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AP Chapter 21AP Chapter 21The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era
The Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement
Many were angry over the problems of Many were angry over the problems of Industrialization Industrialization
They wanted to improve American society They wanted to improve American society for all peoplefor all people
Felt intervention from the govt. was Felt intervention from the govt. was important for a better societyimportant for a better society
Social ReformersSocial Reformers
Jacob Riis- wrote Jacob Riis- wrote ““How the Other Half How the Other Half LivesLives””
Looks at how poor immigrants lived their Looks at how poor immigrants lived their liveslives
Riis photographs exposed all of the Riis photographs exposed all of the problems that most people were unaware problems that most people were unaware ofof
Settlement House- place where poor Settlement House- place where poor immigrants went for help immigrants went for help
Jane Addams Jane Addams
Hull House- settlement house in Chicago Hull House- settlement house in Chicago for poor immigrantsfor poor immigrants
Offered classes in English, art, and basic Offered classes in English, art, and basic living skillsliving skills
Addams and other women played a key Addams and other women played a key rolerole
Jane AddamsJane Addams
Urban MachineUrban Machine
Many cities were run by Many cities were run by ““Political Political MachinesMachines”” that stole millions from that stole millions from taxpayerstaxpayers
Business men routinely bribed officials for Business men routinely bribed officials for favors favors
George Washington Plunkett of Tammany George Washington Plunkett of Tammany Hall called it “Honest Graft” Hall called it “Honest Graft”
Early welfare aid gained votesEarly welfare aid gained votes
Progressivism and ReformsProgressivism and Reforms
Wisconsin Robert La Follette (R) pushed Wisconsin Robert La Follette (R) pushed many progressive reforms in his state and many progressive reforms in his state and later the federal govt.later the federal govt.
Direct Primary- people vote in a primary Direct Primary- people vote in a primary election for a candidate to represent a election for a candidate to represent a partyparty
Initiative- petitions circulated so law Initiative- petitions circulated so law makers may consider a lawmakers may consider a law
Referendum- proposed law where the Referendum- proposed law where the people vote on election daypeople vote on election day
Recall- people can call for a special Recall- people can call for a special election to remove a politician from officeelection to remove a politician from office
Secret ballot became popularSecret ballot became popular Southerners failed to following in many of Southerners failed to following in many of
these reformsthese reforms
MuckrakingMuckraking New forms of journalism exposed the New forms of journalism exposed the
corruption in American societycorruption in American society McClure’s McClure’s magazine spread many of the agazine spread many of the
muckrakers writingsmuckrakers writings Lincoln Steffens- Lincoln Steffens- Shame of the Cities Shame of the Cities
exposed the graft in the citiesexposed the graft in the cities Ida Tarbell- Ida Tarbell- History of the Standard Oil History of the Standard Oil
attacked Rockefeller’s unfair business attacked Rockefeller’s unfair business practicespractices
Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair
Most famous muckraker who wrote Most famous muckraker who wrote The The JungleJungle
His book looked at the horrible conditions His book looked at the horrible conditions in the meat processing factoriesin the meat processing factories
Eventually led to the Meat Inspection Act Eventually led to the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)(1906)
Temperance/ProhibitionTemperance/Prohibition
Many felt crime, poverty and murder were Many felt crime, poverty and murder were a result of alcohol and urged its bana result of alcohol and urged its ban
WCTU- was the leading organization and WCTU- was the leading organization and temperance showed deep divides within temperance showed deep divides within the countrythe country
Gradually alcohol was banned throughout Gradually alcohol was banned throughout the states and eventually nationally with the states and eventually nationally with the Volstead Actthe Volstead Act
Prohibitions EnforcementProhibitions Enforcement
Redemption of LeisureRedemption of Leisure
Some forms of entertainment were Some forms of entertainment were censoredcensored
Education was expanded and most Education was expanded and most cities/towns funded public educationcities/towns funded public education
Children were required to attend school at Children were required to attend school at a younger agea younger age
Legal ChallengesLegal Challenges
Progressives began to challenge many Progressives began to challenge many conservative lawsconservative laws
Lochner v. NY 1905- struck down a law Lochner v. NY 1905- struck down a law limiting bakers to 10 hr. workdayslimiting bakers to 10 hr. workdays
Muller v. Oregon (1908) court upheld a law Muller v. Oregon (1908) court upheld a law that limited the hours a women could workthat limited the hours a women could work
Louis Brandis used statistics, sociological Louis Brandis used statistics, sociological and economic data for the case “Brandeis and economic data for the case “Brandeis Brief” changed legal argumentsBrief” changed legal arguments
ImmigrationImmigration
Immigration drastically rose after the Civil Immigration drastically rose after the Civil War and peaked before WWIWar and peaked before WWI
Most came for economic reasons and Most came for economic reasons and settled in urban centerssettled in urban centers
Life was difficult for immigrants as they Life was difficult for immigrants as they tried to assimilate into American societytried to assimilate into American society
ImmigrationImmigration
Old ImmigrantsOld Immigrants Before 1880 and Before 1880 and
came from NW came from NW EuropeEurope
English, Irish, English, Irish, German, Swedes etc.German, Swedes etc.
