Appendix - CERN · 448 Appendix A.1.2 Pearlescent Pigments Physical effect Coating of mica substrate Application Mechanical TiO2 Increase of tensile strength of synthetic high polymers

Appendix

A.1 Non-colored Applications of Effect Pigments

A.1.1 Metallic Pigments

Physicaleffect Metallic pigment Application

Mechanical Coated aluminum flakes Influence of impact strength and tensilestrength of organic materials

Leafing pigments Inhibition of diffusion of gases, vapors,and corrosive mediums

Thermal Carbon black with Al flakes Microwave heatingElongated Al flakes, Ni powder,

steel flakesIncrease of thermal conductivity of

organic materialsLeafing Al flakes of high

reflectivityReflection of UV and IR radiation of

translucent plasticsTiO2 on mica Reflection of light and thermal energyAluminum flakes <15 μm Flame-retardant finishing of textiles

Optical Aluminum flakes; TiO2,SnO2/SbO2 on mica

Laser marking of plastics and organicmaterials

Fine aluminum flakes UV absorption in degradable highpolymers

Lead flakes X-ray absorption

Electric/magnetic

Fibers consisting of steel, silver,gold bronze, Cu, Al: Φ =10–150 μm, l = 0.5–10 mm;

Reduction of electrostatic charging aswell as electrically conductingorganic materials

Carbon black, Ni, Cu, Ag, steel,Zn; Al flakes coated with Ag;graphite, carbon fiber or micacoated with nickel

Avoidance of electromagneticinterference (EMI) of electric circuits

Iron-III-oxide,chromium-III-oxide,

Magnetic domains in organic materials

Mica coated with iron-III-oxide Magnetic domains in organic foils

Physico-chemical

Zinc powder, leafing zinc flakes,Al, Ni, steel

Lacquers or coatings: corrosionprevention of metals or metallicalloys

Non-stabilized aluminum flakes,aluminum powder

In connection with H2O: release of H2as propellant for pore former inconcrete: 2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 +3H2 ↑

447G.A. Klein, Industrial Color Physics, Springer Series in Optical Sciences 154,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1197-1, C© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

448 Appendix

A.1.2 Pearlescent Pigments

Physicaleffect

Coating of micasubstrate Application

Mechanical TiO2 Increase of tensile strength of synthetic highpolymers

Thermal TiO2 Reflection of IR radiation of transparent plastics

Optical TiO2, (Sn, Sb)O2 Marking and welding of coatings or plastics withlaser (gas laser with CO2, excimer laser,solid-state laser Nd:YAG laser)

Electric (Sn, Sb)O2,Sn(O,F)2, SiO2

Antistatic finish of foils and floor covering,electric conductive foils for clean rooms fordust reduction; electrostatic lacquer applicationof moldings

Magnetic Co in γ-Fe2O3;Fe3O4, Cr2O3

Magnetic surfaces

A.2 Chromatic Adaption Transform CAT02

The transform CAT02 needs to perform the following calculation steps inforward and backward modes:

A.2.1 Forward Mode

Input data:Sample in test illuminant: X, Y, Z;Sample in reference illuminant: XR, YR, ZR;Adopted white in test illuminant: XW, YW, ZW;Reference white in reference illuminant: XWR, YWR, ZWR;Luminance of test and reference adapted surfaces: LA (cd/m2).

Output data:Standard color values in the corresponding illuminant Xc, Yc, Zc,Color-inconstancy index CCI(ΔE) in dependence on a color-difference formulaΔE.

1. Step: Determination of cone responses R, G, B in test illumination of abso-lute white in test and reference illuminants RW, GW, BW and RWR, GWR, BWR,respectively:

A.2 Chromatic Adaption Transform CAT02 449

⎛

⎝RGB

⎞

⎠ = MCAT02

⎛

⎝XYZ

⎞

⎠ ,

⎛

⎝RW

GW

BW

⎞

⎠ = MCAT02

⎛

⎝XW

YW

ZW

⎞

⎠ ,

⎛

⎝RWR

GWR

BWR

⎞

⎠ = MCAT02

⎛

⎝XWR

YWR

ZWR

⎞

⎠ ;

(A.2.1)

the empirical coefficient matrix is given by

MCAT02 =⎛

⎝0.7328 0.4296 −0.1624

−0.7036 1.6975 0.00610.0030 0.0136 0.9834

⎞

⎠ . (A.2.2)

2. Step: Calculation of the degree of adaption D:

D = F · {1 − 0.01584 · e−[(LA+42)/92]}; (A.2.3)

if D is outside of 0 ≤ D ≤ 1, then

D ={

1 for D > 10 for D < 0

. (A.2.4a)

Furthermore, F is given as

F =⎧⎨

⎩

1.0 for middle illumination0.9 for dim illumination0.8 for dark illumination

. (A.2.4b)

The luminance LA of adapted field of sample and reference colors followsfrom

LA = (YH/

YWR) · LWR, (A.2.4c)

where YH is the lightness of surround color and LWR for luminance ofreference white of units cd/m2.

450 Appendix

3. Step: Determination of the corresponding response in test illuminant:

Rc = R · [1 + α · (RWR/RW ) − D], (A.2.5a)

Gc = G · [1 + α · (GWR/GW ) − D], (A.2.5b)

Bc = B · [1 + α · (BWR/BW ) − D], (A.2.5c)

where

α = D · (YW/

YWR). (A.2.5d)

4. Step: Calculation of the corresponding standard color values

⎛

⎝Xc

Yc

Zc

⎞

⎠ = M−1CAT02 ·

⎛

⎝Rc

Gc

Bc

⎞

⎠ (A.2.6a)

using the inverse matrix of Equation (A.2.2):

M−1CAT02 =

⎛

⎝1.096124 −0.278869 0.1827450.454369 0.473533 0.072098

−0.009628 −0.005698 1.015326

⎞

⎠ . (A.2.6b)

Determination of the color values, for example, Lc, Cc, hc and LR, CR, hR;calculation of color difference ΔE by a suited color difference formula fromcolor contributions ΔL = Lc – LR, ΔC = Cc – CR, and ΔH.

A.2.2 Reverse Mode

In the reverse case, the standard color values in test illuminant X, Y, Z are foundaccording to the following procedure:

Input data:Standard color values of corresponding color Xc, Yc, Zc and remaining inputquantities listed of forward mode.

Output data:Standard color values in test illumination X, Y, Z.1. Step: Calculation of

A.3 Two-Flux Approximations 451

⎛

⎝Rc

Gc

Bc

⎞

⎠ = MCAT02 ·⎛

⎝Xc

Yc

Zc

⎞

⎠ ,

⎛

⎝RW

GW

BW

⎞

⎠ = MCAT02 ·⎛

⎝XW

YW

ZW

⎞

⎠ ,

⎛

⎝RWR

GWR

BWR

⎞

⎠ = MCAT02 ·⎛

⎝XWR

YWR

ZWR

⎞

⎠

(A.2.7)

2. Step: The degree of adaption D is determined using Equations (A.2.3),(A.2.4a), (A.2.4b), and (A.2.4c).3. Step: R, G, B are calculated according to Equations (A.2.5a), (A.2.5b), and(A.2.5c).4. Step: The standard color values in test illumination X, Y, Z follow from

⎛

⎝XYZ

⎞

⎠ = M−1CAT02 ·

⎛

⎝RGB

⎞

⎠ , (A.2.8)

etc.

A.3 Two-Flux Approximations

A.3.1 Directional Fluxes

Quantity From radiative transfer equation (5.1.37)

Optical constants Optical path: τ = (K + S)d

Albedo: ω0 = S

K + SAbsorption coefficient: K = (1 − ω0)τ

/d

Scattering coefficient: S = ω0τ/

d

Characteristic roots k = ± 1μ

√1 − ω0

Translucent layer Reflection Rμμ and transmission Tμμ:

Rμμ = ω0

2 − ω0 + 2μk coth (kτ )

Tμμ = 2μk

(2 − ω0) sinh (kτ ) + 2μk cosh (kτ )

452 Appendix


Opaque layer Rμμ = ω0

2 − ω0 + 2√

1 − ω0, Tμμ = 0

1

ω0= (1 + Rμμ)2

4Rμμ,

K

S= 1 − ω0

ω0= (1 − Rμμ)2

4Rμμ

Transparent layer Rμμ = 0, Tμμ = e−τ/μ, ω0 = 0, τ = −μ ln (Tμμ)

Conservative case Rμμ = τ

2μ + τ, Tμμ = 2μ

2μ + τ, ω0 = 1, τ = 2μRμμ

/Tμμ

Determination ofoptical constantsover twodifferentbackgroundsRbg,b, Rbg,w

1

ω0=

(1 + Rbg,w)(1 + Rw)(Rb − Rbg,b) − (1 + Rbg,b)(1 + Rb)(Rw − Rbg,w)

4(Rbg,wRb − Rgb,bRw)

Rbg,b ≈ 0, Rgb,b << Rb:

1

ω0= (1 + Rbg,w)(1 + Rw)Rb − (1 + Rb)(Rw − Rbg,w)

4Rbg,wRb

Rb ∼= Rw:1

ω0= (1 + Rw)

4Rw

2

τ = 1

2μkarcoth

[ω0(1 + Rbg,xRx) − (2 − ω0)(Rbg,x + Rx)

2μk(Rx − Rbg,x)

]

,

with x = b or x = w

Optical layer Surface boundary corrected relations

Transparent Ra = r + (1 − r)2rTμμ

1 − r2T2μμ

, Ta = (1 − r)2Tμμ

1 − r2T2μμ

, Tμμ = Ra − r

rTa

Translucent Ra = r + (1 − r)2 · (1 − rRμμ)Rμμ + rT2μμ

(1 − rRμμ)2 − r2T2μμ

,

Ta = (1 − r)2Tμμ

(1 − rRμμ)2 − r2T2μμ

Opaque Ra = r + (1 − r)2Rμμ

1 − rRμμ, Rμμ = Ra − r

(1 − r)2 + r(Ra − r),

Ta = Tμμ = 0

Conservative case S = 1

d

(1 − r)(Ra − r) − r(1 − r)Ta

(1 − r)2Ta

A.3 Two-Flux Approximations 453

A.3.2 Diffuse Fluxes


Optical constants Optical path: τ = (K + S)d

Albedo: ω0 = S

K + SAbsorption coefficient: K = (1 − ω0)τ

/d

Scattering coefficient: S = ω0τ/

d

Characteristic roots k = ±2√

1 − ω0

Transparent layer Reflection Rdd and transmission Tdd:

Rdd = 0, Tdd = e−2τ , ω0 = 0, τ = −1

2ln (Tdd),

S = 0, K = − 1

2dln (Tdd)

Translucent layer Rdd = ω0

2 − ω0 + k coth (kτ )= ω0H(k, − k,τ )

(2 − ω0 + k)H(k, − k,τ ) + e−kτ

Tdd = k

(2 − ω0) sinh (kτ ) + k cosh (kτ )

= 1

(2 − ω0 + k)H(k, − k,τ ) + e−kτ

Opaque layer Rdd = ω0

2 − ω0 + 2√

1 − ω0, Tdd = 0

1

ω0= (1 + Rdd)2

4Rdd,

K

S= 1 − ω0

ω0= (1 − Rdd)2

4Rdd

Conservative case Rdd = τ

1 + τ, Tdd = 1

1 + τ, ω0 = 1, τ = Rdd

/Tdd ,

K = 0, S = 1

d

Rdd

Tdd


1

ω0=

(1 + Rbg,w)(1 + Rw)(Rb − Rbg,b) − (1 + Rgb,b)(1 + Rb)(Rw − Rbg,w)

4(Rbg,wRb − Rbg,bRw)

Rbg,b ≈ 0, Rbg,b << Rb:

1

ω0= (1 + Rbg,w)(1 + Rw)Rb − (1 + Rb)(Rw − Rbg,w)

4Rbg,wRb

Rb ∼= Rw:

1

ω0= (1 + Rw)

4Rw

2

τ = 1

karcoth

[ω0(1 + Rbg,xRx) − (2 − ω0)(Rbg,x + Rx)

k(Rx − Rbg,x)

]

,

with x = b or x = w

454 Appendix

Quantity Following Kubelka–Munk theory, Section 5.3

Optical constants Absorption coefficient: KKMScattering coefficient: SKM

Combining with two diffuse fluxes from radiative transfer equation:

KKM = 2K, SKM = S

Characteristic roots k = ±bS

Transparent layer R = 0, T = e−KKMd , S = 0, KKM = − 1

dln (T)

Translucent layer R = 1

a + b coth (kd), T = b

a sinh (kd) + b cosh (kd)

Opaque layer R = 1

a + b= a − b, T = 0,

KKM

SKM= (1 − R)2

2R

Conservative case a = 1, b = 0, R = Sd

1 + Sd, T = 1

1 + Sd, KKM = 0,

S = 1

d

R

T


a = (1 + Rbg,wRw)(Rb − Rbg,b) − (1 + Rbg,bRb)(Rw − Rbg,w)

2(Rbg,wRb − Rbg,bRw)

Rbg,b << Rb:

a = 1

2

(

Rw + Rb − Rw + Rbg,w

Rbg,wRb

)

Rb ∼= Rw:

a = 1

2

(Rw + 1

Rw

)

S = 1

bdarcoth

[1 − aRbg,x + (Rbg,x − a)Rx

b(Rx − Rbg,x)

]

, with x = b or x = w

KKM = (a − 1)S

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DIN 53235-1/2: “Pruefung von Pigmenten – Pruefungen an standardfarbtiefen Proben –Part 1: Standardfarbtiefen”, “Pruefung von Pigmenten – Pruefungen an standardfarbtiefenProben – Part 2: Einstellen von Proben auf Standardfarbtiefe”, (2005); Deutsches Institutfuer Normung eV, Berlin

