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VI Appreciating Historical Purposes of God
How does God work in
history
CC BY-SA 40
The Challenge
The Biblersquos story leads to Christ
So how do I put the whole Bible
together
How do I start
Required Reading Assignments
Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214
GK Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5
Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-historical preaching)
Poythress Understanding Dispensationalists Ryrie Dispensationalism ch 5 (79-95) Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 98-112 Vos Biblical Theology the part of ch 8 on
typology 161-172 (1948) or 143-155 (1975)
Where Are We 1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text 2 Exegesis in the original setting 3 Relations with other passages 4 Role in redemptive history 5 Application
Historical circumstances (V) fit into a redemptive plan
Purposes for this Section
Do not read the Bible ldquoflatrdquotime
Appreciate progressive revelation
revelation Appreciate progressive acts of salvation
working salvation A bigchallenge
A Time and History
Reading Assignments on History Required
ndash Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214ndash G K Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5ndash Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-
historical preaching) Optional
ndash Johnson Him We Proclaim Preaching Christ ndash Poythress ldquoDivine Meaning of Scripturerdquondash Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 15-17ndash Clowney The Unfolding Mysteryndash Berkhof Principles of Biblical Interpretation 133-166ndash Waltke ldquoA Canonical Process Approach hellip rdquondash Vos Biblical Theology
1 Meaning of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Defining ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
creationof heavenand earth
programin time
falldis-rupts
consum-mationnew
creationhistory of redemptionis the working out ofGodrsquos plan through
time
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
The Challenge
The Biblersquos story leads to Christ
So how do I put the whole Bible
together
How do I start
Required Reading Assignments
Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214
GK Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5
Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-historical preaching)
Poythress Understanding Dispensationalists Ryrie Dispensationalism ch 5 (79-95) Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 98-112 Vos Biblical Theology the part of ch 8 on
typology 161-172 (1948) or 143-155 (1975)
Where Are We 1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text 2 Exegesis in the original setting 3 Relations with other passages 4 Role in redemptive history 5 Application
Historical circumstances (V) fit into a redemptive plan
Purposes for this Section
Do not read the Bible ldquoflatrdquotime
Appreciate progressive revelation
revelation Appreciate progressive acts of salvation
working salvation A bigchallenge
A Time and History
Reading Assignments on History Required
ndash Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214ndash G K Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5ndash Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-
historical preaching) Optional
ndash Johnson Him We Proclaim Preaching Christ ndash Poythress ldquoDivine Meaning of Scripturerdquondash Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 15-17ndash Clowney The Unfolding Mysteryndash Berkhof Principles of Biblical Interpretation 133-166ndash Waltke ldquoA Canonical Process Approach hellip rdquondash Vos Biblical Theology
1 Meaning of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Defining ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
creationof heavenand earth
programin time
falldis-rupts
consum-mationnew
creationhistory of redemptionis the working out ofGodrsquos plan through
time
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Required Reading Assignments
Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214
GK Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5
Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-historical preaching)
Poythress Understanding Dispensationalists Ryrie Dispensationalism ch 5 (79-95) Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 98-112 Vos Biblical Theology the part of ch 8 on
typology 161-172 (1948) or 143-155 (1975)
Where Are We 1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text 2 Exegesis in the original setting 3 Relations with other passages 4 Role in redemptive history 5 Application
Historical circumstances (V) fit into a redemptive plan
Purposes for this Section
Do not read the Bible ldquoflatrdquotime
Appreciate progressive revelation
revelation Appreciate progressive acts of salvation
working salvation A bigchallenge
A Time and History
Reading Assignments on History Required
ndash Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214ndash G K Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5ndash Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-