Most were protestantsMost were protestants Lived in cities then Lived in cities then
migrated westwardmigrated westward
New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants After 1880 and came After 1880 and came
from SE Europefrom SE Europe Italian, Poles, Greeks, Italian, Poles, Greeks,
Asians, and RussiansAsians, and Russians Most were CatholicsMost were Catholics Lived in cities and Lived in cities and
faced the worst faced the worst nativists attitudesnativists attitudes
Life of ImmigrantsLife of Immigrants
Immigrants lived in ethnic ghettos and Immigrants lived in ethnic ghettos and gradually assimilated into American gradually assimilated into American societysociety
Cultural Pluralism or Melting Pot Theory Cultural Pluralism or Melting Pot Theory varied based on who you askedvaried based on who you asked
Nativists resented the immigrants b/c they Nativists resented the immigrants b/c they were taking their jobs or lowering wageswere taking their jobs or lowering wages
Melting Pot vs. Cultural PluralismMelting Pot vs. Cultural Pluralism
International Ladies Garment International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)Workers Union (ILGWU)
Formed to raise wages for the thousands of Formed to raise wages for the thousands of female garment workers in NYCfemale garment workers in NYC
Went on strike in 1909 but were unable to Went on strike in 1909 but were unable to gain complete recognitiongain complete recognition
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911- 146 people Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911- 146 people (mostly women) were killed in the fire(mostly women) were killed in the fire
Florence Kelly and Francis Perkins pushed Florence Kelly and Francis Perkins pushed for hearings which led to improvements in for hearings which led to improvements in safetysafety
Company TownsCompany Towns
Many companies created company towns Many companies created company towns for there workers to live in for there workers to live in
Company owned everything and paid with Company owned everything and paid with company currencycompany currency
Immigrants often settled their and were left Immigrants often settled their and were left broke at the end of every weekbroke at the end of every week
United Miners StrikeUnited Miners Strike
Sept. 1913 went on strike in Colorado and Sept. 1913 went on strike in Colorado and called for improved working conditionscalled for improved working conditions
Strike nearly bankrupted the state and Strike nearly bankrupted the state and strike breakers were sent instrike breakers were sent in
Shots rang out around a tent city in Ludlow Shots rang out around a tent city in Ludlow and fighting eruptedand fighting erupted
Pres. Wilson sent in troops and stopped Pres. Wilson sent in troops and stopped the Ludlow Massacrethe Ludlow Massacre
Industrial Workers of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)World (IWW)
Big Bill Haywood was an outspoken leader Big Bill Haywood was an outspoken leader of the IWWof the IWW
IWW was more radical than the AFLIWW was more radical than the AFL Wobblies- named given to the IWWWobblies- named given to the IWW Goal was to help miners, lumberjacks, Goal was to help miners, lumberjacks,
sailors and other causal workerssailors and other causal workers
Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement
Women were entering the workforce in Women were entering the workforce in large numberslarge numbers
Margaret Sanger pushed for birth control Margaret Sanger pushed for birth control in 1913in 1913
She was charged with obscenity and fled She was charged with obscenity and fled the countrythe country
She later defied the law and returned and She later defied the law and returned and opened up a birth control clinic in NYCopened up a birth control clinic in NYC
Suffrage MovementSuffrage Movement Suffrage Movement wanted to give women the Suffrage Movement wanted to give women the
right to voteright to vote Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady
StantonStanton Western states 1Western states 1stst to give women the right to to give women the right to
votevote Many felt the women’s place was in the home Many felt the women’s place was in the home
not D.C.not D.C. 1920- 19th Amend. women get the right to 1920- 19th Amend. women get the right to
votevote
Reform for African AmericansReform for African Americans
NAACP pushed for more rights for African NAACP pushed for more rights for African AmericansAmericans
Racism was still a major issue in the Racism was still a major issue in the countrycountry
Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois emerged as the leading activist for blacksemerged as the leading activist for blacks
Washington vs. Du BoisWashington vs. Du Bois
Former slave who Former slave who founded the founded the Tuskegee Inst.Tuskegee Inst.