DIN 55600: “Pruefung von Pigmenten – Bestimmung der Signifikanz von Farbabstaendenbei Koerperfarben nach der CIELAB-Formel”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin(2008)

DIN 55603: “Pruefung von Pigmenten – Bestimmung der relativen Farbstaerke und desRestfarbenabstandes von anorganischen Pigmenten in Weissaufhellungen nach demHelligkeitsverfahren”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (2003)

DIN 55923: “Pigmente: Aluminiumpigmente und Aluminiumpigmentpasten fuer Anstrich-farben”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1983)

DIN 55943: “Farbmitte – Begriffe”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (2001); CIENo 124/1: “Colour notations and colour order systems”, CIE, Bureau de la CIE, Wien(1997)

DIN 55978: “Bestimmung der relativen Farbstaerke in Loesungen, SpektralphotometrischesVerfahren”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1981)

DIN 55984: “Bestimmung des Deckvermoegenswertes von weissen und hellgrauen Medien”,Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1986)

DIN 55987: “Bestimmung des Deckvermoegenswertes pigmentierter Medien”, DeutschesInstitut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1981)

DIN 55988: “Bestimmung der Transparenzzahl (Lasur) von pigmentierten und unpigmen-tierten Systemen”, Deutsches Institut fuer Normung eV, Berlin (1989)

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(1984)

Name Index

Names mentioned exclusively in the text:

BBeer, A, 299–300, 302, 306–307, 309, 320,

330, 340, 342, 346, 386Bethe, H.A., 16Billmeyer, F.W., 356Boltzmann, L., 15, 306Born, M., 302Bouguer, P., 299Brewster, D., 29–30Brillouin, L., 32, 302Burch, J.M., 126

CCarter, E.C., 356Chandrasekhar, S., 7, 295, 344,

356, 360

DDirac, P., 298, 314, 371, 400

EEitle, D., 341Euler, L., 286

FFabry, Ch., 36–37, 86, 89–90Fechner, G.T., 142Fermi, E., 208, 441–442Fraunhofer, J., 38Fresnel, A.J., 27, 29–31, 333, 339–340,

348–349, 351, 354, 363, 367–368, 375

GGauss, C.F., 282–286, 290, 357, 371,

374, 402Goethe, J.W. von, 2Grassmann, H.G., 2, 109, 116, 118–121Greenstein, J.L., 303, 313–314, 399Guild, J., 120–121, 125

HHelmholtz, H. von, 2, 114Henyey, L.G., 303, 313–314, 399Hering, E., 3, 49, 57, 114, 141Huygens, Ch., 39

IIshihara, S., 238

JJacquin, F., 6Jeans, J.H., 16Joule, J.P., 305, 316Judd, D.B., 114

KKronecker, L., 371Kubelka, P., 7, 182, 305, 326–327, 329,

331, 335, 337, 339–341, 343, 350, 354,375–376

LLambert, J.H., 235, 299–300, 302, 306–307,

309, 320, 330, 340, 342, 346, 386Land, E.H., 3, 114, 156Legendre, A.-M., 311, 313, 357–358, 400Levenberg, K., 412Littrow, K.L., 42

MMarquardt, D.W., 412Maxwell, J.C., 2, 27–28, 302McAdam, D.L., 139, 141–143Michelson, A.A., 104Mie, G., 7, 32, 302–304, 313Mudget, P.S., 356–357Muller, G.E., 114

467

468 Name Index

Munk, F., 7, 182, 305, 326–327, 329, 331,335, 337, 339–341, 343, 350, 354,375–376

Munsell, A.H., 57–58, 141

NNagel, W.A., 238Newton, I., 2, 109

OOstwald, W., 169, 171

PPauli, H.K.A., 142, 341Perot, J.B., 36–37, 86, 89–90Planck, M., 15–16, 23, 139Plinius C. Secundus the E., 5Poynting, J.H., 25, 296Purkinje, J.E., 127

RRaman, Ch., 32, 302Rayleigh, J.W., 16–17, 32, 81, 302Richards, L.W., 356–357Ryde, J.W., 340

SSaunderson, J.L., 336, 339–340,

354–355, 376

Schroedinger, E., 3Schuster, A., 305, 326, 343Schwarzschild, K.S., 305, 326, 343Snellius, W., Snel (Snell) van Royen, 26Speranskaja, N.I., 126Stiles, W.S., 126Stokes, G.G., 274–275

TTaylor, B., 395, 398, 412Theophilus, <Presbyter>, 5

UUlbricht, R., 243, 248, 250, 260, 262

WWeber, E.H., 142Weiss, P.E., 108Weizsacker, C.F. von, 16Wien, W.K.W., 16Wright, W.D., 121, 125

YYoung, Th., 2, 114

ZZadeh, L.A., 440

Index

AAbrasion, 69, 193Abridged spectrophotometer, 260Absorption, 299–302, 393, 418

coefficient, 28, 49, 51–52, 299–300, 305,325, 330, 332, 390, 394, 451,453–454

pigments, 4, 5–6, 14, 26, 43–49, 53, 58, 64,67–68, 73, 76–77, 80–81, 85, 89,92, 98–99, 101–103, 128–129, 179,185, 197–199, 201, 207, 214–216,218–221, 238, 243, 248–249, 313,315, 386–392, 396–399, 408, 423,435–436, 438, 444

selective, 4, 13, 46–47, 50, 85, 102–103,257

Acceptability, 255–256, 278accuracy of, 278certainty of, 283of colorant, 161–162, 192, 234, 255–257,

278, 426–430, 435of colors, 161–162, 234, 255–256, 278,

384, 427–430of color strength, 185error of, 162, 255–256, 278relative, 95, 404value, 287, 297, 324

Accuracyabsolute, 259, 263, 266, 280of optical constant, 332, 393of recipe-prediction, 400–403of spectrophotometers, 162,

263, 265Achromatic

axis, 142–143, 211, 214color, 3, 53–54, 57, 59, 111, 116, 142, 186,

207, 215, 222point, 138, 142, 144, 194, 210–211, 222,

227–228

Achromatopsy, 113Acid

fatty, 68oleic, 68–69palmitinic, 68–69stearic, 68–69

Action time, 248Activity

continuous of neurons, 441–442photo, 200

Adaptationchromatic, 164–167degree of, 167–168kinds of, 164–165mesopic, 111, 123parameter, 430phase, 164–165photopic, 111, 120, 123, 165scotopic, 115, 128, 133, 176See also Adaption

Adaptionchromatic, 116, 165, 238, 448–451dark, 116, 165light, 165mesopic, 123phase, 238photopic, 128transform, chromatic, 167, 448–451See also Adaptation

Adaptive shift, 165Additive color mixing, 2, 11, 92, 103, 116–120

laws of, 2, 11, 92, 119–121Additives, 44, 136, 138, 169, 171, 186,

192–193, 199, 215, 233, 249, 277,279, 302, 385–386, 389, 401, 408,422–423, 428, 434, 436

suitable, 69, 249Adhesion, 199–200Adjacent color, 58, 432, 434

469

470 Index

Aerosol, 17After-image, 114–115Aging

artificial, 193effects, 18, 192, 198–199process, 189, 192–193See also Weather resistance

Albedo, 309, 315–316, 318, 320–325, 331,339, 344–346, 356, 375–376, 378,383, 397–399, 412, 418, 451, 453

definition of, 309entire, 397–398, 418specific, 383, 418

Alternative recipes, 381, 390, 403, 406,420–421, 444

Aluminumbronze, 66–67cornflakes, 69, 74, 77, 92–93, 221, 400flakes, 67, 73–74, 199, 219–220, 447pigment, 5, 66, 78, 92–93, 199, 219–221,

391, 438silver dollar flakes, 75, 80, 198

Amblyopy, 112, 238Anastas, 47, 83–84, 90, 93, 97, 98Anchor curve, 218–221Angle

azimuth, 144, 296, 302–303, 308, 312, 315,358

blaze, 40–42counting, 201, 242of declination, 303, 317, 358, 400–401specular, 26, 78, 83, 91, 95, 101, 201–202,

204, 222–223, 241–242, 252, 403Anisotropic force, 108Anisotropic scattering, 313, 357, 383Anisotropy

coefficient, 313, 399degree of, 309extreme, 313

Anti-reflection coating, 36Anti-Stokes emission, 275Aperture

measuring, 193, 199, 249, 251, 277–278modus, 156

Application, 1–3, 6–8, 11, 22, 36, 43–44, 50,57, 63–64, 66, 69, 85, 103, 109,114, 123, 156, 159, 167, 244, 260,288, 306, 316, 324, 344, 377–378,390, 406, 439

Approximationlinear, 395, 406, 415, 431multi-flux, 51, 295, 312, 376, 378, 444

See also Approximation, nth

nonlinear, 178nth, 356–357, 370, 374, 377

See also Approximation, multi-fluxof radiative transfer, 49, 356–379three-flux, 312, 340–356, 361, 376, 378,

396–397, 399, 444two-flux, 316–326, 328–329, 335, 338,

340, 343, 346–347, 353–354, 377,444, 451–454

Arched surface, 249Arithmetic mean, 61, 147, 154, 158, 193, 207,

281–282, 291, 386, 398Artificial

aging, 193neural networks, 441source, 18, 128weathering, 192

Aspecular angle, 78, 95, 100, 201–202, 204,222, 242, 252, 403

Assessment ofcolor differences, 115–116color inconstancy, 253colors, 4, 11–12, 19, 23–24, 32, 63, 115,

126, 136, 155–156, 159–160,164–165, 207, 238, 253, 403

effect pigments, 26, 103, 403fluorescence, 20, 253

ASTM standards, 455–456Attenuation coefficient, 28, 299, 309, 327Autocollimation configuration, 42Auxiliary function, 148, 344, 346Auxochromes, 45Average flux, 342Axial symmetry, 303, 310, 341Axiom, 33Azimuth angle, 144, 296, 302–303, 308, 312,

315, 358

BBackground

black, 91, 93–102, 186, 189, 211, 215, 218,222, 267, 272, 325, 331–332, 392

color/colored, 50–51, 81, 89, 91, 100–101,185, 252, 325, 331

differently colored, 331light, 252white, 91–92, 100, 186, 189, 191, 268–269,

389, 391, 420Back propagation algorithm, 441, 444Back propagation model, 382, 441Backscattering, 53, 235, 248, 400Baking finishes, 198Ball mill, 69, 72

Index 471

Band spectrum, 19–20BCRA II ceramic, 237, 260, 264–265Beer-Lambert law

of absorption, 299–302generalized, 300, 306, 309multi-dimensional, 307one-dimensional, 320, 330, 340, 342, 346

Best recipes, 421, 435Binary logic, 440Binder, 5, 26, 27, 44–45, 50, 60, 64–65, 67,

69, 109, 136, 159, 162, 171, 176,186, 189, 192, 198–200, 225, 238,248–250, 252, 256, 267, 277, 279,302–304, 332–333, 373, 392–394,396, 398, 401, 403, 418, 428, 432,434, 438

Blackbodyradiator, 14–16, 18, 139–140, 236

Black mixture, 77, 176–178, 387–389,391–392

Black pigments, 45, 47, 86, 177–178, 181, 387,389, 408

Black standard, 236, 264–265Black trap, 236Blaze angle, 40–42Blaze grating, 43Blaze technique, 40, 43, 105, 223Blending ratio, 177, 392Blends, 62, 66, 177, 386–387, 389, 392Blinding glare, 156Blindness, 113Blistering, 193, 199, 249Blooming, 61, 254Blow molding, 70Boltzmann

constant, 15equation, 306

Bouguer-Lambert law, 299Boundary condition, 310, 316–317, 328, 342,

344, 360–361, 370–371Boundary-layer correction, 332–333Boundary surface, 25, 27–29, 31–32, 50–51,

59, 60, 64, 82, 333–334, 336–338,340–341, 345, 348–351, 354, 357,361–367, 373

corrections, 336–338, 340–341, 345, 354,357, 362–363

Brass, 5, 67, 198Brass pigment, 438Brewster angle, 29–30Bright-field illumination, 87, 93, 215, 392,

407, 436

Brightness, 15, 52, 72, 77–78, 81, 107, 201,403, 407–408, 437

Brilliance, 57, 65, 67–70, 75, 77, 81, 83, 89,96–98, 100–101, 103–104, 153,197, 199–201, 222, 226, 228, 238,248, 271, 273, 423, 435–437

high, 69–70, 97, 226low, 436metallic, 65, 68, 75, 197, 201

Brilliant colors, 6, 82–83, 95, 97, 99, 156, 159Bronze, 5, 66–67, 90, 95, 447Bronzing, 61Brookit, 93Build loci, 406Build-up, 176–179, 200, 210

CCalibration

of colorants, 427colors, 386, 389–392, 396, 402–403, 435errors, 402of interference pigments, 392metallic pigments, 391methods, 381pearlescent, 410procedure, 263, 402–403, 428samples, 56, 386, 390, 393–394, 398,

402–403, 431series, 45, 383–387, 390–394, 396–398,

402, 444temporary, 262, 264wavelengths, 263

CAM, see Color appearance model (CAM)Candela (cd), 24

definition of, 18Carbon-arc lamp, 18, 192Carbon black, 47, 101, 102, 179, 329, 386,

391–392, 408, 436, 447CAT, see Chromatic adaptation transform

(CAT)CAT02, 167–168, 448–451Cavitation, 271CCD camera, 204–205, 272Chalking, 193, 248Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 68, 73, 85Cholesteric phase, 84, 88

texture, 88–89, 277Chroma

azimuthal anisotropy, 224curves, 200–201, 210–212, 214, 217,

221–228difference, 146, 151, 159–160, 438maximum, 222–223

472 Index

Chroma (cont.)natural, 248potential, 211

Chromaticadaptation, 164–167colorant, 159, 178colors, 24, 33, 57, 115–116, 142–144, 193,

200, 207pigments, 54, 176–178, 219, 273shift, 165–166

Chromatic adaptation transform (CAT), 167Chromaticity, 58, 121, 125, 137–141, 156, 159,

162, 184, 195, 290, 389, 403coordinates, 136–140, 194–195diagram, 58, 137–141, 159, 162, 184, 234

Chromophores, 45, 332CIE, see International Commission on

Illumination (CIE)CIE94 formula, 158CIE 1931 color space, 143CIE 1931 standard observer, 125–129CIE 1931 system, see CIE 1931 color spaceCIE 1964 standard observer, 125–129CIE 1964 system, 125–129CIE 1976 color spaces, 141–148CIE 1976 system, see CIE 1976 color spacesCIEDE2000 formula, 152, 157–160CIELAB

color differences, 159color values, 157, 174, 206, 222differences, 159, 193, 198space, 143–144, 152system, 3–4, 49, 57–59, 141, 143–144,

147–149, 152, 159values, 161, 174

CIELUV system, 141CIE reference conditions, 61, 149, 155–156,

158, 238, 250, 253CIE standards, 458Classical recipe prediction, 381, 390, 392,

403–404, 417, 420–421, 435advantages, 421benefits, 390

Clear coat, 201, 254, 392Coarseness, 77, 79, 201Coat blooming, 61, 254Coating, 36, 39, 44, 59, 62, 64, 67–70, 73,

76, 79, 82, 85, 90–91, 94, 97–98,101–102, 106–107, 109, 162–163,185–186, 191, 195, 198–200, 202,205–206, 208–209, 225, 249, 262,271–273, 308, 358, 408, 423, 436,440, 447–448

anti-reflection, 36covering, 91, 101, 186, 199CVD method, 85effect, 102, 199, 205, 209, 408, 448multi-layered, 36paint, 62, 76, 162–163, 208, 408, 440of plastics, 79PVD method, 70, 80, 85, 110reference, 209, 272thickness, 90, 94, 98, 185

Coefficientof absorption, see Absorption, coefficientof reflection, 29–32, 60, 253–254,

333–334, 336–337, 340, 348–349,351, 353–354, 364, 375, 378

See also Fresnel coefficientof scattering, see Scattering, coefficient

Co-extrusion, 89Coherent light, 14, 104Color

achromatic, 3, 53–54, 57, 59, 111, 116,142, 186, 207, 215, 222

adjacent, 58, 432, 434aging, 192amblyopy, 113, 238anomaly, 113assessment, 11, 20, 23, 115, 126, 156, 165asthenopy, 113attributes, 43, 51–57, 59, 67, 76, 141,

146, 161blindness, 113brilliant, 6, 82–83, 95, 97, 99, 156, 159calibration series, 45, 383–387, 389–394,

396–398, 402, 444chromatic, 3, 24, 33, 57, 115–116, 142,

144, 159, 165, 178, 193, 200, 207constancy, see Color inconstancycorresponding, 35, 43, 57, 59, 119–120,

124–125, 138, 142, 153, 161,166–168, 174, 176, 187–188,193–194, 227, 266, 329, 382, 386,414, 424, 434–435, 450

dark, 53, 56–57, 60, 140, 144, 156, 159,162, 178, 182, 261, 329, 424

fluorescent, 247, 274–277impression, 1, 3, 11–13, 18, 23–24, 35,

43, 52–53, 59, 61, 63, 67, 81, 89,91–95, 99, 103, 107, 115, 116–117,119, 120, 133, 136, 155–156, 159,161–162, 164–166, 170, 179, 227,233–234, 249–250, 253–254, 258

inconstancy, 155, 161, 164, 166–169, 172,253, 260, 448

Index 473

inconstancy index, 161, 166–168, 172,260, 448

laws of mixing, 11, 92, 102–103, 110,119–121

matching, 3, 23, 120–127, 134, 182, 194,234, 252–255, 257, 278–279, 382,403–404, 410

natural, 2, 43, 53, 57, 65, 81, 91, 103, 110,177, 191, 214–215, 218, 387, 445

See also Mass tonenonlinear, 155, 292, 384non-self-luminous, 1, 11–12, 14, 18, 25, 32,

43, 51–53, 57, 86, 119, 123–124,134, 136–137, 141, 145, 162, 237,445

non-uniform, 93, 145, 156pale, dirty, dull, 53pastel, 207perception, 1, 3, 11, 13, 58–59, 110–118,

126, 141, 156, 164, 238, 250, 266photochromic, 274–278production, 11, 25, 34, 43, 45–47, 63–64,

82, 85, 110, 274properties, 2, 7, 44, 58, 104, 136, 175, 185,

197, 209, 257, 422pure, 53reproduction of, 171–172, 178, 184, 266,

384, 404, 421, 428–429sensation, 2–4, 8, 11–12, 32, 35, 51, 63–64,

110, 113, 115–116, 121, 165,170–171, 235

shade, 49, 91, 116, 125, 129, 162, 189, 214,386, 408

synthesized, 43, 110thermochromic, 13, 249, 257, 265, 274–278uncolored, achromatic, 3, 53–54, 57,

59, 111, 115–116, 121, 134, 138,142–144, 159, 162, 177–178,184, 186, 193–194, 207, 210–211,214–215, 222–223, 226–227,265–266, 319, 433

See also ColorsColorant matrix, 49Colorants

absorbing, see Color tolerance, absorptioncolorants

of batches, 171, 401, 431, 434calibration of, 382–390, 392–393, 402,

427–428concentration, 52, 170, 179, 185, 200, 250,

276, 384–386, 388, 404, 406, 413,415, 418, 425, 433

mass tone, 92, 178, 388, 392

mixtures, 118, 219, 244, 273, 315, 394,421, 426, 431

modified, 110particle size, 66–67, 70, 74–82, 101–104,

106, 181, 215, 271, 392, 423, 440selection of, 172, 407, 422–423, 435substitution of, 4, 169, 184, 266,

269–270, 273synthesized, 110

Color appearance, 12, 25–26, 83, 133, 141,146, 152, 156, 159–161, 166–167,209, 258, 420

Color appearance model (CAM), 133, 141,146, 152, 156, 159–161, 167,258, 420

CIECAM02, 152, 160–161, 167Color assessment, 11, 20, 23, 115, 126,

156, 165Coloration, 26, 33, 43–45, 49–51, 57, 62–64,

79–81, 92, 101, 102, 119, 125,127–128, 133, 137, 152–153,159, 162, 164, 166–167, 169–170,179, 185–189, 192–194, 197–200,204–207, 209, 218, 228, 236,238, 241, 247–250, 252–255, 257,259–261, 265–267, 272, 278, 292,315, 326–327, 329, 356, 381, 386,389–393, 398, 402–403, 407–408,412–413, 423, 427–429, 431,434–436, 440, 444

effect, 26, 62, 80, 152, 162, 200, 204–206,209, 241, 252–254, 261, 272, 326,393, 407–408, 429, 434–436, 440

opaque, 252, 257, 267, 390, 412potential, 179, 386, 389reference, 198, 206, 252, 265,

390–393Color attributes, 43, 51, 59, 67, 76, 141,

146, 161Color blindness

blue-yellow, 113complete, 113green, 113red, 113

Color build-up, 179, 200, 210Color capability of colorists, 253Color change(s), 6, 13, 15, 24, 34, 62, 81, 155,

156, 164, 166, 192–195, 201, 211,213, 274, 277–278, 420

nonlinear, 156phototropic, 13, 257thermochromic, 13, 274, 277

474 Index

Color collection, 59, 153, 159–161, 167, 207,238, 250, 255, 266

Color component, 36, 60, 120, 136,423–424, 444

Color constancy, 49, 114, 133, 156, 164–166,184, 199, 417, 422, 424, 431, 438

Color contrast, 115simultaneous, 114–115

Color depth, 52, 179–181, 183–184equal, 180standard, 181, 183–184

Color development, 43, 176, 201, 216, 222,228, 292

diffraction pigment, 222–228effect pigment, 43, 201, 216, 292nonlinear, 292

Color difference formulas, 133, 152, 156–157,159–161, 168, 175, 206, 436

angle-dependent, 200, 209CIE94, 152, 154–156, 158–160CIEDE2000, 152, 157–160CIELAB, 142–143, 145, 149,

152–153, 159CMC, 153–154, 159–160DIN99o, 160–161metallic pigments, 206

Color differencesacceptable, 255–256amounts of, 424assessment of, 249balanced, 417–420CIE94, 152, 154–156CIEDE2000, 152, 157–160CIELAB, 149–150, 158–159CMC, 153, 159–160contributions, 144, 147, 152–153, 159–160,

193, 207, 256, 265–266, 288–290,292, 417

DIN99o, 159discernable, 209, 255–256equations, see Color difference formulasmean, 289, 291, 403, 406, 436minimal, 162, 422numerical, 121, 145, 153, 158, 167, 403perceived, 57–58, 114, 120, 145,

152–153, 160smallest, 162, 183, 255–256, 403,

405, 417smallest visually discernable, 162,

255–256tolerated, 149, 156, 207

Colored layer, 7, 29, 32–33, 60, 189, 250–251,267, 295, 308, 316, 324

Color effects, 6, 34, 38, 64–65, 68, 76, 99,102–103, 116, 192, 435–436

Color equation, 119–121Color fastness, 20, 49, 172, 175, 189, 192–197,

254, 401, 422Color flop, 62, 63, 80–81, 85–87, 89, 92, 97,

99, 102, 207, 214, 238, 249, 423,436, 438

distinct, 85–87, 89, 97Colorfulness, 44, 52–53, 58, 161Colorimetric

correction method, 429measurement, 215method, 3–4, 164, 175, 405, 414–417, 429procedure, 133, 185, 404, 414, 429, 434strategy, 405, 411, 424, 426

Colorimetrical-matching criteria, 183Colorimetry, 2–3, 8, 11, 23–24, 103, 114, 124,

133, 152, 161, 185, 285Color impression, 1, 3, 11–13, 18, 23–24, 35,

43, 52–53, 59, 61, 63, 67, 81, 89,91–93, 95, 99, 103, 107, 114–116,119–120, 136, 155–156, 159,161–162, 164–166, 170, 179, 227,233–234, 249–250, 253–254, 258

angle-dependent, 162, 179different, 3, 18, 170entire, 52, 59, 119quantification of, 136, 233three factors of, 61, 155, 234trichromatic, 159visual, 11, 23, 254, 258

Color inconstancy, 155, 161, 164, 166–169,172, 253, 260, 448

degree of, 167index of, 161, 166–168, 172, 260, 448

Color index (C.I.), 58Coloring body, 138Coloring potential, 176–179Coloring power value, 191Color intensity, 52Colorist, 4, 43, 45, 49–50, 57–58, 61, 76–82,

102, 125, 144, 159, 163, 172,178–179, 184–185, 198, 201–206,209, 228, 381, 384, 390, 403–404,406–407, 412, 414, 422, 428–429,434, 440

Coloristic assessment, 61Coloristic properties, 4, 43, 45, 76–82, 440Color locus, 140–143, 145–147, 149–151, 159,

162, 177, 184, 186, 215–216, 219,225, 256, 265, 431–433

Index 475

Color matching, 3, 23, 120–123, 125–128,134, 182, 194, 234, 252–255, 257,278–279, 382, 403–404, 410

visual, 234, 253, 257Color-matching functions (CMFs), 121–122,

126–127, 134, 257, 404, 410Color-matching values, 121, 124, 127Color measurement, 60, 62, 92, 118, 120,

206, 234, 239, 247–249, 251–253,256–257, 265, 275, 277–292, 427,432, 434

double meaning, 234, 292uncertainty of, 233–234, 252–253, 256,

263–265, 271–272, 278–281,292, 412

Color mixing, 2, 11, 92, 102–103,117–120, 214

Color opponent theory, 49, 141Color order systems, 43, 56–59, 238

colorimetric, 57–58coloristic, 57–58

Color pattern, 11, 24, 43, 50, 57, 58–59, 61–63,109, 136–137, 141, 149, 156–157,160, 164, 175, 195, 233, 234, 236,239, 244, 246–248, 250, 252–255,257, 261–263, 266, 277–280,288–289, 292

Color perception, 1, 3, 11, 13, 58–59, 110–118,126, 141, 156, 164, 238, 250, 266

normal, 112, 266subjective, 59

Color plane, 49, 141–144, 147, 149–151, 154,158, 160, 176–177, 207, 210–211,222, 236

CIELAB, 49, 143DIN99o, 148–152

Color plate, 49, 58, 85, 87, 89, 93, 95, 99, 118,121, 137–138, 140–144, 154, 184,214–215, 273, 393, 436–439

Color production, 11, 25, 34, 43, 45–47,63–64, 82, 85, 114, 274

interference pigments, 64pearlescent, 34, 82

Color receptors, 112–114, 118, 122, 167Color recipe

correctability of, 178, 421, 423–427, 431correction of, 243, 427–431, 441prediction, 170, 184, 187–188, 244, 246,

250, 259, 316, 423, 444sensitivity of, 178, 421, 423, 424–427technical handling of, 427

Color rendering index, 21, 24, 161Color reproduction, 184, 266, 384, 421

Colorsabsorption, 34, 43, 45, 53, 56, 61, 86,

91–92, 95, 97, 99, 133, 136–137,142–144, 148, 152–153, 155,161–162, 166–168, 172, 175, 197,207, 266, 275, 401, 422, 428–429,433, 435, 440

achromatic, 3, 53–54, 57, 59, 111,115–116, 142, 144, 159, 186,193–194, 207, 215, 222

additive mixing of, 110, 117–120adjacent, 58, 434–435amblyopy, 113, 238assessment of, 4, 11, 12, 14, 19, 23–24,

115, 126, 136, 155–156, 159,164–165, 178, 207, 238, 253

attributes of, 24, 43, 51–57, 59, 67, 76, 141,146, 161

brilliant, 6, 82–83, 95, 97, 99, 156, 159chromatic, 3, 24, 33, 53–54, 57, 59, 111,

114–116, 123, 133, 142, 144, 159,165, 178, 186, 193, 200, 207,215, 222

clear, 53, 55, 56corresponding, see Corresponding colorsdark, 53, 56, 57, 60, 140, 144, 156, 159,

162, 178, 182, 261, 329, 424effect, 4, 59, 63, 153, 162, 200, 206, 391,

403, 407, 421, 428–429,435–436, 440

filter, 257fluorescent, 274–276impression, 1, 3, 11–13, 18, 23–24, 35,

43, 51–53, 59, 61, 63, 81, 89, 91,99, 103, 107, 115–117, 119–120,133, 136, 155, 156–159, 161–162,164–166, 170, 179, 227, 233–234,249–250, 254, 258

interference, 34, 36, 45, 64, 82–87, 89,90–91, 93–96, 102, 104, 179,209–211, 213, 252, 400

light, 19–20, 48, 53, 56, 117, 119, 140,166, 194, 237

metameric, 169–170, 174, 259natural, 2, 43, 53, 57, 65, 81, 91, 103, 109,

177, 191, 214, 218, 445non-self-luminous, 1, 11–12, 14, 18, 25, 32,

43, 51–53, 57, 86, 118, 123–124,134, 136–137, 141, 145, 162,237, 445

pale, dirty, dull, 53pastel, 207

476 Index

Colors (cont.)perception of, 1, 3, 11, 13, 58–59, 110–120,

126, 141, 156, 164, 237–238,250, 266

photochromic, 274, 278production of, 11, 25, 34, 43, 45–47,

63–64, 82, 85, 109, 274pure, 53saturated, 121sensation, 2–4, 8, 11–12, 32, 35, 51,

110, 112, 114–115, 121, 165,170–171, 235

synthesized, 43, 109thermochromic, 13, 249, 257, 265,

274–278See also Color

Color saturation, 102, 115, 278Color sensation, 2–4, 8, 11–12, 32, 35, 51,

110, 112, 114–115, 121, 165,170–171, 235

Color sensesimulation of, 134subjective, 171, 235see also Human color sense

Color shade, 49, 91, 115, 125, 129, 162, 189,214, 386, 408

Color shift, 45, 60, 81, 98, 156, 165, 167–168,189, 195, 198, 425

Color spaceCAM, 161CIELAB, 141–148CIELUV, 141CIE x, y, Y, 133–136, 141–142, 184DIN99o, 148–152Euclidian, 152, 158–159UCS uniform color scales, 58, 141, 144visual non-uniform, 292

Color stimulus, 2, 115, 117–126, 128,133–134, 142, 166, 170, 233

function, 125, 170specification, 119–122, 123, 142

Color streaking, 248Color strength, 44, 52, 133, 172, 175, 179–181,

183–185, 324, 401, 438definition of, 179relative, 52, 180–181, 183–185

Color systematic, 92Color temperature, 16–18, 20–21, 23–24, 139,

261correlated, 16, 21, 24, 139daylight, 17definition of, 16evening light, 21, 23

similar, 16true, 24

Color tolerance, 141, 152–153, 155, 157, 159,161–163, 171, 233, 255–257, 266,278, 426

absorption colorants, 162acceptable, 161–162, 426agreement, 141, 161–162, 171, 233,

255, 257effect colorations, 162requirements, 163

Color travel, 102–103, 214–215, 252Color triangle, 58, 137–138Color value, 1–2, 24, 109, 118–121, 123–129,

133–148, 150, 152, 156–157,161, 166–168, 170–171, 173–176,183–184, 186, 193, 200, 206,210, 222, 233, 239, 243–244, 246,248–249, 253, 257–259, 261–265,281, 284, 287–290, 292, 295, 384,403, 405, 414–420, 424–426, 448,450–451

of CIE 1931 system, 120, 125–127,134–137, 174, 184

of CIE 1964 system, 125–127of CIELAB system, 157, 174,

206, 222of DIN99o system, 150, 414of systems, 133–134, 141, 233

Color vision, 2, 110–113, 118,156, 165

defective, 112normal, 113

Combination pigments, 85, 86, 91, 93, 97–99,200, 212, 273

Combinatorics, 407, 434, 436, 444Community Reference Bureau (CRB), 236Comparability of results, 175Comparison of colors, 52, 162Compatibility, 3, 44, 49, 86, 102–103, 172,

401, 423, 434of components, 423

Complementary color, 45, 48–49, 51, 53, 83,91–92, 94, 98, 102, 103, 115, 179,267, 316

Computation of adjustment, 190–191, 409Concentration, 7, 45, 58, 75, 102, 170, 172,

176–181, 185–186, 188, 200,219–221, 250, 276, 292, 299, 304,316, 324, 381–389, 392–394, 396,398, 404–407, 409–416, 418–421,424–427, 429, 431–435, 438,443–444

Index 477

adjustments, 429–430, 434colorant, 52, 58, 170, 179, 185, 200, 250,

276, 384–386, 388, 404, 406, 413,415, 418, 425, 433

dependence, 176, 178–179, 180, 200,219–220, 292, 324, 388

differences, 410–412, 414–416mass related, 385pigment, 220, 434predicted, 429, 434ratio, 181, 186, 188, 435variation, 421, 425–427volume related, 385

Condensation water resistance, 199Cones, 7, 16, 88, 110–112, 122, 156, 165, 312,

358–359, 378, 400, 404of light, 7, 312, 358–359, 378, 400S, M, L types, 111types in retina, 111, 167

Confidence, level of, 286–287, 290Conformation, molecular, 87, 88, 429Conservation of energy, 78, 309, 320–321,

330, 346, 365Conservative case, 309, 316, 319–322, 325,

329–331, 336, 338, 344, 346,354–355, 369, 372, 374, 396, 452

definition of, 309Constructive interference, 6, 35–37, 82–83Contrast ratio, 185–186, 189, 250, 252, 332Contrast substrate, 186, 191, 391Cornflakes, 69–70, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 80,

92–93, 198, 221, 273, 400, 408,436, 438

leafing of, 80light scattering of, 69pigment, 70, 74, 93, 400

Correctabilityabsolute, 164–165definition of, 424entire, 426–427of measuring, 263of recipe, 178, 421, 423–424, 426–427, 431

Corrected optical triangle, 337–339, 353–355,357, 371, 377–379

Corrected reflection, 350, 365–366, 368–369,371, 373–376

Corrected reflection function, 365–366, 368Corrected transmission, 350, 352, 366–367Corrected transmission function, 366–367Correction

algorithm, 384–385classical, 382, 440colorimetric method, 414–417

computation, 430, 434method, 382, 390, 402, 429, 430–431,

440, 445operations, 429of recipe, 402, 427–431, 434spectrometric method, 430steps, 383, 429–430

Correlated color temperature, 16, 21, 24, 139Corresponding colors, 35, 57, 59, 118,

123–124, 138, 142, 153, 161,166–168, 174, 187, 193–194, 227,266, 382, 414, 424, 435, 450

Corresponding illuminant, 135, 167, 405,420, 448

Covariance, 284–287, 289Cover, 81, 185, 227, 237, 252

layer, 227Covering

capacity, 22, 44, 50–51, 77, 81, 96, 104,175, 185–189, 201, 204, 238, 260,267, 272–273, 278, 295, 408

film thickness, 185–186, 188layer, 102, 186, 252, 267potential, 184power, 133, 191spreading rate, 175, 185value, 185–188, 267

Cracking, 193, 248Crazing, 193Criterion, 126, 155–156, 162, 166, 181–183,

197, 209, 389, 414, 420, 422, 428of adjustment, 127, 181hiding, 428quality, 166

Critical angle, see Total reflectionCrosslinking, 65, 109, 225Cross section

at fracture, 105–106of grooves, 39–40, 105, 222–223scattering, 301

Curve fitting, 190Cuvette, 270–271CVD, see Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

DDamage of colors, 198, 274Dark adaptation, 165

See also Scotopic visionDark-field illumination, 87, 215, 272–273,

392, 407, 435–436Databases, 8, 381–382, 390, 392, 421, 427,

431–436, 440–441, 445–445for recipe prediction, 381–382

478 Index

Daylightbluish white, 21, 24cold white, 20–21middle, 21, 155, 192, 261natural, 11–12, 165simulator, 24, 155, 192

Decay constant, 278Declination angle, 302, 308, 315, 359Degradation, 193, 197–200, 224, 438

of aluminum flakes, 198artificial, 200natural, 200

Dehydration ofpolymeric materials, 199

Delta function, 298, 314–315,371, 400

Density function, 283–284Dependent scattering, 302, 304–305Depth of color, 179, 183–184, 324

equal, 180standard, 181, 183–184

Destructive Interference, 35–36Detergents, 192Deviation

mean, 281squared, 182, 281, 285, 394, 404standard (SD), 281–282, 288, 290

Deviation ellipses, 403Dichromasy, 113Dielectric mirror coating, 36Difference

acceptable, 427of chroma, 146, 151, 157–159, 193, 438of hue, 146, 153, 157–159, 193lightness, 80, 141, 146, 157, 198, 200, 202,

420, 438unacceptable, 427

Diffracted light, 40, 273Diffraction, 38–43

color, 34, 209, 228effect, 6, 226grating, 38, 260intensity of, 108laws of, 39–41maxima, 39–41of optimized pigments, 39orders, 39–40, 222–224, 226–228, 241particles, 39, 106, 223pigments, 4–6, 14, 34, 38–39, 43, 62,

64–65, 80–85, 95, 102, 104–110,201, 209, 222–228, 241, 243, 252,260, 314–315, 408

spectrum, 39, 43, 223, 260

Diffuseflux, 196–197, 298, 305, 320, 326–327,

333–334, 336–337, 339–341, 348,376–379, 454

geometry, 215, 244, 247illumination, 30–32, 79, 93–94, 98, 107,

109, 205, 210, 226–227, 239,243–244, 248, 252, 254, 272,362–363, 372, 374

measuring geometries, 243–246,252–253

radiation, 7, 31, 298, 327, 334, 340, 345,348, 350, 354, 377–378

reflection, 60, 62, 64, 76–77, 235, 328, 334,342–343, 345, 348, 350–351, 353,362–363, 369–370, 372

transmission, 60, 62, 64, 77–78, 247, 328,345, 348, 351, 363

Diffuse-diffusegeometry, 247radiation, 377–378reflection, 343, 351, 363, 370transmission, 343, 351, 363, 369–370

DIN99 color space, 148DIN99o, 148–152

color difference formula, 160color space, 52, 133, 148–152, 170color values, 150, 414system, 148, 264

DIN color chart, 58DIN standards, 163, 241–242, 458–459DIN EN ISO standards, 459Diode, 14, 20, 258Dirac delta function, 298, 314, 371, 400Directed-diffuse

reflection, 342, 345, 348, 350, 353,362, 369

transmission, 342, 345, 348, 363Directed flux, 337, 341Directed radiation, 297, 348, 377Directional

flux, 337, 339–341, 343, 351–352,354, 451

geometry, 240–242, 261, 390influx, 350measurement, 210, 243, 252, 254

Discharge lamp, 19–20, 49, 222helium, 237mercury vapor, 19–20, 192sodium vapor, 23–24, 237xenon, 20, 49, 222

Discriminationof color difference, 186

Index 479

ellipse, 158threshold, 165

Dispersing process, 431Dispersion of light, 26, 65–67, 84, 251,

408, 438Distinctiveness of image (DOI), 77, 82,

199–201, 204, 271–272, 403,423, 435

measuring of, 271measuring uncertainty of, 272value of, 82, 200, 204

Distraction effect, 156Distribution function, 283–284, 286, 315DOI, see Distinctiveness of image (DOI)Domains, magnetic, 108, 447Dosage uncertainty, 425Dosing, 178, 412, 423–424, 427–428, 431Double bond structure, 48Dry film thickness, 185, 385, 392Dual-beam spectrophotometer, 259, 261Dull

colors, 44, 53, 56, 92, 156pigments, 56surface, 244

Dullness, 52Dust, 17, 68, 197, 249, 448Dyes, 1, 5, 14, 22, 43–45, 48–49, 58, 154,

176–179, 181, 183–184, 247, 261,264, 382, 384, 386–387, 429, 444

calibration series, 384, 386fluorescence, 48–49natural, 22, 48

EEchelette grating, 40–43Edge

loss, 249, 280, 348peeling, 193phenomenon, 249reflection, 249scattering, 75–76, 103, 215

Effect, characteristics, 403Effect coating, 205, 209, 408, 448Effect colorants, 6, 8, 13, 22, 52, 63–64, 197,

209, 214, 228, 243–244, 271, 273,292, 312, 314, 379, 381–384, 392,407, 421, 423, 427, 431–432, 436,440, 445

Effect colors, 4, 59, 63, 152–153, 162, 200,206, 391, 403, 407, 421, 428–429,435–436, 440, 444–445

Effect lacquers, 408Effect line, 211–214, 216–223

Effect pigments, 4–7, 26, 34, 43–44, 49, 51,53, 57, 62–103, 133–228, 234, 239,244, 247–249, 252, 257, 259–260,271–273, 292, 302, 312, 337, 357,382, 384, 390, 392, 399–400, 403,407, 409, 413, 423, 428, 434–436,438, 440, 447

climate resistance of, 200color physical properties, 62, 197, 200,

206, 434definition of, 63morphology, 197, 271–273recipe determination of, 434–435size, 74, 271–273, 436See also Effect colorants

Efflorescence, 193Efflux, 318Electromagnetic wave, 12, 15, 25, 43, 109,

116, 296Electron

gas, 65spin, 107–108wavelength, 274

Electrostatic charging, 249, 447Ellipsoid, 141–142, 153–154, 157, 159–160,

285–286, 288–292three-dimensional, 153, 285

Emission of light, 16, 19, 22stimulated, 22

Emulsion paint, 50, 59, 102, 254Energy conservation law, 33, 235, 338, 354Energy flux density, 25Energy release, 277Entire correctability of recipe, 426Entire sensitivity of recipe, 425–426Environmental aspects, 424Equality method, 238, 257Equienergy spectrum, 121–122, 125, 138

chromaticity of, 121Equipment metamerism, 171Error

absolute, 282first kind, 288gross, 279, 401mean, 281, 402probable, 282propagation, 264, 402random, 279–280, 282, 402, 428recipe prediction, 428relative, 190, 264–265, 282root-mean-square, 282of second kind, 288, 292

480 Index

Error (cont.)systematic, 249, 256, 279–280, 401–402,

428–429See also Errors

Error-free value, 280, 282–283Error propagation

Gaussian law of, 402Errors

gross, 279, 401random, 279–280, 282, 402, 428stochastic, 280systematic, 249, 256, 279–280, 401–402,

428–429Estimate

of concentration, 406, 413of error, 190–191, 270non-covering film thickness, 187

Estimationof errors, 326of uncertainty, 280

Etalon, 37, 86, 89Etching, 38, 60Evening light, 21, 23Exchange force, 108Excitation energy, 19, 277Excluded Optical region, 339Expert system, 8, 221, 274, 381–382, 390,

393, 421, 427, 431, 435–436, 440,444–445

modified, 381–382, 393, 427, 431,435–440, 444

Exposure test, 16, 200See also Aging

Extended interference films, 84, 89Extinction, 49, 77, 81–82, 181, 261, 277, 423,

436coefficient, 181of fluorescence radiation, 49, 277of hue, 57, 77, 81–82, 423, 436

Extrusion, 70, 89, 440

FFabry–Perot etalon, 86, 89, 90Fabry-Perot interferometer, 36–37Factor method, 429–430Fastness tests

absorption colorants, 48, 197after effects, 197of color, 20, 254of effect colorants, 197

Fatty acids, 68Fermi function, 208, 441–442Ferromagnetic

diffraction pigments, 109, 225–228domains, 108material, 107–108, 225state, 107–108substrate, 107, 109, 201

Fibersof carbon, 467of metals, 467of paper, 287, 349of textile, 49, 159, 247–248, 254–255, 278,

387, 429, 441Filter, 37, 83, 116–117, 227, 257–259Fingerprint

of colored pigments, 178of effect pigments, 95, 249of pigments, 95

Fire colors, 67–68, 74First paint coating, 162–163, 208First recipe, 403, 421, 427–429, 432,

436, 440absorption colorants, 409absorption colors, 435accuracy of, 409correction of, 427effect pigments, 409, 436off-shade formulation, 427–429

Flakedegradation, 198, 200, 224, 438glitter, 70, 72–74, 77pigment, 63, 74, 76–77, 93, 400shear stable, 70, 198

Flake-shaped pigment, 4, 62–65, 63, 68, 76,79, 84–90, 85, 197, 206, 228, 271,337, 445

Flip, see FlopFlocculation, 76Flooding, 61Flop, 62–63, 77–82, 85–90, 92, 97, 99, 102,

104, 153, 179, 198, 200–204,207, 214–215, 238, 249, 252,271–273, 357, 403, 407–408, 423,435–436, 438

behavior, 271, 273, 408bright, 436character, 80colors, 204, 215

See also Color flop-control pigments, 408correction, 436dark, 79, 202index, 81, 198, 200–204, 272light, 80

See also Lightness, flop

Index 481

Florida test, 200Flow

conditions, 76, 439front, 76line, 76structures, 247temperature, 66

Fluorescencecolorant, 20, 236, 276dye, 48–49emission, 45, 100, 238, 275–277extinction, 49light, 23, 165, 277radiation, 45, 277spectrum, 276stimulation, 49, 275–278

Fluorescent brightener, 194Fluorescent lamp, 14, 20–21, 23Flux, 25, 297

density, 25diffuse, 196, 298, 305, 320, 326–327,

333–334, 336–337, 339–341, 348,376–379, 453–454

directed, 337, 341inward, 316outward, 240, 316partly-directed, 348

Fogging, 193Foreign absorption, 277Form factor, 65Forward mode, 448, 450Forward scattering, 303–304Fraunhofer diffraction, 38Fresnel coefficient, 333, 339, 349, 351, 354,

363, 367–368, 375Fresnel equations, 27, 29Frost effect, 81Fuzzy algebra, 441Fuzzy logic, 421, 440

GGas discharge, 237Gas discharge lamp, 19Gas discharge tube, 14Gaussian distribution, 283–284, 286Gauss quadrature formula, 357, 359, 371, 374General radiative transfer equation (GRTE),

306–307Geometrical optics, 12, 25, 27, 64, 239Geometric mean, 205, 207Geometry

bidirectional, 241, 244, 258circular, 241, 244, 258

diffuse, 215, 244, 247diffuse-diffuse, 247directional, 240–242, 261, 390metamerism, 175normal-diffuse, 247spherical, 246, 280variable directional, 241–242, 261See also Measuring geometry

Glassof borosilicate, 89, 90inorganic, 50, 83, 104, 247organic, 50, 195, 247transition temperature, 67, 92, 198

Glint, 72, 201Glitter effect, 70

See also SparkleGlitter flakes, 70, 72–74, 77Glittering, 22, 70, 72, 77, 82, 423Glitter particles, 198Gloss, 4, 22, 59, 61–62, 64, 67, 76–77, 81, 86,

89, 92, 103, 189, 193, 206, 244,247, 249, 253–255, 436

metallic, 4, 64, 67, 76–77specular, 59, 244subtraction, 247of surface, 22, 61, 206

Gloss meter, 62, 81, 253Gold bronze, 66–67, 447Gold flitter, 5Gonio spectrophotometer, 222, 237, 241–244,

247, 253, 263, 271–272Gradient, 300

of curve, 189descent, 409method, 444shear, 225of velocity, 68

Graininess, 77, 79, 200–201, 204–206,271–272, 287

Grain quality, 206Granulate, 248Graphite, 408, 447Grating

constant, 38, 105–109, 201, 222–227crossed, 225geometry, 38, 221, 222linear, 223–224, 225normal of, 41–42patterns, 105period, 38–39structure, 6, 14, 39, 65, 221

482 Index

Gray, 52–53, 55–56, 61, 65, 67, 69, 75–78,86, 92–93, 115–116, 145, 155–156,193–194, 197–198, 205–206, 215,262, 274, 389, 391

dark, 55–56, 78, 206light, 55, 65, 92–93middle, 55, 61, 115, 145, 155

Gray level, 205, 274Gray scale, 52, 193–194, 198, 205, 237, 262

linearity, 237rating, 193–194, 198

Grinding, 68, 70, 75Groove

cross section, 222–223distance, 42, 224geometry, 105

Gross errors, 279, 401GRTE, see General radiative transfer equation

(GRTE)

HHall

milling method of, 68–69, 74Hametag

milling method of, 68Haze, 193, 195–197

index, 195–197Hematite, 83, 86, 95–96, 210

layer, 210Hiding criterion, 389, 420Hiding layer, 101, 392Hiding power, 44, 81, 103, 185, 324

See also Covering, capacityHigh polymers, 44, 50, 70, 76, 83, 243, 247,

333, 447–448crystalline, 50degradable, 447synthetic, 44, 83, 448See also Plastic materials

High solidlacquers, 243paints, 304systems, 438

High-viscosity, 438Historical recipes, 382, 390, 421,

431–432, 434absorption colorants, 432complete data record, 432for recipe prediction, 432

Homogenization, 423Homogenizing, 248Hue

angle, 143, 144, 146–147, 149, 154, 158,161, 177, 184, 209, 289, 291

contribution, 147, 152, 157, 289, 291dark, 77, 249difference, 146, 153, 157–159, 193extinction, 57, 77, 81–82, 423, 436

Human color perception, 1, 3, 11, 13, 18,58, 109–114, 117, 141, 164,238–239, 266

Human color sense, 11, 64, 103, 109, 114–116,134, 139, 164, 169, 235, 238

Human eye, 17, 56, 110, 116, 126, 128,135, 140

optical components of, 110Humidity, 192, 199–200, 237–238, 250,

265, 278Hygroscopic polymers, 198Hypothesis, statistical, 287–289

IIlluminant, 414, 417–420

A, 18–19, 21, 23–24, 135C, 138, 140change, 115, 164, 167, 171, 174corresponding, 135, 167–168, 405,

420, 448D65, 19–21, 23–24, 155, 210–211, 222,

253, 258, 261, 405energy distribution of, 115, 404fluorescence, 20–21, 23–25, 61, 100, 165,

253, 276reference, 166–167, 170, 172–174,

261, 448spectral power distribution, 12, 23,

123–124, 136, 155, 170, 173, 253standard, 18–21, 23–24, 140, 155, 171,

186, 210–211, 222, 253, 258, 261test, 161, 166–168, 172–174, 448, 450

Illuminant/observer combination, 168,186, 193

Illuminationbright-field, 87, 93, 392, 407, 436–437changes, 24, 165–166, 173, 200dark-field, 87, 93, 99, 205, 273, 392, 407,

435–436diffuse, 30–32, 79, 93–95, 98, 105, 107,

109, 205, 210, 225–227, 239,243–244, 248, 252, 254, 272,362–363, 372, 374

directional, 32, 60, 95, 210, 215, 225–227,252, 272, 362, 372

metamerism, 171–172, 175modus, 156

Incident energy, 13, 33, 365Incident flux, 318, 342, 349, 362–363Incident intensity, 17, 40, 196, 299, 301, 361

Index 483

Incident light, 25, 27, 32, 39, 116, 227, 236,250, 258, 260–261, 302, 314,320–321, 366

Indexof color inconstancy, 161, 166–168, 172,

260, 448of color rendering, 24, 161of metamerism, 172–173, 175, 260, 405

Indicatrix, 59, 69, 244Influx, 43, 103, 192, 226, 239, 318, 323, 346,

347, 350–352, 360–361, 377diffuse, 347, 350–351, 354directional, 350energy, 192total, 352

Injection molding, 70, 247–248, 440Inorganic pigments, 44–47, 73, 178, 408

colorants, 44, 178dyes, 22glasses, 83, 178, 408

Intensity, 296definition of, 296reflected, 62scattered, 301–302transmitted, 196, 351

Interface reflection, 237, 254–255, 270Interface surface, 333Interference

color, 45, 83, 86, 90, 93, 95–96, 98,102–103, 179, 209–211, 400

constructive, 6, 35–37, 82–83destructive, 35–36filter, 37, 83, 227laws of, 82of LCP, 80, 84, 87of light, 34–38line, 211–215, 217–221lithography, 105order, 35–36, 82, 89of OVIP, 86pigment, 4, 34–36, 38, 45, 64, 68, 80,

82–87, 89–93, 95–96, 98–99,101–104, 179, 197–199, 201, 204,209–217, 386, 390–392, 407–408

pigment substrates, 90of plane parallel layer, 34–35of transparent pigments, 91–92, 396wavelength, 36, 89, 93–94, 100

Interferometer, 36–37Inter-instrument correspondence, 264, 266Internal energy, 305International Commission on Illumination

(CIE), 3, 18–21, 23–24, 43,

58, 61, 109, 120, 125–128,134–139, 141–149, 154–161, 163,173–175, 184

chromaticity diagram, 58, 137–139, 184color space, 43illuminant, 21, 23–24reference conditions, 61, 149, 155–156,

158, 238, 250, 253simulator, 21, 23source, 23standard illuminant, 19, 21, 23–24standards, 414x, y, Y system, 137, 141X, Y, Z values, 128, 133–134See also CIE

Interpolation, 261, 347, 382, 435Intrinsic absorption, 276IR radiation, 13–14, 69, 192, 447–448

range, 13, 15, 192, 253, 274Ishihara color panels, 238ISO standards, 461Iteration, 184, 187, 384, 412–414,

417–419, 429

KKinetic theory of gases, 305Kries coefficient law, 167Kronecker symbol, 371Kubelka–Munk function, 182, 329Kubelka–Munk theory, 335, 341, 343, 350,

354, 376, 454limited applicability, 337, 340, 376

LLacquers, 44, 49–51, 61, 65, 76, 102, 152–153,

159, 162, 243, 247–249, 274,385–386, 408, 447

Lambert–Beer law, 299–300, 302, 306–307,309, 320, 330, 340, 342, 346, 386

of absorption, 307, 309, 330, 340generalized, 300, 306multi-dimensional, 307one-dimensional, 320, 330, 340, 342, 346

Lambert law, 235Lamp

fluorescent, 14, 20–21, 23gas discharge, 19incandescent, 14, 117, 118metal halide, 23sodium vapor, 23–24, 237three-band, 20–21tungsten arc, 18tungsten filament, 18–21, 261xenon, 19–21, 23, 258–262

484 Index

Laser, 13–14, 22, 34, 74, 104, 447–448advantages, 22classification, 22granulometry, 74light of, 34pump sources, 22

Lateral inhibition, 115Law

of additive color mixing, 2, 11, 92, 118–120of energy conservation, 33, 235, 354of error propagation, 402of large numbers, 282of radiation, 15–16, 23, 139of refraction, 26–29, 35, 365–366, 368

Layerchromatic, 49, 255colored, 7, 29, 32–33, 60, 189, 250–251,

267, 295, 308, 316, 324covering, 102, 186, 252, 267opaque, 316, 319, 324, 329, 336, 345–346,

354–355, 370, 374–376, 452–454plane parallel, 34–35, 76, 251, 255, 296,

299, 308–313, 316–317, 326–327,357, 363–364, 367

translucent, 83, 91, 251–252, 267–268,324, 340, 347, 368, 451, 453–454

transparent, 50, 197, 316, 319–320, 336,353, 369, 452–454

LCP, see Liquid crystal pigment (LCP)Leaches, 192Leafing, 68–69, 77, 79–80, 199, 271–273, 408,

447flakes, 69, 79stability, 199, 271

Learning software, 441Legendre coefficients, 311, 313, 400Legendre polynomials, 311, 357–358Light

adaptation, 165booth, 20, 61–62, 238, 253circularly polarized, 88coherent, 14, 104collimated, 26colors, 19–20, 48, 53, 56, 116, 118, 140,

166, 194, 237cones, 7, 312, 358–359, 378, 400diffraction of, 104directed, 299, 316, 336–337, 349directional, 26, 28–30, 32, 59, 72, 195,

204, 250dispersion of, 26, 65efficacy, 18, 21, 24emission, 12, 20, 22–23, 258

flop, see Lightness, flopflux, 121interactions, 7, 11, 28, 32, 43–44, 51,

59–60, 82–83, 235, 253–254, 306,308, 326

polarization, 25–26, 29–31polarized, 29, 88–89sources, 2, 11–129visible, 12–13, 117, 273–274wave nature of, 14, 65

Light emitting diode (LED), 14, 20, 201Light microscope, 87, 271–274, 382, 407,

435–436Light microscopic analysis, 273, 435Lightness, 1–3, 45, 52–53, 57–58, 62–63,

77–82, 110, 113, 115–116, 121,125, 127, 129, 135, 137–142, 144,146, 148, 151, 153, 156–158, 161,165–166, 169, 176–179, 183–184,186, 195, 198–205, 207, 209, 222,236, 238

axes, 138, 158, 178constancy, 166contrast, 115difference, 80, 141, 146, 157, 198, 200,

202, 420, 438flop, 62–63, 77–82, 179, 200–202,

272, 423scale, 45

Light path, 79, 239reversibility of, 27

Light scattering, 16, 51, 56, 69, 91, 224See also Scattering

Light source, 2, 11–129monochromatic, 116, 118, 121, 166

Light transmission, 184, 250, 255, 257Light trap, 244–246, 254, 259Line spectrum, 19–20Liquid crystalline

phase, 87polymer, 277texture, 87

Liquid crystal pigment (LCP), 26, 29, 50, 84,87, 89, 93, 99–101, 211, 391

Liquid crystal structure, 6, 38Load factor, 189, 420Long-term

drift, 262repeatability, 265reproducibility, 263–265, 280

Low-bake paints, 206, 209Lumen (lm), 21, 24

definition of, 24

Index 485

Luminance, 18, 110, 118, 121, 165, 168, 235,448–449

Luminescencecolorant, 13, 275lamp, 19pigments, 45radiator, 14, 16, 19, 34, 139, 155source, 24

Luminousefficiency, 126, 128flux, 18, 24

Lusterdecrease, 198of pearls, 6

MMacro-cracks, 248Magnetic elementary dipoles, 108Magnetic field, 25, 65, 108–109, 225Marbleizing effect, 243Mass coloration, 44Mass tone, 91–92, 177–178, 387–389,

391–392See also Natural color

Master batch, 431, 434Matching

colorimetrical, 183of colors, 3, 23, 120–123, 125–129, 134,

182, 194, 234, 252–255, 257,278–279, 382, 403–404, 410

criteria, 181experiment, 120–123spectrophotometric, 183stimuli, 121trichromatic, 123See also Color matching

Materialopaque, 51, 239, 244, 255, 296, 319, 322,

324, 332, 336, 340, 345–346, 353,376

purely absorptive, 321science, 184, 192translucent, 51, 189, 193, 246, 251–252,

267, 346, 396, 412transparent, 134, 189, 191, 197, 237, 240,

246, 250–251, 267, 313, 322, 325,331, 338, 346, 396

Mathematical statistics, 279, 292Maxwell equations, 27, 302Mean

color difference, 289, 291, 403,406, 436

deviation, 281

lateral particle dimension, 65, 82, 87particle size, 72, 74, 106, 181, 302, 392

Measurement, 19, 60, 69, 95–98, 120, 124,136, 153–154, 186, 191, 193, 196,204–206, 210, 218, 233–292

anomalies, 279aperture, 193, 199, 237, 249, 251, 277–278deviations, 403, 437errors, 136, 279–280, 288geometries, 234, 239–248of opaque material, 239of reflectance, 257of reflecting material, 234–257result, 233, 239, 246, 248, 251, 253–254,

274, 278–280, 282series, 253, 279, 289spectrometric, 49, 249of transmittance, 237, 240of transmitting material, 234–257of transparent material, 240, 246, 251uncertainty of, 234, 252, 256, 263–264,

271, 278–279Measuring angle, 51, 78, 81, 95, 100, 198,

200–201, 204–208, 210–211, 219,222–223, 227, 241–243, 261, 272,390, 400, 413–414, 437

aspecular, 78, 96, 100–101, 198, 202–203,206, 217, 242, 437–438

Measuring geometry, 94, 97–99, 210–211, 239,241–242, 244, 246–247, 249–250,252–254, 260, 277, 310, 326,362, 435

diffuse, 243–246, 252–253directional, 240–243, 259

Measuring instrument, 13, 20, 33, 171, 193,199, 233–237, 246, 249–250, 253,257–258, 272, 279–280, 288, 428

Measuring plane, 226–227Measuring sensitivity, 262Measuring uncertainty, 233, 253, 265, 272,

280, 292, 412Measuring wavelengths, 260, 278Mechanical degradation, 224, 438Mercury

spectrum, 20vapor lamp, 19–20, 192, 237, 275

Mesomeric phase, 87Mesopic vision, 110, 123Metal effect value (MV), 200–202Metal flakes, 5, 65, 67–68, 70, 72–73, 90

See also Metallic flakesMetal gloss, 67Metallic brilliance, 65, 68, 75, 197, 201

486 Index

Metallic character, 69, 74, 76–77, 198Metallic colors, 67, 209Metallic flakes, 6, 67, 76–78, 81–82, 100–101,

202, 219, 315Metallic gloss, 4, 64, 76–77Metallic paints, 209Metallic pigments, 4–6, 28, 34, 57, 62,

64–73, 75–82, 101–103, 197–198,201–204, 206, 209, 236, 241, 252,272, 314–316, 337, 356, 358–359,386, 391, 407–408, 436, 438, 447

brilliance, 77, 201, 438classification of, 67color difference formula, 206colored, 67, 69, 73light resistance, 198non-colored applications, 69, 447

Metallics, 70, 202, 206–209Metallic value, 81, 201–202Metal-oxide, 210Metal powder, 75Metameric

colors, 169, 259pairs, 169, 171

Metamerism, 49, 133, 161, 164–175, 184, 238,253, 260, 404–405, 409, 414, 417,422, 424, 427, 431, 438

appearance of, 170definition of, 169degree of, 169, 172–173, 424index, 172–173, 175, 260, 405kinds of, 169–172minimal, 172reduction of, 427

Michelson configuration, 104Micro-brightness, 72Micro-crack, 248Microhardness, 189, 193Microprocessor, 233, 258, 261, 382,

421, 441Microscope

bright-field illumination, 87, 215, 273, 392,407, 435

dark-field illumination, 87, 215, 273, 392,407, 435

optical magnification, 273–274resolution capability, 273–274scanning electron (SEM), 69, 74,

271, 274Middle daylight, 21, 155, 192, 261Mixer machine, 198Mixing of colors, 109, 116–120Mixing ratio, 20, 178, 218

Mixturesof absorption pigments, 77black, 177, 387–389, 391–392of effect colorants, 214of metallic and absorption pigments,

220–221, 391white, 177, 387, 389white/black, 77, 176, 178, 387

Modified expert system, 381–382, 393, 427,431, 435–440, 444

Molecular configuration, 88nematic, 88smectic, 88See also Texture, cholesteric

Monochromaticillumination, 275–276, 278light, 20, 115–116, 118, 121, 138, 166wavelength, 22, 138

Morphology, 62, 64, 66, 69–76, 79, 83,103, 197, 215, 271–273, 302,435, 438

diffraction pigments, 64interference pigments, 64, 103metallic pigments, 64, 76–82, 438pearlescent pigments, 64, 438

Mottling, 76, 199Multi-flux approximation, 51, 295, 312,

376–378, 444Multi-flux theory, see Multi-flux approximationMulti-layer

coatings, 5, 36films, 84, 90particles, 214pigments, 6, 86, 91

Multiple scattering, 7, 295, 302–306,318–319

NNagel anomaloscope, 238Nano-engineering, 104Nanoparticle, 81, 200Nano-titanium dioxide, 80, 408, 436National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST), 236Natural color, 2, 43, 53, 65, 81, 91, 103, 109,

177, 191, 214–215, 218, 387, 445See also Mass tone

Natural color system (NCS), 57–58Nematic phase, 88Neural network, 381–382, 390, 421,

441–444Neuron, 441–444Night light, 166

Index 487

Non-leafing, 68–69, 77, 80, 408Non-uniform color space, 145Normal distribution, 283–287

See also Gaussian distributionNormal equations, 416–417Normal vision, 110, 126North skylight, 17, 238Notch effect, 224Null hypothesis, 287, 289, 292Numerical recipe prediction, 7–8, 295,

324, 428

OObject modus, 156Observation

angle, 34–35, 62, 78–80, 82, 85, 95,98–100, 122–123, 126, 205, 209,215, 228, 254, 316, 391, 408

condition, 149, 155, 161, 168Observer

2◦ observer, 122, 125–128, 135,137–138, 194

10◦ observer, 126–127, 129, 135, 137–138,156, 194

geometry metamerism, 171, 175metamerism, 171–172, 238

Off shade, 162Off-shade formulation, 427–429One-constant theory, 396, 444Opacity, 77, 352

pigments, 408Opaque, 6, 49–51, 82, 91, 101–104, 134, 186,

189, 191, 212, 218, 239, 244, 247,250–252, 255, 257, 267, 296, 307,316, 319–322, 324, 329, 331–332,336, 338, 340, 345–346, 348,353–355, 367–368, 370, 374–376,387–388, 390, 392, 396, 412, 452

color, 134, 186, 239, 244, 250–252,267, 387

coloration, 252, 257, 267, 390, 412films, 101–104layer, 316, 319, 324, 329, 336, 345–346,

354–355, 370, 374–376, 452–454pigments, 82

Operating point, 323Opponent color theory, 3, 49, 57, 114, 141Optical

anisotropy, 225coating, 36coefficients, see Optical, constantsconstants, 33, 186, 252, 316, 319, 322,

324, 326, 328, 331–333, 344, 376,

379, 381–386, 389–393, 395–396,399, 402–404, 413, 419, 432, 444,451–454

contact, 222, 252, 255, 267–269, 331,347–348, 355–356, 367, 389

Optically anisotropic, 87, 241, 252Optical path, 14, 17, 34, 37, 308–310, 312,

315–316, 318, 320–325, 331, 339,341–342, 346, 356, 358, 364, 383,397–399, 412, 418–419, 451, 453

difference, 37entire, 397, 418–419length, 14, 34, 308–310, 321, 323, 325,

342, 346specific, 383, 398, 418

Optical region, 339excluded, 339

Optical roughness, 72, 77, 79See also Graininess

Optical shielding, 254Optical triangle, 295, 316, 321–324, 327, 330,

336–339, 345, 347, 352, 354–355,357, 363, 369–370, 377–379

corrected, 337–339, 353–355, 357, 371,377–379

modified, 355nth approximation, 377

Optical variable interference pigment (OVIP),84, 86–87, 90, 408

Optic chiasma, 113Optic nerves, 111, 136

crossing over, 114Optic tract, 113Organic

colorants, 44, 178dyes, 22glasses, 50, 193, 195pigments, 44, 50, 67, 179solvents, 192

Orientationdistribution, 205, 315of flakes, 76, 79, 82, 243, 436of particles, 75, 80, 108, 243, 438

OSA-UCS system, 58See also Color space, UCS uniform color

scalesOutdoor

exposure, 16, 200weathering, 192weather stability, 199

Outer mixture, 121–122OVIP, see Optical variable interference

pigment (OVIP)

488 Index

PPaint coating

of automotives, 408electrostatic, 440first, 162–163, 208metallic, 62, 163refinishing, 162–163, 208

Paint refinishing, 162–163, 209Parent population, 256, 281–282, 284, 292Partial absorption, 13Partial derivatives, 395, 410–412, 414–420,

426, 429Partially absorbed, 299Partially directed flux, 341Partially oxidized, 67, 73, 90, 199Partially reflected, 351Partial waves, 37Particle

alignment, 76, 227morphology, 271packing, 304size distribution, 66, 70, 74–78, 80–81, 92,

100, 215, 248, 271, 391–392Pastel colors, 207Path difference, 37, 39Path length, optical, 14, 34, 308–310, 321, 323,

325, 342, 346Pauli extension, 142Pearlescent pigments, 6, 64, 80–85, 95, 107,

200, 209, 215, 436, 438, 448Pearl essence, 6, 83–84Pearl luster, 64, 82–85, 89, 91, 93, 95,

101–103, 197, 199–201, 209–210,212, 214–215, 218–219, 221, 436

effect of, 98, 103Pellets of plastics, 248Penetration depth, 65Perception

of color, 1, 3, 11, 13, 58–59, 110–117, 126,141, 156, 164, 238, 250, 266

visual, 114, 214, 292Phase function, 17, 50–51, 296–297, 301, 307,

309–316, 358, 383–384, 399–401,403, 414, 444

see also Scattering, functionPhosphene, 114–116Phosphorescence, 13, 45Photo activity, 200Photochromic, 274–278

See also PhototropicPhotochromism, 278Photoluminescence, 19–20Photometer scale, 236

