AP Environmental Science Summer Assignment

Congratulation on your decision to challenge yourself by taking APES. I am looking forward to work with you on mastering the concepts and preparing for the AP Exam. The Summer Assignment is due the first day of school. DO not worry, if you can not find all the answers. It is part of the AP challenge

Law Review Directions: Find the following for each of the laws and/or treaties listed below and construct a table containing all information requested: a) Name, Draft Year, Amendment Years, International or National b) Description of Function; Environmental Issues Affected c) Agency/Group Responsible for Regulation and Enforcement (i.e. United Nations, Department of Interior, EPA, etc.) Law or Treaty Year I or N Description, Function, Env. Issues Agency or Group

Clean Air Act 1963 N Control air pollution EPA

Clean Water Acts

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation Liability Act

Consumer Product Safety Act

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

Emergency Planning & Community Right-To-Know Act

Endangered Species Act

Energy Policy Act

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

Federal Water Pollution Control

Act

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act

Food Quality Protection Act

Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Acts

Hardrock Mining and Reclamation

Kyoto Protocol

Law of the Sea Convention

Marine Mammal Protection Act

Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act

Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act

Montreal Protocol

National Energy Act

National Environmental Policy Act

National Park Act

National Wildlife Refuge System Act

Nuclear Waste Policy Act

Occupational Safety and Health Act

Ocean Dumping Ban Act

Oil Pollution Act

Oil Spill Prevention and Liability Act

Pollution Prevention Act

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Safe Drinking Water Act

Soil and Water Conservation Act

Solid Waste Disposal Act

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act

Toxic Substances Control Act

Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

Wilderness Act

Prerequisite knowledge and skills

You are expected to enter the course with a good understanding of basic scientific and mathematical concepts and skills as well as strong, reading, writing and speaking abilities. Although we will continue to develop these skills throughout the year, your success in the class is also dependent upon what you bring to it at the onset. Over the summer, review the scientific concepts and mathematical calculations below. We will be building upon and referencing them throughout the year. Prerequisite Basic Scientific Concepts: You should be familiar with the following terms/concepts from Biology, Chemistry, and Earth Science. Please define the following:

Term Definition

Kinetic vs. Potential Energy

Radioactive decay

Half life

Law of Conservation of Matter

1st Law of Thermodynamics

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy

Organism

Species

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Producers/Autotrophs

Consumers/Heterotrophs

Decomposers

Photosynthesis (reactants and

products)

Cellular Respiration (reactants and

products)

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic

Adaptation

Mutation

GeneTrait

Chromosome

Gene pool

Natural Selection

Biodiversity

Plate Tectonics

Weathering

Climate Change

Rocks vs. Minerals

Climate vs. Weather

Please write down the full name of each of these chemical abbreviations

CO2 NH3

CO 02

C6H12O6 03

CH4 P

H2 P043-

H2O S

N2 S02

NOX Cl

NO3- K

NaC Rn

Pb U

Hg

Prerequisite Basic Mathematical Skills

Percentage

17% = 17/100 = .17

- Remember that "percent" literally means divided by 100. - Percentage is a measure of the part of the whole. Or part divided by whole. -15 million is what percentage of the US population? 15 million / 300 million = .05 = 5% - What is 20% of this $15 bill so that I can give a good tip? $15 x .20 = $15 x 20/100 = $3

Rates Rise Y2-Y1 slope change y=mx+b dX Run X2-X1 time dt

- All of the above are ways to look at rates. The second equation is the easiest way to calculate a rate, especially from looking at a graph. Rates will often be written using the word "per" followed by a unit of time, such as cases per year, grams per minute or mile per hour. The word per means to divide, so miles per gallon is actually the number miles driven divided by one gallon.

- Rates are calculating how much an amount changes in a given amount of time.

Scientific Notation

Thousand = 103 =1,000

Million = 106 =1,000,000 (people in the US)

Billion = 109 =1,000,000,000 (people on Earth)

Trillion = 1012 =1,000,000,000,000 (National debt)

- When using very large numbers, scientific method is often easiest to manipulate. For example, the US population is 300 million people or 300xl06or 3xl08

- When adding or subtracting, exponents must be the same. Add the numbers in front of the ten and keep the exponent the same.

- When multiplying or dividing, multiply or divide the number in front of the ten and add the exponents if multiplying or subtract the exponents if dividing

Ex. 9xl06/ 3xl02 = (9/3) x 10(6-2) = 3 x 104

Dimensional Analysis You should be able to convert any unit into any other unit accurately if given the conversion factor. Online tutorials are available:

http://www.chemprofessor.com/dimension_text.htm http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/mr-da.html

Prefixes m (milli) =1/1000 =10-3 c (cent) =1/100 = 10'-2 k (kilo) =1000 =103 M (mega) =1,000,000 =106 G (giga) =1,000,000,000 =109 T (tera) =1,000,000,000,000 =1012

Sample Math Problems

Be sure you are able to complete the following types of problems.

1) What is one million times one thousand? Show your work in scientific notation. Give the answer in scientific notation and in words.

2) A population of deer had 200 individuals. If the population grows by 15% in one year, how many deer will there be the next year?

3) One year I had 40 AP Environmental Science students and the next year I had 50 Environmental Science students, what percentage did the population of APES students grow by?

4) Electricity costs 6 cents per kilowatt hour. In one month one home uses one megawatt hour of electricity. How much will the electric bill be? (be sure to look at the prefixes chart on the previous page for the conversion of kilo to mega)

5) Your car gets 15 miles to the gallon and your friend's car gets 25 miles to the gallon. You decide to go on a road trip to Virginia Tech, which is 300 miles away. If gas costs $4 per gallon and you decide to split the gas money, how much money will you save in gas by driving your friend's car?

6) Virginia Beach is 10 miles wide and 30 miles long. If one inch of rain falls on Virginia Beach, how many cubic feet of rain fell on Virginia Beach. (Hint: convert all units to feet first).

7) An MP3 takes up about 16 kilobytes of memory per second of music. If you owned a one terabyte hard drive and filled it with only mp3s, how many days worth of music would you have? (keep track of units: kilobytes to terabytes and seconds to days)

AP Environmental Calculations Dimensional Analysis

Show all your work on a separate sheets of paper; partial credit is given for partial solutions to problems. If the answer is not correct, you are not likely to receive credit for correct thinking if there is no evidence of this process on paper. All problems must be solved using dimensional analysis (factor-labeling). Organize your answers as clearly and neatly as possible, showing the steps you took to reach your solution. If your reasoning cannot be followed, you are less likely to receive credit for it. Please circle the final answer at the completion of the problem. It is important to pay attention to units for quantities that have them. If you keep track of units as you do calculations, it can help you express your answers in terms of the proper units. It is possible to lose points if the units are wrong or are missing from the answer. Express any value of 1000 or greater in scientific notation: 103.

1 farmer requires 1 hen/day

1 hen eats 25 grasshoppers/day 1,000 grasshoppers have a mass of 1 kg 1 grasshopper requires 30 g of soy/yr

1 human requires 600 grasshoppers/day dry soybeans have about 3.3 cal/g

1. Calculate the number of grasshoppers a hen needs per year. [the first example has been done for you] 2. How many grasshoppers are needed for a year’s supply of hens for the farmer each year? 3. What is the total mass, in kilograms, of the grasshoppers needed to feed all the hens for one year? 4. How many kilograms of soybeans are needed to feed all the grasshoppers for one year? 5. Estimates of early Native American hunter-gather societies indicate that a person could collect about 90 kg (200 lbs) of grasshoppers per hour, when they are abundant. Now suppose the farmer chose to eat grasshoppers instead of hens. How many people could the grasshoppers feed, compared to the one person that the hen fed? 6. The farmer needs to consume 3,000 cal/day. If he ate only soybeans instead of the hens or the grasshoppers, how many people would his soybean crop feed (see your response to Question 4)? 1. 1 hen 25 grasshoppers 365 days = 9,125 grasshoppers 1hen * 1day 1year 1year

1 kWh = 3.41 x 103 BTU ( British Thermal Units) 1 BTU = 1,055 J (joules)

1 pound of bituminous coal = 12,000 BTU 1 barrel of oil = 5.6 x 106 BTU

1 ft3 of natural gas = 1,030 BTU 1 g 235U = 4.0 x 107 BTU

1 tire = 250,000 BTU 7. The average American uses 10,000 kWh of energy. Convert kWh to cubic feet of natural gas. 8. How much coal would be burned to provide the energy? 9. How much uranium would be needed to provide the energy? 10. The cost for U3O8, the primary nuclear reactor fuel is $0.022 per gram. What would be the cost of the uranium to generate your electricity? 11. Coal costs about $24.38 per ton (2,000 pounds), and the cost of natural gas for electric utilities, on the average is about $4.67 per 1,000 cubic feet. Calculate the cost of these two fuels to produce electricity. 12. How many used car tires would be required to supply the electricity if the tires burn at 60% efficiency?

