APPENDICULAR MUSCLES Muscles of girdles and appendages
Innervated by ventral ramus of spinal nerves
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Key Point What is a girdle? What is a ramus/rami?
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Appendicular Muscles - fish Originated as extensions of
hypaxials of body wall Paired fins are appendicular (from myotome)
Median dorsal fins are NOT appendicular, from myotome of epaxials
Median ventral fins are NOT appendicular, from myotome of
hypaxials
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Osteichthyes skeleton Pelvic fin Pectoral fin Caudal fin Dorsal
fins Anal fin
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Appendicular Muscles - fish Dorsal mass on paired fins are
extensors or abductors Ventral mass on paired fins are flexors or
adductors
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Appendicular Muscles Tetrapod Pectoral Limb
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Pectoral Limb Muscles Deltoid arm abductor Latissimus dorsi
limb retractor Teres Major Subcoracoscapularis
>>Subscapularis
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Pectoral Limb Muscles Triceps forearm extensor Forearm &
hand extensors LATERAL Cutaneous trunci = Cutaneous maximus
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Key Points What is the function of cutaneous maximus? Do humans
have this muscle?
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Pectoral Limb Muscles Pectoralis Humerus adductor, largest
flight muscle that lowers wing Supracoracoideus Elevates wing
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus
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Sternal keel HumerusHumerus ScapulaScapula TendonTendon Wing
elevator muscle (Supracoracoideus muscle) Wing elevator muscle
(Supracoracoideus muscle) Wing depressor muscle (Pectoralis muscle)
Wing depressor muscle (Pectoralis muscle) Sternal keel
Key Points What are the most important flight muscles &
what are their functions? Wrist & digit flexors are found on
what side of the forearm? What about the extensors? Latissimus
dorsi is similar among tetrapods. Where is it & what does it
do? Deltoids are similar among tetrapods. What does it do? Name the
three deltoids in the cat.
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Pelvic Limb Muscles (Iliofemoralis) and Iliofibularis thigh
abductors Become Gluteus and Tensor fasciae latae in mammal
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Key Points These muscles function as thigh (femur) abductors.
What is thigh abduction?
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Pelvic Limb Muscles Iliotibialis, (femorotibialis), Ambiens
Extend tibia, protract thigh Quadriceps Sartorius from Ambiens in
reptiles
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Key Points Name the quadriceps femoris muscles.
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Pelvic Limb Muscles Puboischiofemoralis Internus limb
protractor Iliacus, Psoas major in mammals Pectineus in
mammals
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Pelvic Limb Muscles Ankle and foot extensors course
LATERALLY
Key Points What is the action of Adductor femoris, based on its
position? Which muscles are antagonists (works opposite) to the
quadriceps? Based on its action, which muscle is a synergist (works
similar) with the hamstrings? Name the hamstrings.
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Branchiomeric Muscles These muscles operate the pharyngeal
arches Visceral in origin, not somatic, from hypomere Striated,
voluntary Innervated by cranial nerves. What does innervate
mean?
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Key Points What is a cranial nerve?
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Visceral Arch I Adductor mandibulae Closes jaw Temporalis
Masseter
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Visceral Arch I Intermandibularis Raises floor of mouth
Mylohyoid Anterior part of Digastric (Tensor tympani)
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Visceral Arch I Look at Vertebrate Muscles page
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Key Points What do you recall about Visceral Arch I that will
make it easier to remember the muscles adductor mandibulae &
intermandibularis
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Visceral Arch II Levator hyomandibulae Raises upper jaw in
hyostylic suspension Stapedius
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Visceral Arch II Dorsal hyoid constrictor = Levator hyoideus
Constricts pharyngeal cavity Stylohoid, which is deep to
mylohyoid
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Visceral Arch II Interhyoideus = ventral hyoid constrictor
Depressor mandibulae in all but mammals Digastric (posterior belly)
Sphincter colli and Platysma in mammals
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Visceral Arch II Look at Vertebrate Muscles page
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Key Points What do you recall about Visceral Arch II that will
make it easier to remember the muscles Levator hyomandibulae,
Levator hyoideus, Interhyoideus.
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Visceral Arch III Constrictors compress pharynx Levators lift
gills Adductors close internal angles of gills Interarcuals expands
pharynx Swallowing muscles in tetrapods
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Key Points What does the root arc- mean?
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Visceral Arch IV - VI Constrictors Levators Adductors
Interarcuals Breathing & swallowing muscles
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Visceral Arch IV - VI Cucullaris raises posterior gill
Trapezius Sternomastoid Cleidomastoid
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Key Points What does the root cleido- mean? To what does the
term mastoid refer?
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Key Points There are three parts to the trapezius in cats. Name
them in order from anterior to posterior.
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Visceral Arches See Vertebrate Muscles page
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Key Points Use the following list to categorize the list of
muscles on the next slide Extrinsic Eye Muscle Hypobranchial/Tongue
Muscle Epaxial Muscle Hypaxial Muscle Pectoral Muscle Pelvic Muscle
Branchiomeric Muscle
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Categorize these muscles Interhyoideus Superior oblique
Dorsalis trunci Biceps femoris Biceps brachii Longissimus Masseter
Styloglossus Trapezius Teres major Deltoid Sartorius Rectus
abdominis Medial rectus Temporalis
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Electric Organs Incidence found in more than 500 species
Derivation is primarily from muscle cells
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Electric Organs Function Communication Orientation with objects
in environment Detection of prey Offense & defense
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Electric Organs ELECTROPLAX is functional unit It is a modified
muscle cell It is multinucleate with numerous associated nerves
& mitochondria It forms columns which together comprise the
electric organ
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Electric Organs Salt water eel can emit up to 50 V Fresh water
eel can emit up to 500 V
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Key Points Are salt water eels safer to touch than fresh water
eels? Think about conduction of electricity in fresh vs. salt
water