historical preaching) Optional
ndash Johnson Him We Proclaim Preaching Christ ndash Poythress ldquoDivine Meaning of Scripturerdquondash Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 15-17ndash Clowney The Unfolding Mysteryndash Berkhof Principles of Biblical Interpretation 133-166ndash Waltke ldquoA Canonical Process Approach hellip rdquondash Vos Biblical Theology
1 Meaning of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Defining ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
creationof heavenand earth
programin time
falldis-rupts
consum-mationnew
creationhistory of redemptionis the working out ofGodrsquos plan through
time
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Where Are We 1 Preliminary acquaintance with the text 2 Exegesis in the original setting 3 Relations with other passages 4 Role in redemptive history 5 Application
Historical circumstances (V) fit into a redemptive plan
Purposes for this Section
Do not read the Bible ldquoflatrdquotime
Appreciate progressive revelation
revelation Appreciate progressive acts of salvation
working salvation A bigchallenge
A Time and History
Reading Assignments on History Required
ndash Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214ndash G K Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5ndash Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-
historical preaching) Optional
ndash Johnson Him We Proclaim Preaching Christ ndash Poythress ldquoDivine Meaning of Scripturerdquondash Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 15-17ndash Clowney The Unfolding Mysteryndash Berkhof Principles of Biblical Interpretation 133-166ndash Waltke ldquoA Canonical Process Approach hellip rdquondash Vos Biblical Theology
1 Meaning of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Defining ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
creationof heavenand earth
programin time
falldis-rupts
consum-mationnew
creationhistory of redemptionis the working out ofGodrsquos plan through
time
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Purposes for this Section
Do not read the Bible ldquoflatrdquotime
Appreciate progressive revelation
revelation Appreciate progressive acts of salvation
working salvation A bigchallenge
A Time and History
Reading Assignments on History Required
ndash Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214ndash G K Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5ndash Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-
historical preaching) Optional
ndash Johnson Him We Proclaim Preaching Christ ndash Poythress ldquoDivine Meaning of Scripturerdquondash Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 15-17ndash Clowney The Unfolding Mysteryndash Berkhof Principles of Biblical Interpretation 133-166ndash Waltke ldquoA Canonical Process Approach hellip rdquondash Vos Biblical Theology
1 Meaning of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Defining ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
creationof heavenand earth
programin time
falldis-rupts
consum-mationnew
creationhistory of redemptionis the working out ofGodrsquos plan through
time
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
A Time and History
Reading Assignments on History Required
ndash Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214ndash G K Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5ndash Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-
historical preaching) Optional
ndash Johnson Him We Proclaim Preaching Christ ndash Poythress ldquoDivine Meaning of Scripturerdquondash Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 15-17ndash Clowney The Unfolding Mysteryndash Berkhof Principles of Biblical Interpretation 133-166ndash Waltke ldquoA Canonical Process Approach hellip rdquondash Vos Biblical Theology
1 Meaning of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Defining ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
creationof heavenand earth
programin time
falldis-rupts
consum-mationnew
creationhistory of redemptionis the working out ofGodrsquos plan through
time
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Reading Assignments on History Required
ndash Ellis ldquoHow the NT Uses the Oldrdquo pp 209-214ndash G K Beale Handbook on the NT Use hellip ch 5ndash Greidanus Sola Scriptura (skim) (redemptive-
historical preaching) Optional
ndash Johnson Him We Proclaim Preaching Christ ndash Poythress ldquoDivine Meaning of Scripturerdquondash Clowney Preaching and Biblical Theology 15-17ndash Clowney The Unfolding Mysteryndash Berkhof Principles of Biblical Interpretation 133-166ndash Waltke ldquoA Canonical Process Approach hellip rdquondash Vos Biblical Theology
1 Meaning of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Defining ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
creationof heavenand earth
programin time
falldis-rupts
consum-mationnew
