Application of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF ...cost-livage.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Anestis.pdf · Application of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF)

V. Anestis, A. Vatsanidou and T. Bartzanas

Workshop: Environmentally Sound Livestock ProductionApril 4th 2018, Thessaloniki, Greece

CERTH Conference Centre

Application of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Methodology on the Supply Chain of

Feta Cheese in Greece

Vasileios Anestis, PhD Candidate [email protected]



[email protected]

Application of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Methodology on the Supply Chain of Feta Cheese in GreeceV. Anestis, A. Vatsanidou & T. Bartzanas

Outline

1. Concept of EU PEF

2. PEF of Feta cheese – Methodology

3. PEF of Feta cheese – Data quality results

4. Conclusions

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1. Concept of EU PEF• Product Environmental Footprint (PEF): Defined with the EC Recommendation of 9 April 2013

(2013/179/EU):

‘A multi-criteria measure of the environmental performance of a good or service throughout its life cycle. PEF information is produced for the overarching purpose of seeking to reduce the environmental impacts of goods and

services taking into account supply chain activities (from extraction of raw materials, through production and use, to final waste management).’

Essentially connected with environmental ISO LCA

• EC Recommendation (2013/179/EU) - Guidance on:Ø Estimation of PEF

Ø Development of PEF Category Rules (PEFCRs) – when available: basis for PEF calculation

• With this recommendation’s publication:Ø Start of a pilot phase for PEFCR development for various product categories (information at:

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/spaces/viewspace.action?key=EUENVFP)

Ø TS for dairy products was established: a) PEF screening report (June 2015), b) PEFCR-Dairy draft (July 2016)

Ø Additional PEFCR Guidance document from European Commission’s side (information at: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/spaces/viewspace.action?key=EUENVFP)

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• Feta cheese: Ministerial Decision 313025/1994 of 11 January 1994 (Feta cheese’s PDO recognition)

‘table white cheese kept in brine that is traditionally and exclusively produced by using ewe’s milk or mixture of ewe’s and doe’s milk. Doe’s milk concentration in the mixture cannot exceed 30% w/w. Maximum water content is 56% w/w and

minimum fat content is 43% w/w (DM basis)’

• Estimation of PEF for Feta cheese ‘PDO’: Guidelines in the PEFCR-Dairy, PEF screening & PEFCR Guidance documents

• Dairy products from ewe’s and doe’s milk: not in the scope of those documents –implementation of their guidelines is recommended, more justification of modelling choices

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• Why PEF for Feta cheese? Ø Following PEFCR-Dairy: The most standardized procedure for estimating and

communicating the environmental performance of its supply chain, promoted by the EC

Ø Commercially important cheese product, both domestically and abroad

• Performed from the dairy processor’s point of view (cooperation with a leading Dairy Company – Thessaly Region)

• FU: 10g DM of Feta ‘PDO’ cheese, consumed as final product without cooking or further transformation (corresponding RF: 22.4g wet basis)

• Selected product code: 15kg net weight in tinplate can package / FCT-15 (highest sales, year 2015 and 2016)

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2. PEF of Feta cheese – Methodology• System boundaries

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Raw milk supply –foreground system (primary data)

Feta cheese manufacturing – foreground system (primary data)

Non-dairy materials

Packaging materials

Distribution

Use

End-of-life

Rest of the stages: secondary datasets



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2. PEF of Feta cheese – Methodology• Modelling assumptions

Ø Sheep & Goat dairy farm processes

q FAO’s GLEAM Model (herd module) for animal categories & population

q Feedipedia for feed constituents’ properties (RME, GE, RDE, DM, CP & P)

q Animal dietary energy requirements – recommended model in the IPCC (2006) Guidelines

q Grazing capacity: total energy requirements minus energy requirements covered by ration at house

q On-farm GHG emissions: Tier 1 & Tier 2 IPCC 2006 methodologies

q Other on-farm emissions to air: Tier 1 & Tier 2 most recent EMEP/EEA (2016 & 2017)

methodologies

q On-farm emissions to water: N leaching to water bodies - form of nitrate

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2. PEF of Feta cheese – Methodology• Modelling assumptions