Photometrical resolution, 264Photon, 22, 114

absorption, 114energy, 22

Photopic adaption, 128Photopic vision, 110, 120, 123, 165Photo pigments, 113, 117Photosensitive

pigments, 13, 111–113receptors, 110

Phototropic, 13, 249, 253, 257See also Photochromic

Physical vapor deposition (PVD), 36, 60, 67,70–71, 80, 84–85, 105, 109

coating, 70, 109films, 67method, 67techniques, 105

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt(PTB), 236

Pigmentabsorption, 4–6, 14, 26, 43–46, 49, 53,

58, 64, 67–68, 73, 76–77, 80–81,85–86, 89, 92, 99, 101–103, 129,176–180, 185, 197–199, 201,207, 214–215, 217–219, 221, 238,243, 248–249, 313, 315, 386–392,396–397, 399, 408, 423, 435–436,438, 444

calibration series of, 45, 391, 393corrosion prevention, 69diffraction, 4–6, 14, 34, 38–39, 43, 62,

64–65, 80–82, 84–85, 95, 101,104–110, 201, 209, 222–228, 241,242, 252, 260, 314–315, 408

flake-shaped, 63, 76, 79, 85, 206interference, 5–6, 34–36, 38, 45, 64, 68, 80,

82–93, 95–96, 98, 100, 103–104,179, 197–199, 201, 204, 209–217,222, 225, 242, 252, 267, 316, 337,386, 390–392, 401, 407–408

loading, 176–178, 185–186,188–189, 218

metallic, 4–6, 28, 34, 57, 62, 64–82,102–103, 197–198, 200–204, 206,209, 220, 225, 236, 242, 252,271–272, 314–316, 337, 356,358–359, 386, 391, 400–401,407–408, 436, 438, 447

pearlescent, 6, 64, 80–85, 92–93, 95, 98,107, 200, 209, 211, 215, 218, 221,400, 436, 438, 448

scattering, 436

Index 489

Pigmentation, effect pigments, 102Pigment preparation, 434Pigment volume concentration (PVC), 61, 198Pigment volume content, 102Pitch, 88–89, 99Planck constant, 15Planckian locus, 139Planck law of radiation, 15, 23, 139Plastic materials, 44, 49, 51, 59, 61, 65, 69,

153, 159, 192, 195, 198, 247–249,254, 267, 274, 438

See also PolymersPlastic melts, 197, 252Plastics, 5, 27, 50, 102, 152, 159, 249, 373,

386, 401, 438, 447–448Polyacrylate, 73, 84Polyamide, 199Polycarbonate, 84, 199Polychromatic

illumination, 275–276light, 104, 117measurement, 275

Polyethylene terephthalate, 67, 84, 199Polymeric materials, 154, 199, 247, 387

dehydration of, 199Polymers, 26, 44–45, 50, 60, 66–67, 69–72,

76–77, 83, 87–90, 198–199, 243,247, 277, 332–333, 387, 447–448

Polynomial, 190, 311, 357–358, 386Polypropylene, 67, 84Polystyrene, 67, 84Polyvinylchloride, 61, 198Poynting vector, 25, 296Prediction procedures, 418, 424, 436

See also Recipe predictionPressure gradient, 197, 439Primaries, 118–123, 125–126, 137

real, 125virtual, 1252◦ observer, 12610◦ observer, 126

Primary standard, 236Printing process, 440Prism spectrum, 39Probability, 280, 282–288, 311

of light scattering, 296, 301, 309, 313Process control, 73, 233Processing, 3, 49, 64, 67, 76, 79, 85, 109, 141,

161–163, 192, 197, 199, 205, 224,252, 383, 423–424, 434

techniques, 70, 76Process variables, 248, 438Producer risk, 288

PTB, see Physikalisch-Technische Bunde-sanstalt (PTB)

Purkinje effect, 127Purple boundary, 137–138, 140PVC, see Pigment volume concentration

(PVC), PolyvinylchloridePVD, see Physical vapor deposition (PVD)

QQuadrature formula of Gauss, 357, 371Quality

consistency, 424control, 233–234, 248, 252, 259–260,

279, 292Quantum

emission, 49energy, 13, 16, 45hypothesis, 16optics, 12

RRadiance factor, 239–240, 243Radiant energy, 121, 136, 192Radiant flux, 192, 297, 306Radiation

constant, 15cosmic, 4, 12diffuse, 7, 31, 298, 327, 334, 340, 345, 348,

350, 354, 377–378diffuse–diffuse, 377–378directed, 297, 348, 377electromagnetic, 13energy, 13, 15, 24, 32, 192, 274,

296, 419energy density, 419field, 16, 296, 305, 312, 316–317, 327,

341, 345, 356, 358, 361, 370–371,377–378

IR, 13–14, 69, 192, 447–448optical source, 11–43Planck law of, 15, 23, 139radioactive, 192subdivision of field, 377thermal, 278UV, 13, 19, 69, 88, 274, 447

Radiative transfer, 7, 33, 49–50, 187, 295–379,381–383, 390–391, 393, 397,402, 411–414, 427–428, 445,451–454

approximation, 187, 381–383, 390–391,393, 397, 402, 411–414,427–428, 445

theory of, 7

490 Index

Radiative transfer equation (RTE)295–296,302, 306–309, 311–312, 316, 326,340, 343–344, 352, 356–359, 371,451–454

general (GRTE), 307–309plane parallel layer, 308–313, 326special, 311

Radiatorblackbody, 14–16, 18, 139–140, 236luminescence, 14, 16, 19, 34, 139, 155temperature, 14, 16, 18–19, 23–24, 140xenon, 192

Radioactive radiation, 192RAL, 58–59Random

errors, 279–280, 282, 402, 428measurement error, 280spot check, 287test, 292, 403variable, 283–284, 288variations, 428See also Stochastic

Rayleigh–Jeans radiation formula, 16Rayleigh law, 16–17Rayleigh scattering, 32, 302Receptors, photosensitive, 3, 110

response time, 116Recipe

accuracy of, 400–403alternative, 381, 390, 403, 406,

420–421, 444best, 421, 435correctability of, 178, 421, 424–427different, 406–407, 421with effect pigments, 409selection, 424strategy, 389, 406, 427, 430

Recipe prediction, 4, 7–8, 56, 118–119, 161,169–170, 172, 178, 184, 187–188,243–244, 246, 250, 259–261, 263,265, 267, 277–278, 295, 316,323–324, 326, 332, 341, 357,381–445

basic idea of, 332classical, 381, 390, 392, 403–404, 417,

420–421, 435different methods of, 404heart of, 170modern classical methods, 382modern methods, 421, 431three levels of, 386total error of, 402

Red to green contribution, 141

Reference color, 49, 122–123, 144–147, 151,155, 157, 169–171, 179, 207–208,235, 255–256, 259, 266, 288–290,382–384, 401, 403–404, 406, 409,414, 421, 427, 430–437, 439,443–444, 449

Reference coloration, 198, 200, 206, 252, 265,390–393

Reference database, 392Reference illuminant, 166–167, 170, 172–174,

261, 448Reference pictures, 382, 434Reference spectrophotometer

characteristics of, 260specifications of, 260

Refinishing paint, 208, 438Reflectance, 28–29, 33, 49–56, 77–78, 81, 91,

93–101, 105–107, 109, 134–136,169–171, 174, 182, 186–189,201–202, 204, 206, 211, 233, 236,239, 241, 246, 248, 251–252, 257,261, 266–271, 275–276, 295, 347,388–389, 393, 397, 430, 438

angle dependent, 81, 95apparent values, 236curve, 54, 95, 98–100, 107, 109diffuse, 50, 94, 347of ferromagnetic diffraction pigments, 109measurement, 81, 95, 189, 206, 211, 236,

241, 248standardized measurement, 241wavelength-dependent, 236

Reflected light, 26, 29, 36, 49, 69, 77, 79, 156,250, 261, 338

Reflectionboundary surface, 32, 59, 338coefficient, 29–32, 60, 253–254, 333–334,

336–337, 340, 348–349, 351,353–354, 364, 375, 378

corrected, 350, 365–366, 368–369, 371,373–376

corrected function, 369definition of, 320, 328diffuse, 60, 62, 64, 76–77, 235, 328, 334,

372–373diffuse–diffuse, 343, 350–351, 363,

369–370directed, 26, 59–60, 309, 314, 318,

320, 354directed–diffuse, 342, 345, 348, 350, 353,

362, 369directional, 26, 59, 77, 253–254, 351experimental, 397, 404, 409

Index 491

external, 267, 333, 335–339, 348, 350–356,369, 371, 375, 378–379

factor, 30–31, 33, 239, 277, 389, 396, 399function, 361, 365–371grating, 38–43, 104–105, 233,

259–260, 337indicatrix, 59, 244inner, 30–31, 365–366at interfaces, 83internal, 267, 322–323, 334–336, 338, 340,

351, 357–363, 369, 372–373law of, 26, 59metallic, 4–5, 65, 74–76, 82, 202multiple, 25, 34, 36, 63–64, 68, 82–83, 86,

249, 251, 267–268outer, 30single, 83, 268spectral, 53, 56, 77, 92, 233, 252, 258, 267,

269, 274, 316, 385, 388–389, 393,399, 402

specular, 26, 59–62, 236, 244, 246–247,249, 253–254, 277

theoretical, 409Reflectivity, 36, 53, 65–66, 89,

332, 447of metals, 65, 107

Refractionindex, 377law of, 26–29, 365–366

Refractive index, 6, 17, 26–32, 34, 36–37,60–61, 66, 82–83, 85–86, 93,95–96, 189, 197, 209, 250,303–304, 323, 333, 337, 354, 363,378–379

complex, 28of metals, 66See also Fresnel coefficient

Relative color strength, 52, 180–181,183–185

Relative tinting strength, 52Remaining colors, 424, 431, 434Repeatability, short-term, 162, 264–265Repetition accuracy, 162Representatives of color, 1, 119, 124, 133, 136,

167, 234, 255Reproducibility, 4, 18, 178, 259, 278

long-term, 263–265, 280Residual stresses, 192Resistance, 4, 44, 48, 69, 102, 189, 192–193,

197–200abrasion, 69, 193climate, 200condensation water, 199

light, 198weather, 44, 48See also Color fastness

Retina, 2–3, 8, 13–14, 109–118, 122, 126, 136,156, 165, 167, 234

Retinex theory, 3, 114Ring pumps, 197Robustness of recipe, 426–427Rods, 110–112, 126, 156, 165Root-mean-square error (r.m.s), 281–282Rough recipe, 432, 434

See also First recipeRutil, 47, 81, 83–84, 90, 93, 97, 98

SSafety colors, 166, 274Salt spray testing, 199Sample

color, 8, 11, 14, 18, 20, 24, 28, 31, 43,49–50, 57, 61–62, 87, 125–126,129, 136, 144–146, 154, 160,162–163, 167–169, 179–180, 192,206–207, 234, 238–240, 244, 246,249–250, 258, 260–261, 279, 289,381–383, 386, 409, 428

requirements, 248–250semi-glossy, 254structured, 254surface, 26, 239, 242–244, 246, 249,

261, 272Sanding, 60Saturation, 2, 52–53, 58, 81, 102, 115, 161,

179, 184, 276, 278Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 69–71,

73, 86–87, 211, 271, 274Scanning electron microscopy, 74Scatter ellipsoid, 285, 290Scattering, 4–5, 7, 11, 13–14, 16–17, 25,

32–34, 50–51, 53, 56–57, 60,90–92, 96, 102–103, 107, 178,182, 185, 189, 195–197, 299–306,313–316, 352, 354–361, 400, 408,410, 412, 418

anisotropic, 313–316, 357, 383coefficient, 50–51, 182, 300, 312, 316,

319–320, 324, 327, 336, 343, 383,386, 390, 393–397, 410, 418, 451,453–454

constant, see Scattering, coefficientcross section, 301dependent, 304diffuse, 195, 248edge, 75–76, 103, 215

492 Index

Scattering (cont.)of edges, 50, 83, 224elastic, 32function, 296, 301, 303

See also Phase functioninelastic, 32isotropic, 60, 247, 303, 312–316, 326, 341,

357–358, 383multiple, 7, 295, 302–306, 318–319pure, 309, 321–322, 338, 346, 355, 359,

375selective, 46, 81simple, 295single, 7, 302–304, 313

Scatter term, 307See also Source, function

Scotopic vision, 110, 165Scratches, 197, 249Search program, 432Search strategy, 435Secondary color values, 417Secondary illuminant, 417Secondary standard, 236–237, 243,

255, 262Selection

of colorants, 407of recipes, 407

Semiconductor diode, 14Semiconductor laser, 22Sensitivity

absolute, 164–165of color receptors, 112, 122definition of, 424entire, 425–427of human eye, 17, 56, 135, 140of measuring, 247, 262of recipe, 425–426, 427

Sequential analysis, 292Serial production, 256Shade, see Color shadeShear, 3, 69–70, 85, 192, 197–198, 200, 225,

248, 252, 439gradient, 225rates, 192, 197, 252stability, 198stable, 70, 198stress, 197velocities, 248, 439

Significance, statistical, 288level, 289point, 287testing, 288

Silver, 5, 66–67, 70–72, 75, 77, 80, 84–86,89–90, 92–94, 106–107, 109, 198,207, 215–216, 218–220, 408, 436,438, 447

Silver bronze, 5, 66–67Silver colored, 92, 107, 109Silver dollar

aluminum pigment, 218–220, 438flakes, 75, 80, 198pigments, 70–71, 75

Simultaneous contrast, 114–115, 156, 250Single-constant theory, see One-constant

theorySingle scattering, 7, 302–304, 313Size distribution, see Particle, size distributionSkylight, 17, 238

north, 17, 238overcast, 17south, 238zenith, 17

Smectic, 88, 225Sodium

lines, 27vapor lamp, 23–24, 237

Software, 8, 234, 261, 272, 357, 381, 402, 421,431, 435, 441

Solar constant, 16, 192Solar energy, 192Source

of artificial light, 18function, 302, 306–307, 312technical, 18, 23term, 307, 311–313, 317, 341working life of, 18