creationhistory of redemptionis the working out ofGodrsquos plan through
time
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
1 Meaning of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Defining ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
creationof heavenand earth
programin time
falldis-rupts
consum-mationnew
creationhistory of redemptionis the working out ofGodrsquos plan through
time
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Defining ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
creationof heavenand earth
programin time
falldis-rupts
consum-mationnew
creationhistory of redemptionis the working out ofGodrsquos plan through
time
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Redemption within Created Order
creationconsum-mation
fall
redemption
ldquoRedemptionrdquo does not include all
creation and recreation
ldquoCreationalrdquo ldquorenovativerdquo history Comprehensive history Broaden
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Bible Has Redemptive Focus
All history is ldquocreationalrdquo Bible focuses on the saved community History of ldquothe visitation (coming) of Godrdquo
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Focused vs Flat History
Focused textured history
Secularized flat historyBoringNothingto see
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Application as Built In
You are in redemptive historyndash You are a fulfillment of prophecyndash You are in the same age as the apostlesndash Application is not an afterthought
youIt keeps
going and going
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
2 The Working of Redemptive History with an Example Mediators
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
What Is a Mediator
Broad definition
God
One who brings divine authority power and presence to another
mediatorWe need it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Mediation in Creation
God
man
wordSpirit
heavenly court
Not aproblem
man
God
subhuman kingdom
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Mediation after the Fall (Redemption)
God
man
block
wordSpirit
heavenly courtsuffering offspring
promise of renewal
A hugeproblem
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Comprehensive Promise
seed victory over evil
restore Paradise
restore fellowship
Hes thoughtof everything
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Patriarchs as Prophetic Mediators
Noah Gen 925-27 Abraham Gen 121-3 1314-17 etc
ndash As intercessor (priestly) Gen 1823-32 Isaac Gen 262-5 Rebekah Gen 2523 Jacob Gen 2813-15 49 Joseph Gen 40-41 5024-25
Lots ofincidents
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Theophanic Messengers
OT mentions ldquothe angel of the Lordrdquo
messenger describes function messengermessenger describes function describes function- מלאךnot creatureliness Mal 31
Can be divineGen 167 171 181ff
Special messenger in the exodus Exod 2320-23 3234 3314
A key
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Moses as Mediator
Prophet Exod 2019 Deut 527 King law-giver and executor Priest as interceding (Num 1413-19
Exod 3232) and sacrificing (Lev 815) Israel is mediator as kingdom of priests
Exod 195-6So is Christ
the new Moses
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Modes of Mediation
God
man
prophet king priestspeaking ruling interceding
in Godrsquos presence
Its all overthe place
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Promise of Mediator(s)
Num 18 etc Deut 1714-20 2 Sam 712-16 Deut 1815-22
Priest King Prophet
a succession
a final One Prophet King Priest
Deut 1815-22 Acts 322-26 Ps 1101 Acts 230-31 Ps 1104 Heb 414-1039
The last is supreme and permanent
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Servant of the Lord יהוהעבד Worshipers of God Gen 5017 Isa 566 Abraham Gen 2624 Ps 105642 Isaac Gen 2414 Jacob Ezek 2825 3725 1 Chron 1617 Moses Exod 1431 Josh 112 etc Joshua Josh 2429 Caleb Num 1424 Job Job 18 23 David 2 Sam 318 75 etc
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
More Servants of the Lord
Hezekiah 2 Chron 3216 Zerubbabel Hag 223 Eliakim Isa 2220 The Branch Zech 38 Israel Isa 4189 4421 493 Ideal servant Isa 421 495-7 5213 5311 Levitical singers Ps 1131 1341 1351 my servants the prophets 2 Kings 97
1713 etc
It gets promising
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Implications of the OT Pattern
God is the same Sin and redemption are the same
Need of mediation is the same Hence Christ is analogous to every OT
mediator
OTmediator
one way ofsalvation
NTmediator
Look at function and context not simply words
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
NT as Age of Fulfillment
God
law on heartkingprophet
corulingpriest
indwelling
man in Christ
union with ChristOverwhelming
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Present and Future Fulfillment
man in Christ
Now
Yet tocome
sonship (covenant) coregency indwelling
Gal 45 Eph 15
Rom 823
Eph 26
Rev 321
John 1420 155
Rev 213
And even more
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Summary The Robertson Spiral
Noahrsquosflood
sacrificeof Isaac
exodusresur-rection
conversionbaptism
consum-mation
Pattern of resurrection life
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Principles from the Spiral
One way of salvation implies common patterns
Once-for-all achievement newnessNo repetition
Similarities and dissimilarities derive from function and context
Attend to function and context One plan
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Patterns are Both Larger and Smaller
Noah
Isaac
exodusresur-rection conversion consum-
mationinaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
inaugurationdevelopm
entrealization
See the big
picture
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Wheels within Wheels
inauguration development realizationpromised seed (Gen 315)
patriarchs Mosaic kingdom (Exod 195-6)
Exodus from Egypt
wilderness possessing land
conquest (Joshua)
troubles (Judges)
establishing a king (Sam-Kgs)
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
3 Distinctions from Linguistics
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Synchronic and Diachronic
TIME development
diachronic analysiscompares two or
more times
transmission
sources
synchronic analysistakes a moment of time
Hold still
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Communicating
Speaker(writer author)
Discourse(expression
text)
Audience(readers addressees)
S-meaning(intention)
D-meaning(expression)
A-meaning(impression)
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Types of Approach
Speaker Discourse Audience
speaker analysis
S-meaning(intention)
what doesthe speaker
intend
discourse analysis
D-meaning(expression)
what doesthe discourse
express
audience analysis
A-meaning(impression)
what doesthe audienceunderstand
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Distinct Audience Meaning
1 Cor 59-11
He wants meto withdraw from
all society
Audiencecan mis-
understand
Do not associatewith the immoral
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Distinct Discourse Meaning
ldquoHelp merdquoIrsquom just learningFrench Did I get
it right
S-meaning D-meaning
Slippage here
Sauvez-moi
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Evidence for a Distinction
Children may misstate Adult could achieve less than intended Through the Looking-Glass chap 6 is
Humpty Dumpty right
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Nuancing the Approaches
Speaker Discourse Audience
what he said not
everything else
expressionknowing the
circumstance speaker
to audience
actual not
intended effects
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Communication in Two Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0 (base)
speaker
discourse
audience
transmission (diachronic)
D1 A1 (first stage)S1S1 is from A0
Pass it on
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Communication in Many Stages
synchronic S0 D0 A0
transmission(base)
S1 D1 A1(first stage)
Sn Dn An(nth stage)
source(first stage)S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
(nth stage)
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
4 The Bible in History
Linguistic Distinctions Applied to the Bible
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
The Bible in Many Stages
S0 D0 A0
Luke thePhysician
Theophilus
The Gospelof Luke
S1 D1 A1
Sn Dn An
S-1 D-1 A-1
S-n D-n A-n
So where do we focus
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Where Is Divine Authority
The autographndash ldquoOne (or more) literary corpus of words
with the authentication and approval of a divine messenger from which all extant documents are descendedrdquo
For primacy of the autograph seendash Deut 3124-29ndash Kline Structure of Biblical Authority 27-44
Providing stability
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
What about Copies
Copies are the word of Godndash because they say what the autograph says
Translations are the word of God ndash because they say what the autograph says
God providentially controls
The authority of derivatives is real
They express an original
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Focus for the Autograph
Within autograph authority in discourse If the author succeeds no gap between
Speaker-meaning and Discourse-meaning But value in emphasizing Discourse-
meaning
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Inspiration of Discourse
Liberals advocate ldquoinspirationrdquo of author but not the discourse
The author is inspired (2 Pet 121 1 Pet 111 Rev 110)
So also is the writing
ndash 2 Tim 316 πᾶσα γραφή
ndash Many references to γραφήndash Warfield Inspiration 245-407
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Primacy of Discourse Meaning
Prophets were imperfectly aware 1 Pet 111-12 Zech 45 413 56 Dan 827
Does Luke understand Jesusrsquo every nuance Our responsibility implies accessibility Public meaning not private intention
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Public Meaning in Luke 1835
Εγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐγγίζειν αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ τυφλός τις ἐκάθητο παρὰ
τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπαιτῶν Luke 1835
ἐγγίζειν
public
= ldquoto approachrdquo
Discourse-meaning
esoteric private
ἐγγίζειν= ldquoto be nearrdquo
hypothetical Author-meaningNot clearly expressed
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
The Temptation of Esoteric Meaning
public esoteric private
easy theologicalharmonization
with Matt and Mark
remainingharmonistic
difficulty
respects whatGod actually
said in the text
evades whatGod actually
said in the text
Tempting
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
5 The Bible Reaching Us
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Problem Merely Overhearing
God spoke to others long ago Our situation is different God continues to speak to us (Rom 154 1
Cor 10611)
We are to believe what they were to believe
We are to act as they were insofar as our situation is analogous
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Reckoning the Situation
commoninstruction
belief content
understandredemptive epochsand redemptive-
historical changes
understand cultures
philosophyof history
and culture
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
see the natureof analogy bet-ween situations
application
Start here
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Sufficiency of Scripture
God gives sufficient instruction at all times (Deut 1814-22 Deut 42 Ps 19)
Current words apply former words Completion of the NT implies no more
canon we are still in the redemptive epoch of the apostles
Solidly comforting
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
6 Divine Meaning
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Defining Meaning
ldquoMeaningrdquo has a range of meaning People advocate speaker discourse or
audience Can we have a purely human level No God is speaking
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Definitions from Scripture
ldquoWhat God intendsrdquo (Isa 4610-11) ldquoExpressionrdquo Christ the wisdom of God
(Col 23) ldquoThe Spiritrsquos interpretationrdquo (1 Cor 210
John 1613)
Meaning is hellip
Mystery
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Triunal Meaning
Speaker Discourse Audience
God theFatherintends
God the Sonthe Logosexpresses
God theSpirit
interprets
one truth in three Personalperspectives
One final meaning with no diversity of perspective is unitarian not biblical
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Godrsquos Meaning in Time
one stableconsistentmeaning
faithfulness livingcontrol
continualdynamic
transformingimpact
harmony
import inapplicationand relation
to othertruths
God
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Perspectives on Communicating
Speaker
Discourse Audience
fixed meaning
dynamic impact
import in
relation
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Perspectives on Meaning
Meaning stable propositional truth Impact dynamic development in people
ndash Jer 1312 Luke 157 Import harmony with the plan of God
Rich
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Perspectives on the Tabernacle
Meaning dwelling of God with Israel Impact tabernacle will expand when God
comes Import tabernacle is analogous to Eden
heaven Israelite tents temple eschatological dwelling of God
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Earlier and Later Scripture What about allusions from earlier material A variety of uses Later builds on earlier Not merely repeats God knows the end from the beginning Earlier
anticipates later Later interprets earlier God intended the later in the earlier
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Stability and Development
How can Godrsquos meaning stay the same and develop
Gen315
Col 215Heb 214
Luke 1120-22
microscope coming into focus
story whose beginning makes sense at the end
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Meaning of a Symbol
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Whole and Part
A painting is not blotches but blotches in relation
Magnifying glass loses the whole A story is the whole not one line The Bible is a story
meaning in relations not only parts
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
7 Summary on Meaning
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Divine Meaning Meaning originates in God God has you in mind (Rom 154) Starting merely with human author creates
problemsndash avoiding Godndash assuming noninspirationndash humanity and history devoid of God
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Divine Affirming Human God affirms human author God affirms history Both are in the context of divine purpose
ndash God defines humanndash God defines historyndash Antithetical to non-Christian views
God speaking through manndash anticipates Christs incarnationndash presupposes Christs redemption
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
progressive revelation
Gods plan
From Divine to Human Listen to God speaking now God controls history
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke then
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Focusing on the Original Time
divinefullness
reader
listenorig-inal
history
God shows that he spoke thenndash God spoke using the human authorndash God spoke in circumstances
FOCUS
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Expansion from Original Setting Look at human author (ldquogrammatical-historical
interpretationrdquo)
orig-inal progressive
revelation
More to divine meaning
divinefullness
Controlled by sola scriptura Scripture illumines import of particular texts
guide
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Meaning in Relations
Addition resides in relations among texts (not spook behind one)
orig-inal
one human author
orig-inal
second human author
single divine author brings together all times
FULLNESS
Additional mystery in knowing God
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Meaning and Application
God intends applications Application is integral--an aspect of import Application resides in relation to other
texts and in relation to us
orig-inal
divinefullness US
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
What about Strange Uses
Strange uses may be applications Spirit works applications without our
awareness
Dont get trapped by pride in learning
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Examples of Strange Applications
Isa 5211 tells someone to stop drugs Apparent arbitrariness is an application
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Example Using Isa 544-5 4ldquoFear not for you will not be ashamed be not
confounded for you will not be disgraced for you will forget the shame of your youth and the reproach of your widowhood you will remember no more 5For your Maker is your husband the LORD of hosts is his name and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer the God of the whole earth he is calledrdquo
comfort to amodern widow
comfortto Jerus leap
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
The Indirect Connection
comfortto Jerus
Jerusalemstanding for
Godrsquos people
restorationfrom Babylon
eschatologicalrestoration Isa 6517
promise to church Gal 427
church as bride Eph 532
widow aschurch
member
comfort to amodern widow
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
8 Tracing Redemptive-Historical Themes
Israel and Palestine
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Seed and Land in Creation
God
prophet king priest
subhumankingdom
Tasks
ldquoseedrdquo ldquomultiplyrdquo
ldquosubduerdquo ldquolandrdquo
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
One Representing a Wholeseed
land
expansion in time
Adam representing human race
Paradise representing the earth
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Seed in OT Times
Israel is the people of Godrsquos possession Exod 195-6ndash Not merely physical descendants Gen
1711-14ndash One could join Israel and the Passover
Exod 1243-49 cf Num 914ndash Rom 96-8 is based on Gen 128 315
Isa 491ff
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Land in OT Times
The land is Godrsquos Lev 2523 A new Paradise ldquoflowing with milk and
honeyrdquo
Adam
over
Paradiseearth
Israel
over
Canaanearth
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Seed in NT Times
Christ is an Israelite descendant of Abraham 12 apostles are descendants of Abraham These found the new people of God Word Israel is not concept of the people of
God Church inherits in Christ Gal 316 328 1
Pet 29-10
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Land in NT Times
Christ rules all Matt 2818-20 Eph 121-22
We possess the earth in down-payment through Christ 1 Cor 321-23
Christ
over
earth
us inChrist
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Seed and Land in Consummation
A multitude of seed Rev 79 with Christrsquos name Rev 141
Earth is possessed in fullness Rev 211 Matt 55 Heb 1110ndash The whole is holy
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Continuous Organic Growth
Adam (representative) Paradise Abel (individual) looking at Paradise Abraham (family) cave altars Israel (nation) Palestine church (international) all earth in principle new Jerusalem all earth in fullness
(comprehensive)
seed land
expansion
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Picturing Expansion
Abel family of Abraham
nation of Israel
all nationscosmos
Where will it end
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Cutting OffA
dam
Noa
h
Abr
aham
remnant
Chr
ist
Disposing of all evil
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Discontinuity in Separations
Adam holy as head Eden holy as head(potentially all) (potentially all)
Abraham socially mixed geographically mixed Israel socially pure geographically pure NT socially mixed geographically mixed End socially pure geographically pure
seed landseparation
prototypetype
antity pe
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Structural Relations among Epochs
Edenconsummation
redemption
Mosaic NT era
mixed purepure
typical antitypical
Any intermediate epoch is a ldquoparenthesisrdquo
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Reversal
Evil multiplies (Gen 65-6) Seed of the serpent
Multiplies chaos and brings destruction (Gen 7)
Christ dies under curse without offspring He dies in obedience leading to many
offspring Rom 517-20 Isa 5310
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
9 Theme of Bible Translation
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
How to Treat a Minor Theme
The Bible contains no direct discussion of Bible translation
Expand a theme in generality communication
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Creation
God speaks
to himself Gen 126
to the world Gen 13
to man Gen 128-30
Translation extends it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
The Fall The fall brings communication problems
ndash Adam and Eve pass blamendash Cain and Abel
The serpent tries to obscure
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Languages in the OT
many languages challenge of communication
Gen 123 blessing to all nations Submission of nations Ps 7211
Nations come and hear the law Mic 42
Babel
Abraham Solomon Prophets
Promise grows in specificity
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Languages in the NT
Plan for all Luke 2447 Reversal of Babel all hear in
principle Canonization plus teaching Teaching includes translation All nations gathered Rev
2124 based on Isa 603 You are a part of fulfillment
Jesus Pentecost
You
Fulfillment
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Bible Translation as a Perspective
Expand from paper to hearts Heb 810
All interpretation becomes ldquotranslationrdquo The goal is writing on the heart Into the image of Christ the final Law 2
Cor 318 Eph 415 317-19
All is determined by this goal
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
10 Theme of Plant Kingdom
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Plants in Creation
Ordained by God and belonging to him Gen 19-13 259 etc
Serving the higher Gen 129-30
Channel for special blessing Gen 29
Human care for them Gen 215-17
ndash Conservation and development 215
ndash Enjoyment 216
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Plants in the Fall
The Fall involves misuse of a plant 36
Curse involves plants 317-19
Manrsquos harmony with garden and plants disrupted Gen 317-19 23
Paradisiacal goal invokes plant imagery Ezek 3635 Joel 23 Isa 513
fall
restor
ation
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Plants for the Patriarchs
Development of agriculture Gen 42 12 14
A meal with God 1418 188 193
Famine to abundance 1210 vs 123 4911-12 492226 41
ndash Egypt is saved (blessed) for Abrahamrsquos sake
particular examples
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Plants for Moses
Daily provision manna Exod 1615 Meal with God Exod 2411
Promise of abundance in the land Exod 2314-17 25 2229
Care for plants Exod 2310-11 Deut 2019-20 2419-22
Blessing and curse through land and its plants Lev 26 Deut 26 28
typological eschatology
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Prophetic Vision of Final Bliss
Renewal of plants Ezek 3635
ndash Daily provision Ezek 4712
ndash Meal with God Isa 256
ndash Abundance Isa 513 Ezek 3635
With spiritual renewal Ezek 3629 Isa 443-4 Hos 29-12 18-23
explicit eschatology
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Plants in the NT
Daily provision Matt 611 Meal with God
ndash now the Lordrsquos Supperndash yet to come the Marriage Supper Rev
199 Ultimate prosperity Rev 211 222
fulfilled eschatology
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Plant Kingdom as a Perspective Meal with God signifies the whole Plantsrsquo service symbolizes Christrsquos service
John 1224 Reproduction in plants symbolizes Godrsquos
kingdom Mark 426-32
Creation is like a giant plant ldquoOrganicrdquo development leads to ldquoharvestrdquo
Renovative history means life out of death
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Plants as Metaphor for Christ
Isa 111 Zech 612 Ezek 171-24 especially 1722-24 John 15 Rom 1116-24
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
11 Hints for Tracing Themes
Know your Bible (May be no key word) Broad principle embodied in a narrow
point Include the endpoints creation and
consummation
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
12 How to ldquoPreachrdquo a Historical Text
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
What Is the Controversy How preach OT history Greidanus redemptive-historical preaching
vs exemplary preaching
redemptive-historical
exemplary
What happenedonce-for-all
in Godrsquos plan
What examplesand lessons
are therefor us
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Exemplary Approach
How are human beings then like us now
analogy
nowthen
David kills Goliath
analogy you bebrave for God
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Value of Exemplary Approach
Identifies with people