Ø Ration constituents’ supply to the dairy farms

q Cereal grains & roughages (hay, straws) & compound feeds entirely domestically produced

q Compound feed components – market mixes (data for Greece from FAOSTAT)

Ø Refrigerated transport of milk to the dairy industry

q Distance estimation (main producing areas, avg. distance of these areas from dairy industry, milk quantities delivered by these areas)

Ø Non-dairy materials’ supply: sea salt production modelled with respective mining process

Ø Distribution, use and EoL

q Product losses only at retailer

q Car transport from retailer to consumer: one product per journey

q Packaging retailer and household waste treatment: according to data for Greece from Eurostat8



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2. PEF of Feta cheese – Methodology• Sheep & Goat dairy farms’ sampling procedure

Ø Proposed stratified sampling procedure (PEFCR Guidance) according to farming practices (PEFCR-Dairy):

q Reared breedsq Avg. annual milk production per femaleq Grazing vs. not grazingq Type of manure management systemq Feed supply and rations

Ø Not feasible for the network of dairy farm suppliers of this Dairy Company:

q Parameters not known a priori from the company’s side

q Extended farm network (close to 600 farms)

q Time limitation

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2. PEF of Feta cheese – Methodology• Sheep & Goat dairy farms’ sampling procedure

Ø Procedure proposed by company’s experts:

q Separation of farm population in 3 categories: a) sheep, b) goat and c) mixed farms

q Classification of those farms according to the annual milk delivery: a) 0-10tn, b) 10-25tn and c) more than 25tn

q Selection of 4 farms (2 sheep, 1 goat and 1 mixed):§ Major contributing class to milk delivery (more than 25tn)§ Best available options regarding primary data provision (limited ability of most of the farmers,

inexistence of record keeping system)

q F1: 1.82% w/w, F2: 0.99% w/w of the ewe ECM delivery from sheep farms

q F3: 6.35% w/w of the doe ECM delivery from goat farms

q F4: 2.42% w/w and 5.94% w/w of the ewe and doe ECM delivery from mixed farms

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2. PEF of Feta cheese – Methodology• Impact categories

Ø Climate changeØ Water resource depletion Ø Freshwater eutrophication Ø Marine eutrophicationØ Terrestrial eutrophication Ø Freshwater ecotoxicityØ Land use Ø Acidification

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• Normalisation & weighting

Ø European ILCD-compliant factors (EC-JRC EU27 (2010) factors, equal weighting)

Ø SimaPro v. 8.5 PhD

• Multi-functionality issuesØ Dairy farms – Biophysical allocation to co-products (raw milk, animal live-weight and raw wool):

dietary energy needs

Ø Feed material inputs to dairy farms – economic allocation to co-products (feed crop production, milling and oil extraction industry

Ø Dairy industry – allocation to the different product packaging codes based on the avg. DM content of the packed dairy products



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• Required primary data – Dairy sheep & goat farms

Ø Products sold

Ø Water use (natural resource)

Ø Rations of various animal categories

Ø Bedding material

Ø Cleaning chemicals

Ø Fuel & Electricity consumption

Ø On-farm feed crop cultivation

Ø Animal population & productivity

Ø Manure management

Ø Grazing management

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• Required primary data – Dairy Industry

Ø Produced and sold products

Ø Water use (natural resource)

Ø Raw milk and other material inputs

Ø Electricity input

Ø Wastewater treatment at dairy industry

Ø Packaging materials



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3. PEF of Feta cheese – Data quality results• Processes based on primary data – Weighted results

Ø Dairy sheep and goat farmsq Water resource depletion: most contributing impact category to the total weighted score (more

than 95%)

q Most important processes for models:

o Compound feed production (production) (F1: 93%, F3: 19%, F4: 24% (ewe milk), F4: 30% (doe milk))

o Wheat bran market mix (F2: 68.5%, F4: 29% (ewe milk), F4: 30.6% (doe milk))

o Maize grain market mix (F2: 29.3%)

o Tap water market mix (F3: 73.7%, F4: 46.5% (ewe milk), F4: 38.9% (doe milk))

q Connected to:

o Water – input to the treatment of the waste water from the production of some of the feed ingredients e.g. wheat bran, rapeseed meal

o Water – input to the treatment of the waste from the construction of the tap water’s network