Lived in the SouthLived in the South Pushed for vocational Pushed for vocational
training as the main training as the main method towards method towards equalityequality
Harvard graduate and Harvard graduate and lived in the Northlived in the North
Pushed for voting Pushed for voting rights and equalityrights and equality
Founded the Niagara Founded the Niagara Movement that Movement that opposed segregationopposed segregation
Washington vs. DuBoisWashington vs. DuBois
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Became president in 1901 after the Became president in 1901 after the assassination of Pres. McKinleyassassination of Pres. McKinley
Preached the virtues of a “strenuous life”Preached the virtues of a “strenuous life” Changed the role of the presidency and Changed the role of the presidency and
was very vocalwas very vocal
T. Roosevelt- felt that as president he T. Roosevelt- felt that as president he needed to protect both industry and the needed to protect both industry and the common laborerscommon laborers
Roosevelt was known as the Roosevelt was known as the ““Trust BusteTrust Busterr”” b/c he was the first president to attack b/c he was the first president to attack big businessesbig businesses
He enforced the Sherman Anti-Trust Act He enforced the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by attacking the Northern Securities Co.by attacking the Northern Securities Co.
Hepburn Act- strengthened the ICC and Hepburn Act- strengthened the ICC and set maximum rates on the RRsset maximum rates on the RRs
Roosevelt believed that their were both Roosevelt believed that their were both good and bad trustgood and bad trust
Good Trust- those that helped the public Good Trust- those that helped the public and provided necessary services but they and provided necessary services but they needed to be restrainedneeded to be restrained
Bad Trust- those that drove out Bad Trust- those that drove out competition and abused the workers and competition and abused the workers and they should be eliminatedthey should be eliminated
TR the ConservationistTR the Conservationist
Roosevelt loved the environment and felt Roosevelt loved the environment and felt that he needed to preserve it for future that he needed to preserve it for future generationsgenerations
He helped establish the National Parks He helped establish the National Parks Service and U.S Forest Service led by Service and U.S Forest Service led by Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot
John Muir was the first president of the John Muir was the first president of the Sierra Club Sierra Club
Election of 1908Election of 1908
Roosevelt could have easily won another Roosevelt could have easily won another term but chose William Howard Taft (R) as term but chose William Howard Taft (R) as his successorhis successor
Taft broke up more trusts but eventually Taft broke up more trusts but eventually alienated Roosevelt and the other alienated Roosevelt and the other RepublicansRepublicans
Led to a major battle in 1912Led to a major battle in 1912
1912 Election1912 Election
Democrats- Woodrow WilsonDemocrats- Woodrow Wilson Republicans- Party was split between Taft Republicans- Party was split between Taft
and Roosevelt but nominated Taftand Roosevelt but nominated Taft Progressives- Roosevelt was nominated Progressives- Roosevelt was nominated
after failing to win the Republican after failing to win the Republican nominationnomination
Wilson won easilyWilson won easily Debs- represented the Socialist PartyDebs- represented the Socialist Party
Wilson PresidencyWilson Presidency
New Freedom- wanted to restore ideas of New Freedom- wanted to restore ideas of free competition and economic opportunityfree competition and economic opportunity
Underwood Simmons Act- lowered tariff rates Underwood Simmons Act- lowered tariff rates and levied the first income taxesand levied the first income taxes
Clayton Antitrust Act replaced the Sherman Clayton Antitrust Act replaced the Sherman Antitrust Act and was more effectiveAntitrust Act and was more effective
Federal Trade Commission Act investigates Federal Trade Commission Act investigates questionable business practicesquestionable business practices
Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System
Banks often failed b/c they didn'tBanks often failed b/c they didn't’’t have t have enough money in the vaultenough money in the vault
Fed. Reserve- regulates the money that is Fed. Reserve- regulates the money that is in circulation and controls interest ratesin circulation and controls interest rates
Country is divided into 12 districts and Country is divided into 12 districts and headed by the Federal Reserve Chairmanheaded by the Federal Reserve Chairman
Progressive AmendmentsProgressive Amendments
1616thth- Income Tax- Income Tax 1717thth- People now directly elect their - People now directly elect their
national senatorsnational senators 1818thth- Prohibition of alcohol- Prohibition of alcohol 1919thth- Women get the right to vote- Women get the right to vote
ConclusionConclusion
Progressive Era brought in unprecedented Progressive Era brought in unprecedented reforms to American societyreforms to American society
Power and size the federal govt. increased Power and size the federal govt. increased drasticallydrastically
Presidents Roosevelt and Wilson were Presidents Roosevelt and Wilson were more influential than prior presidentsmore influential than prior presidents