Sparkle, 70, 72, 77, 79, 82, 89–90, 99, 103,153, 200–201, 204–206, 271–273,287, 403, 423, 436

area, 272, 287definition of, 72degree, 200, 205, 272effect, 89–90, 201, 204–205grade, 205–206intensity, 272particle, 72, 99, 205, 272pigments, 90uniformity of, 273See also Glitter effect

Sparkling, see SparkleSpecial metamerism indices, 172–175Special optical cases, 295, 307, 309, 319,

336, 345See also Optical triangle

Index 493

Spectral colors, 13, 20, 93, 121, 137–138,278–292

Spectral energy distribution, 14, 17–21, 115,118, 125

Spectral lines, 237Spectral-matching criteria, 182Spectral power distribution, 11–12, 14–15,

17–18, 23–24, 33, 49, 123–124,128, 134, 136, 138, 155, 165–166,170, 173, 192, 253, 261

Spectral reflectance, 53–56, 78, 93, 95–100,105–107, 109, 134, 136, 169–170,186–188, 233, 236, 239, 251–252,257, 276, 389

Spectral reflection, 53, 56, 77, 92, 233, 252,258, 267, 269, 274, 316, 385,388–389, 393, 399, 402

Spectral transmission, 189Spectral transmittance, 134, 257Spectral value, 52, 170, 172, 210, 236, 244,

248–249, 252–255, 258–259, 262,264–266, 275–276, 288, 295, 297,310, 381, 384, 386, 394, 402–404,409–410, 412–414, 430, 432, 443

calculated, 404corrected, 430experimental, 394measured, 252, 266, 275, 288, 381, 386,

404, 409, 414, 432theoretical, 409–410

Spectrometric correction, 429–431Spectrometric procedure, 264, 404, 413Spectrometric recipe prediction, 412Spectrometric strategy, 404, 409–414, 417–418Spectrophotometer, 39, 124, 162, 183, 222,

237, 241–244, 247, 251, 253,257, 259–267, 271–272, 288, 383,385–386, 390, 401–403, 409, 412,420, 428, 432

accuracy of, 263–266characteristics of, 260error limits, 264photometrical resolution, 264short-term repeatability, 162, 264–265wavelength resolution, 260–261

Spectrumcolors, 121continuous, 18–19diffraction, 39, 43, 223, 260electromagnetic, 12locus, 137–138visible, 6, 12–14, 44–45, 52, 89, 111, 127,

138, 316

Specular angle, 26, 78, 83, 91, 95, 222–223,241–242, 252

Specular color, 226, 228Specular component, 244, 246–247, 254,

262, 277excluded, 244, 254

Specular reflection, 26, 59–62, 236, 244,246–247, 249, 253–254, 277

Stable colors, 116Standard

black, 236, 264–265color, 237, 390, 434metallic, 78primary, 236reference, 238, 266secondary, 236–237, 243, 255, 262transfer, 236white, 202, 236, 262–265

Standard climate, 237, 250,265, 278

Standard color-matching functions (SCMFs),125–126, 134–136, 138–139,257–258, 288, 404

Standard color values, see CIE 1931 colorspace

Standard deviation (SD), 281–282,287–288, 290

Standard illuminantA, 18–19, 21, 23–24, 140, 253D65, 19–21, 23–24, 140, 171, 186, 155,

210–211, 222, 253, 258, 261Standard observer, 128, 134–136, 138, 142,

168, 170–171, 173–175, 183–184,194–195, 238, 253, 258, 261, 402,414, 425, 432, 435

2◦ standard observer, 122, 124–125, 127, 135,138, 170–171, 182, 194, 257

10◦ standard observer, 127, 135, 137–138, 156,163, 168, 171, 182, 194, 210–211,222, 257, 410

Standards, orderedASTM, 185, 241–242, 455–456CIE, 3, 18–21, 23–24, 109, 125–129,

134–135, 137, 163, 174, 184, 238,253, 261, 414, 458

DIN, 163, 241–242, 458–459DIN EN ISO, 459ISO, 461JIS, 461

Starting values, 168, 347, 412Statistical error, 280, 402Statistical methods, 287Statistical significance testing, 288

494 Index

Statistical test, 256, 279, 287–292color differences, 279, 287–292

Statistical testingcolor differences, 279, 287–292

Steradian (sr)definition of, 24, 297

Stimulation, 13, 49, 238, 260, 275of fluorescence, 49, 238, 275selective, 13

Stochasticerrors, 280variable, 283–284, 287–288variations, 256, 280See also Random

Stokes emission, 275Storage, 4, 233, 237, 248, 250, 261, 266, 278,

383, 434color collections, 250color patterns, 250data, 261, 383standards, 278

Storing, 192, 262Strength of color, relative, 52, 180–181,

183–185Striations, 193Substitution of colorants, 4Substrate

aluminum, 106–107, 215curved, 62ferromagnetic, 107, 109, 201glass, 89metal, 68, 104mica, 6, 64, 85–86, 91, 93–99, 200, 215,

239–240, 448muscovite, 86, 209nickel, 80

Subtractive color mixing, 102–103, 116–120Subtractive color mixture, 215Superposition

additive, 103of colored lights, 117of diffraction and interference, 228of interference and absorption, 95of waves, 39, 81

Superstructure, 189Surface

boundary corrections, 346, 352,363–369, 372

boundary effect, 60boundary layer, 332correction, 336–338, 340–341, 345, 348,

354, 357, 362–363forms, 60

gloss, 22, 61, 206glossy, 26, 58, 246, 255high-glossy, 59–60, 244, 255irregular, 50matt, 60, 235, 249phenomenon, 59–63reflection, 32, 59, 62, 72, 253–254,

325, 338roughness, 60, 107slightly glossy, 247structure, 59, 69, 73, 162, 238–239, 246,

248–249, 253, 255–256, 271,274, 279

structured, 59, 156, 197, 240Surrounding color, 115, 156Surrounding polymer, 69, 77Swelling, 199Synapse strength, 442–444Systematic errors, 256, 279–280, 401–402,

428–429recipe prediction, 402, 428

TTarget color, 172

See also Reference colorTaylor series, 395, 398, 412Temperature drift, 264–265Temperature radiator, 14, 16, 18–19, 23–24,

140Test colorations, critical, 403Test quantity, 287–288, 290–292

statistical, 291Tetrachromacy, 112Textile fibers, 49, 159, 247–248, 254–255, 278,

387, 429, 441Texture, 77, 79, 87–89, 201, 225, 246, 277

cholesteric, 88–89, 277nematic, 88smectic, 88, 225

Theoryof errors, 279–280, 282of radiative transfer, 7, 295–379

Thermochromic color, 249, 277–278Three-flux approximation, 312, 337, 340–356,

361, 376, 378, 396–397, 399, 444Three-flux theory, 340–343, 345Threshold

of acceptability, 256of discrimination, 164–165

Tinting power, 44, 189, 422Tinting strength, 52Titanium dioxide

anastas, 47, 83–84, 90, 93, 97–98

Index 495

brookit, 93rutil, 47, 81, 83–84, 90, 93, 97–98, 210,

239–240Tolerance

agreement, 141, 161–163, 171, 233–234,255–257, 266, 422

ellipse, 140, 205, 238parameter, 153, 256ranges, 163, 256specification, 205value, 162, 256

Topcoat, 200, 249See also Clear coat

Total error of recipe prediction, 402Total influx, 352Total reflection, 28, 30, 334, 340–341, 348,

350, 354, 357, 368–371, 373–378critical angle of, 28, 30partly directed component of, 354

Trainingcolorimetrical, 163coloristical, 163color perception, 238of neural networks, 382, 390

Transfer standard, 236Translucent, 49–51, 83, 91, 134, 184, 189, 191,

193, 197, 246–247, 250–252, 255,257, 266–268, 296, 319, 324–325,331, 340, 346–347, 367–368,387–390, 396, 398–399, 412, 420,447, 451–454

color, 50, 134, 255, 389colorants, 420diaphanous, 51gleaming, 51ideal, 51layer, 83, 91, 251–252, 267–268, 324, 340,

347, 368, 451, 453–454materials, 51, 189, 193, 246, 251–252, 267,

346, 396, 412system, 50, 252, 331, 340

Transmission, 11, 32–33, 38–43, 53, 59, 116,118, 124, 128, 182, 184, 189, 196,233, 235, 237, 246–248, 250–251,255, 257, 261, 267–271, 277, 295,297, 310, 316–323, 325, 328–239,331–339, 343–345, 346–348,352–374, 383, 385–386, 393–394,398, 402, 409–410, 412, 451, 453

corrected, 350, 352, 366–367definition of, 32, 328determination of, 50, 237, 251,

261, 270

diffuse, 50, 247, 328diffuse–diffuse, 343, 351directed, 318directed–diffuse, 342, 345,

348, 363directional, 247, 351experimental, 398, 412external, 333, 335, 338–339, 350–351, 353,

378–379function, 361–368, 370, 372–373grating, 38–40internal, 322–323, 336, 351, 362spectral, 189

Transmissivity, 195–196Transmittance, see Transmission

factor, 33, 240, 247Transmitted light, 49, 88, 239, 250,

252, 361Transparency

ideal, 135, 138, 189, 321–322, 339, 352,355, 378

index, 189–191, 197, 250Transparent colors, 49, 86, 134, 250Transparent layer, 50, 197, 316, 319–320, 336,

353, 369, 452–454ideal, 353

Transparent liquid, 89, 99, 211, 270–271Transparent material, 134, 189, 191, 197, 237,

250, 267, 313, 322, 325, 331, 338,346, 396

measurement, 240, 246, 251Transparent medium, 189, 191, 250, 320,

330, 338Travel, see FlopTrichromasy, 112

anomalous, 113Trichromatic color sense, 133Trichromatic color theory, 114Trichromatic matching, 123Trichromatic stimulus, 123, 234Tristimulus colorimeter, 257–259, 265Tristimulus color matching, 120–123Tristimulus values, 123–125,

133–228, 432Tungsten filament lamp, 18–21, 261Turbidity, 50, 192–197, 422Twilight, 165–166Two-color pigments, 85

See also Color flopTwo-constant theory, 387Two-flux approximation

diffuse–diffuse, 355

496 Index

Two-flux approximation (cont.)directional, 316–326, 328–329, 338,

353–354See also Two-flux theory

Two-flux theory, 7, 326, 329, 351See also Two-flux approximation

Two-mode spectroscopy, 275–276Two-tone, 77, 79

See also Lightness, flop

UUCS Uniform color scales, 58, 141, 144,

160–161Ulbricht sphere, 243, 248, 250, 260, 262Uncertainty, 12, 186, 190, 233–234, 252–253,

256, 263–265, 271–272, 278–281,292, 386, 412, 424–425, 427

of measurement, 234, 252, 256, 263–264,271, 278–279

relative, 190Uniform chromaticity scale, 141UV absorption, 53, 200, 447UV catastrophe, 16UV radiation, 19, 88UV range, 15–16, 20

VVariable directional geometry, 241–242, 261Variance, 281, 284–287, 289, 291Varnish power value, 191Viscosity, 69, 76, 438

Newtonian, 69structural, 69, 252

Visible range, see Visible spectrumVisible spectrum, 6, 12–14, 44–45, 52, 89, 111,

127, 138, 316Visible wavelengths, 6, 11, 13, 36, 56, 69, 82,

252, 257, 297Vision

of colors, 2, 110, 112–113, 118, 156,165, 176

mesopic, 110, 123photopic, 110, 120, 123, 165scotopic, 110, 165

Visual acuity, 164–165Visual angle, 110–111, 122, 126, 156, 171Visual assessment, 19–20, 23–24, 26, 62, 115,

126, 128, 145, 164–165, 181, 238,253, 255, 384

Visual cells, 110–111Visual cortex, 3, 8, 109, 113–114, 116,

159, 234Visual perception, 114, 214, 292Visual sensation, 8

Volume, 17, 28, 32, 34, 43, 59–61, 74–76, 102,108, 138, 142, 160, 185–186, 189,195, 197, 235, 240–241, 246–248,250, 253–254, 267, 299, 309, 332,385, 402

fraction, 386Von Kries coefficient law, 167

WWater-based paint, 199Water-borne system, 198Water resistance, 199Water vapor, 56, 199Wavelength

band, 36, 265discrete, 19, 24, 123, 136, 257, 275long, 16–17, 111monochromatic, 22, 138reflected, 228scale, 20, 237short, 16, 24visible, 6, 11, 13, 36, 56, 69, 82, 252,

257, 297Wave optics, 64Weather

durability, 45, 200resistance, 44, 48stability, 199

Weatheringartificial, 192natural, 200outdoor, 192resistance, 102, 189, 200

Weather resistance, 44, 48Weighted colorimetric strategy, 405Weighting factor, 153, 170, 182–183, 305, 327,

398, 404–405, 410–412, 414–418,420, 433

empirical, 195, 207–208, 393Weiss areas, 108White balance, 121White mixtures, 176–177, 387–388Whiteness index, 193–195Whitening index, 194–195White pigment, 45, 47, 181, 193, 387–388, 391White standard, 202, 236, 262–265Wien’s law of radiation, 16

XXenon lamp, 19–21, 260–262

of high pressure, 23, 258–259Xenon radiator, 192

Index 497

x, y, Y system, see CIE 1931 color spaceX, Y, Z standard color values, see CIE 1931

color space

YYellow to blue contribution, 141Yellowing, 193, 195, 199

determination of, 199index, 195

Yellowness, 193, 195Young–Helmholtz theory, 2, 114

ZZone theory, 114

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Appendix - CERN · 448 Appendix A.1.2 Pearlescent Pigments Physical effect Coating of mica substrate Application Mechanical TiO2 Increase of tensile strength of synthetic high polymers