Direct forceful application
Man-centered Moralistic no
gospel No Christ
pluses minuses
Problems
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Preparation Approach
How did God work history forward
youuniqueevent
God
control
David deliveredIsrael
as a step in preparinga national context
for Christrsquos coming
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Senses of ldquoRedemptive Historyrdquo
Greydanus calls the preparation approach ldquoredemptive-historicalrdquo preaching
The term used within the controversy in Holland
Westminster sensitivity to history Not endorsing the Dutch movement
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Value of Preparation Approach
Unrepeatable events Text in its historical
context God-centered
Loses sense of commonality
Lecture without application
Not wholly Christ-centered
pluses minuses
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Approach by Gods Character
What does the passage show about God
revelatorytext
God
showing
you
always the same
God was powerfuland faithful todeliver David
God is still powerfuland faithful todeliver You
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Value of Gods-Character Approach
Thoroughly God-centered
Underlines truth holding now
May eliminate history May remain remote from
human struggle Lecture on doctrine and
not application Not wholly Christ-
centered
pluses minuses
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Typological Approach
How is this a type of Christ (For example how do mediators point to Christ)
deliverance
God
mediates typicalreference
David killedearthly enemy
Christ destroysthe kingdom
of Satan
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Value of Typological Approach
Thoroughly Christ-centered
Underlines unity of salvation
Preaches the gospel
May sublimate the earlier story
May neglect original context
May neglect application
pluses minuses
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Fulfillment Approach
How does Christ fulfill Typological but accenting the uniqueness of
Christ
David temporarilysuppressed anearthly enemy
Christ destroyedforever the
ultimate enemy
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
David you
Exemplary bypass
Comparing Approaches
Do we bypass Christ and his work
fulfillmentin Christ
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Some Validity in All Approaches Legitimate comparisons Many analogies
man history God mediation fulfillment NT uses all the approaches Heart of NT is Christocentric fulfillment Use fulfillment as central
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Merging Approaches in Fulfillment
fulfill-ment
exemplary imitate Christ
preparationChrist surpasses
the old
Gods character
Christ supremelyreveals God
typological Christ the antitype
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
How Approaches Merge in Fulfillment
Exemplary imitate Christ who fulfills humanity
Preparation the old prepares for Christ Gods character Christ supremely reveals
God Typological emphasize correspondences
with the old
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Is OT Preaching Too Hard for Us
You already know 1 John 222-27 Learn by meditating Psalm 1 Start with OT passages quoted in the NT Move to passages next door Be vulnerable Be willing to acknowledge
error or sin
Courage
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
13 Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Parts of Diachronic Analysis
Part andash Find immediate source or sourcesndash Pick one source and find its sourcesndash Continue backward
Part bndash Ask what is added at each stage
Backwards and forwards
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Diachronic Analysis Part a
Matt 2631 Jesus Zech 137
Part a Trace sources backward Isa 53
Ezek 3423-24 Jer 231-6 Mic 52-4
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc 2 Sam 77-8
2 Sam 52 Num 2717 Exod 31
Gen 4924 4815 Gen 315
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Part b Note what is added at each stage
2 Sam 77-8
Num 2717Exod 31
Gen 315
2 Sam 52
Gen 4815
General promise of redeemer God is Shepherd of Jacob God is Shepherd perhaps generallyGen 4924 human mediator trains as shepherd mediator like Moses is needed David will shepherd David will shepherd and greater
works will come
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Diachronic Analysis Part b
Matt 2631JesusZech 137
Part b Note what is added at each stage
Jer 231-6Mic 52-4
Ezek 3423-24
Ps 7870-72 Ps 801 etc See it in all history The final David will shepherd Contrast the false shepherds God shepherds carefully He shepherds in suffering Now fulfillment has come The remedy has opened in the
cross
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
Exercise in Diachronic Analysis
See attached explanation Start with Matt 1110 or with a text from
your biblical-theological paper Do Part a and Part b For an early text go forward as well as back
Try it
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