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3. PEF of Feta cheese – Data quality results• Processes based on primary data – Weighted results

Ø Feta cheese manufacturingq Water resource depletion: most contributing impact category to the total weighted score (more

than 95%)

q Most important processes for model:

o Waste water for treatment (60%)

o Tinplate (production) (11.4%)

o Ewe milk production – mixed farms (9.3%)

o Ewe milk production – sheep farms (type F1) (6.9%)

q Connected to:

o Water – input to the treatment of sludge waste (from dairy industry)

o Water – input to the treatment of the waste from tinplate production

o Water – input to the treatment of the waste from feed constituents’ production and water

network construction

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3. PEF of Feta cheese – Data quality results• Processes based on primary data – Data quality

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Process model TeR TiR

GR P DQR

F1 (ewe milk) 2 2 2 3 2.25 F2 (ewe milk) 2 2 2 3 2.25 F3 (doe milk) 2 2 2 3 2.25 F4 (ewe milk) 2 2 2 3 2.25 F4 (doe milk) 2 2 2 3 2.25 Feta cheese manufacturing 2 2 2 1.68 1.92

In general lower than recommended in the PEFCR Guidance (DQR < 1.6)



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3. PEF of Feta cheese – Data quality results• Processes based on secondary datasets – Data quality

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In general lower than recommended in the PEFCR Guidance (DQR < 3 for relevant farm inputs)

Process Complete name of the secondary dataset (Database) Data quality

Refrigerated transport of raw milk (farms to dairy unit)

Transport, freight, lorry with refrigeration machine, 7.5-16 ton, EURO4, R134a refrigerant, cooling {GLO}| transport, freight, lorry with refrigeration machine, 7.5-16 ton, EURO4, R134a refrigerant, cooling | APOS, U (Ecoinvent v. 3.4)

3.25

Most relevant processes for the dairy sheep and goat farms’ process models

Farm 1 Compound feed production for lactating ewes (input)

Compound feed dairy cattle/NL Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4)

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Compound feed production for growing sheep (input)


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Farm 2 Wheat bran – market mix (input) Wheat bran, consumption mix, at feed compound plant/NL

Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4) 4

Maize grain – market mix (input) Maize, consumption mix, at feed compound plant/NL Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4)

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Farm 3 Tap water – market mix (input) Tap water {Europe without Switzerland}| market for |

APOS, U (Ecoinvent v. 3.4) 3.25

Production of compound feed for lactating does (input)


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Farm 4 Tap water – market mix (input) Tap water {Europe without Switzerland}| market for |

APOS, U (Ecoinvent v. 3.4) 3.25

Wheat bran – market mix (input) Wheat bran, consumption mix, at feed compound plant/NL Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4)

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Production of compound feed for lactating ewes/ does (input)


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Production of compound feed for growing sheep / goats (input)


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3. PEF of Feta cheese – Data quality results• Processes based on secondary datasets – Data quality

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Data quality of the product’s consumption process almost completely dependent on the data quality of the manufacturing process

Consumer’s household Refrigerated storage operation at the consumer’s house

No SD 4

FCT-15 product consumed at consumer’s household

No SD 1.92



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4. PEF of Feta cheese – Conclusions• Results regarding data quality

• The farm sampling procedure negatively reflects data quality and therefore reliability of the results: Classification of farm population according to farm practices important for PEF estimation

• Relevant data recording at sheep & goat dairy farm level to be further promoted

• Compilation of country-specific secondary datasets for feed production processes (crop production, milling and vegetable oil extraction industry) & related waste treatment processes

• Potential for further data quality improvement at dairy industry level especially regarding waste water treatment

• More results will be soon available for:Ø Mid-point level impact categories (supply chain and stages)Ø Environmental hotspots (supply chain and stages)

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Thank you for your attention!!

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Contacts:

[email protected]@gmail.com

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Documents

Application of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF ...cost-livage.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Anestis.pdf · Application of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF)