemia by iron therapeu/c trail – 4mg/kg/dose for 4weeks – Hb increase > 1g/dl within 4weeks diagnosed IDA
• Do not give blood transfusion in IDA without anemic symptom or Clinical Heart failure