Coral reefs are produced when corals acquire calcium ions (Ca2+ ) and carbonate ions(CO32- ) from

seawater and deposit solid CaCO3 to form their exoskeletons. Scientists are concerned that relatively rapid decreases in ocean water pH will hinder the deposition of CaCO3. Use the following

assumptions below to perform the following calculations:

Assume that the total global area of corals growing in reefs is 2.5 x 1011 m2. Assume that corals grow only vertically and that the average vertical growth rate of corals is 3

mm/year Assume that average density of CaCO3 in corals is 2 x 103 kg/m3

13. Calculate the current annual global increase in volume, in m3 of CaCO3 in coral reefs. Show all steps in your calculation. 14. Calculate the current annual global increase in kg of CaCO3 in coral reefs. Show all steps in your calculation. 15. Because of ocean acidification, it is expected that in 2050 the mass of CaCO3 deposited annually in coral reefs will be 20 percent less than is deposited currently. Calculate how much less CaCO3 in kg, is expected to be deposited in one year with 20 percent less CaCO3 deposited than would be deposited if ocean water pH were to remain at its current value.

A grid-connected residential PV system is placed on the roof of a 2,000-square-foot suburban house. The PV array with an area equal to 50 square meters covers half of the south-facing part of the roof.

The power rating of this PV system is 5.0 kW, meaning that it will produce 5.0 kW under peak sunlight conditions. The installed cost of this system is $50,000.

16. The PV system is operating in a location where the annual average daily incident solar energy (the insolation) on the array equals 5.0 kWh/m2/day. Calculate the average amount of solar energy incident on the PV array each day in kWh/day. 17. The efficiency of the PV system equals 10 percent. Calculate the daily average electric energy produced by this system in kWh/day. 18. Over the next 20 years, United States annual electric energy consumption is projected to increase by 1.5 trillion kWh/year. How many rooftop PV systems would be needed to supply just 10 percent of this additional energy? 19. Assuming the electric energy produced by these PV systems is worth $0.10 per kWh, these residential systems would generate electric energy worth $15 billion/year. Calculate the simple payback period in years for these PV systems. (Payback period is the time it takes for a system’s net benefits to equal its cost)

Consider a wind turbine that is rated at 1.5 MW. This means that with sufficiently high winds, it will produce 1.5 MW or 1,5000 kW of power. The installed cost of this turbine is $1.5 million. A single

turbine would produce enough energy for 1,000 homes for a year. 20. If this turbine runs at its rated power 100 percent of the time for a full year, how much energy would it produce in a year? 21. This wind turbine has a capacity factor equal to 0.38. This means that over a year, it will produce only 38 percent of its theoretical maximum energy production. How much energy does this turbine actually produce in a year (in million kW/year)? 22. Calculate the cost of installing these wind turbines to meet the energy needs of an area with 1,000,000 homes. 23. Assuming the electric energy produced by these turbines is worth $0.05 cents per kWh, these turbines would generate electric energy worth $7.5 billion per year. Calculate the simple payback period for these turbines. (Payback period is the time it takes for a system’s net benefits to equal it cost.)

1 calorie = 4.186 joules 1 Btu = 252 cal

1 therm = 100 ft3

1 ft3 = 1000 Btu 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 joules

24. One calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one Celsius degree. One kilocalorie would increase the temperature of 1 kg of water by the same amount. How many kcals would be required to heat 100 kg of water by 200 C for a bath? 25. How many joules is this? 26. How many Btus is this? 27. If your water heater can supply 40 kBtu/h, how long will it take to heat this water? 28. A typical Michigan home in the northern U.S. might require 120 Mbtu of heat for the average winter. How many cubic feet of natural gas would be needed to heat this home if the furnace operated at 60 percent? 29. At a cost of $0.90/ccf (100 ft3), what would it cost to heat this house for 1 year? 30. If a new 80 percent efficient furnace could be installed at a cost of $4,000 how long would it take to pay back the cost of this furnace, assuming gas prices remained the same? 31. The annual average solar flux in Tucson, AZ is 250 W/m2. Suppose 10 m2 of solar electric panels operating at 10 percent efficiency were installed on a home in Tucson. How many kWh of electricity could be collected by these panels in one year? 32. What fraction of the annual electrical requirement of 10,000 kWh for the average home does this represent? 33. How many square meters of solar panels would be required to supply 10,000 kWh per year? 34. With moderate winds, a modern large wind turbine can generate about 250 kW of electricity, whereas a large nuclear power plant can generate 1,000 MW. How many wind turbines would be required to give the same output as one nuclear power plant?

Scientists say microalgae are the most efficient organisms at converting sunlight to energy. In fact, they beat other oil crops for production per acre. 70% of this oil can be recovered by pressing the

algae; over 90% can be recovered by solvent extraction. The resulting oil can be used for heating, for electricity generation, or for making other fuels, like biodiesel.

35. Calculate the number of acres required to produce 1,000 gallons of oil in one year from (a) microalgae and (b) soybeans.

The city of Fremont operates a municipal solid-waste landfill. As represented in the diagram below, the annual precipitation in Fremont is 200 mm/year: 50% of this water infiltrates through the landfill

cover soil into the waste, and 50% drains off the landfill. A drainage system withdraws 90% of the leachate generated within the landfill for treatment. The rest of the leachate travels through the

bottom liner of the landfill into the surrounding soil. Most of the cadmium disposed of in the landfill remains in the landfill; the leachate withdrawn from the landfill by the drainage system has an

average cadmium concentration of 2.0 g/m3. Pumped to a treatment station, the leachate is treated at a cost of $10/m3.

36. Calculate the volume, in m3 of each of the following: (a) The water infiltrated through the landfill per year (b) The leachate that is treated per year (c) The leachate that is not treated per year. 37. Given that the cadmium concentration in the water draining from the landfill is 2.0 g/m3, calculate the mass in kg of cadmium that is released into the surrounding soil per year. 38. What is the annual cost of treating the leachate from the drainage system?

The Cobb family of Fremont is looking at ways to decrease their home water and energy usage. Their current electric hot-water heater raises the water temperature to 1400 F, which requires 0.20

kWh/gallon at a cost of $0.10/kWh. Each person in the family of four showers once a day for an average of 10 minutes per shower. The shower has a flow rate of 5.0 gallons per minute.

39. Calculate the total amount of water that the family uses per year for taking showers. Show all your work and include units with your answers. 40. Calculate the annual cost of the electricity for the family showers, assuming that 2.5 gallons per minute of the water used if from the hot-water heater. Show all your work and include units with your answers. 41. The family is considering replacing their current hot-water heater with a new energy efficient hot-water heater that costs $1,000 and uses half the energy that their current hot-water heater uses. How many days would it take for the new hot-water heater to recover the $1,000 initial cost?

42. Central Cascada school district uses oil to heat school buildings. To reduce its carbon

footprint, the district is planning to help offset its carbon dioxide emissions by raising money to help conserve a portion of a large tract of forest land adjacent to the high school campus. Use the assumptions below to answer the questions that follow. For each calculation, show all work.

The biomass of the forest increases at an annual rate of 2.7 x 105 kg/ha.

The forest biomass is 50 percent carbon by mass. Each year the district uses 3.0 x 105 gallons of fuel oil for heating and for hot water.

10 kg of CO2 is produced when 1 gallon of fuel oil is burned. 1.0 kg of CO2 contains 0.27 kg of carbon

The cost of putting 1 ha of the forest into conservancy is $12,000

(a) Calculate the mass of carbon, in kg, that is accumulated and stored in 1.0 ha of forest in one year. (b) Calculate the mass of carbon in kg that is emitted by the school as a result of its fuel-oil consumption in one year. (c) Calculate the number of hectares of forest the school district needs to conserve in order to offset the carbon released in one year by the school burning its fuel oil. (d) Calculate the amount of money the school district must raise for the conservation project.