AP BIOLOGY Review Campbell Chapter 7. Plants that can tolerate extreme cold have a higher percentage of phospholipids with ______________ fatty acid tails

AP BIOLOGY ReviewCampbell Chapter 7

Plants that can tolerate extreme cold have a

higher percentage of phospholipids with ______________ fatty acid tails.

SATURATED UNSATURATED

unsaturated

Cholesterol can be called a “temperature buffer” because at higher temperatures (like body temp) it makes the phospholipids ________ fluid by restrainingtheir movements. less more

At lower temperatures cholesterol hinders the close packing of phospholipids so it __________ the temperaturerequired for membranes to solidify. lowers raises

less

lowers

Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of a membrane are called _________________

Membrane proteins with carbohydrates attached are called ____________________

Living things must control the balance of waterand ions in their tissues. This is called

_____________________

integral proteins

glycoproteins

Osmoregulation (kind of homeostasis)

If a Paramecium were to swim from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, would the activity of its contractile vacuole increase or decrease?

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif

It would decrease, because less water would be entering

Campbell Concept check 7.3

An environment in which the concentration ofsolutes outside and inside the cell are equal is

called _________________

An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________

swell & burst shrink stay the same size

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeablemembrane is called _________________

isotonic

stay the same size

osmosis

An environment in which the concentration ofsolutes is greater outside the cell than inside is

called _________________



Membrane transport that requires energy is called

________________

hypertonic

shrink

ACTIVE

The Na+-K+ pump in animals causes the

cytoplasm inside cells to be more ___________

than the surrounding extracellular fluid

negative positive

Membrane lipids with carbohydrates attached are called ____________________

In passive transport molecules always move

___________ their concentration gradient.

down up

negative

glycolipids

DOWN

An environment in which the concentration ofsolutes outside is less than inside the cell is

called _________________



Channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes are called

___________________

hypotonic

swell and burst

aquaporins

Transport proteins called _____________ proteins

function by forminng a hydrophilic tunnel that

allows charged molecules or ions to pass through

the hydrophobic portion of a cell membrane.

Transport proteins called _____________ proteinshold on to their passenger molecules, change

shape, and shuttle them across the membrane.

channel

carrier

Campbell Concept check 7.5

Name 3 kinds of passive transport

Name 3 kinds of active transport

Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion

Na+-K+ pump, co-transport, bulk transport,endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, exocytosis

Name the kind of transport

Name the kind of transport

Facilitated diffusion with an Ion channel

Facilitated diffusion with acarrier

A transport protein that generates voltage across

a membrane is called an ________________________

When nerve cells establish a voltage across their membrane with a sodium-potassium pump, does this pump use ATP or produce ATP?

Electrogenic pump

The pump uses ATP.To establish a voltage, ions would have to be pumped against their gradient, which requires energy

Campbell Concept check

Name this kind of transport

Give an example of bulk transport

Sodium-potassium pump

Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis) Exocytosis

http://www.biologymad.com/NervousSystem/nakpump.gif

Animation from: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html

http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20nine/

Name this kind of transportused by bacteria to take infood or white blood cellsto engulf bacteria

phagocytosis

If this vesicle is releasing

products outside the cell,

this type of transport is called

________________________

If this vesicle is bringing

small molecules & fluids

into the cell, this type

of transport is called

______________________

exocytosis

pinocytosis

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html#Vesicle-mediated%20transport

The currently accepted model that describes cellmembranes as the arrangement of constantly movingproteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer or

phospholipids is called the ______________________________________

Click here to See Fluidity

Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif

Fluid mosaic model

http://home.earthlink.net/~shalpine/anim/Life/memb.htm

http://home.earthlink.net/~shalpine/anim/Life/memb.htm

Name this kind of transport that enables the

cell to acquire bulk quantities

of specific substances

The molecules that bind to these receptors are

called _____________________

Receptor mediated endocytosis

ligands

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/rectpr.htm

Name the kind of transport that moves molecules from high concentration to low across a membrane without using energyand without the help of any carriers or vesicles

_______________________

DIFFUSION

Name this kind of transport in which transport of

one substance DOWN its gradient is coupled to the

movement of another moving UP the gradient.

cotransport

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/sucrosepump.jpg

Explain why the

sodium-potassium pump

is NOT considered a

cotransporter.

Campbell concept check 7.4Each ion is being transported

against its gradient. If either ion were flowing DOWN its electrochemical gradient, this would be Co-transport. Co-transport couples the movementof one substance down its gradient with one moving up.

http://www.biologymad.com/NervousSystem/nakpump.gif

Name the kind of transport used by Golgi bodiesin secretory cells to export their products.

Name the molecule that provides energy foractive transport

exocytosis

ATP

The swelling and bursting of animal cells when placed in a hypotonic environment is called _________________

The shrinking and shriveling up of animal cells when placed

in a hypertonic environment is called ___________________

lysis

crenation


The swelling of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic

environment ______________ the osmotic pressure insidethe cell increases decreases

We would say the cell is ___________ turgid flaccid

increase

turgid


The pulling away of the cell membrane from the cell wall inplant cells when placed in a hypertonic environment is

called _______________________

A plant cell that has lost water and is “limp” is called _____________________

plasmolysis

flaccid


Carrier proteinslike this one are______________proteins.

Integral peripheral

integral

Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across membranes in cells by_________________Diffusion

Kind of endocytosis used to take in large particles or whole cells.

phagocytosis

The voltage across a membrane iscalled __________________membrane potential

A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others is called

_______________Semi permeable OR selectively permeable

Name a kind of transport that uses vesicles to move substances acrossa membrane

Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, Exocytosis, endocytosis

Name the kind of transport thatmoves WATER across cell membranes

OSMOSIS

A freshwater fish has about 1% salt in his body. Freshwater is close to 0% salt.

Will water move into or out of this kind of fish?

More solute molecules insidethe fish’s cells than in the freshwater.(HYPOTONIC)Water will moveINTO the fish

Which of the following factors would tend to increase

membrane fluidity?

A. a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids

B. a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids

C. a lower temperature

D. a relatively high protein content in the membrane

E. a greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids

compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses


A

Which organelle makes the ATP used to run the Na + -K+ pump?

mitochondria

Type of endocytosis in which cellstake in small molecules or fluids

pinocytosis

The white circles stand for oxygen molecules.

Use what you know about diffusion of molecules to predict which way the oxygen will move.

Diffusion moves molecules from high concentration to low so… from the lungs into the blood

Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE

Facilitated diffusion ___________________Osmosis ____________________Na + - K+ pump ____________________Diffusion ____________________Endocytosis _______________________Exocytosis ________________________Ion channels ________________________Proton pumps ______________________Aquaporins _____________________

PASSIVEPASSIVE

ACTIVEPASSIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

PASSIVEACTIVE

PASSIVE

This pump is the main electrogenic pump used in ______________ cells. plant animal

Match the picture with the kind of transport

Na+ - K + pump

Energy from ATP is used to move 3 Na + ions OUT of

the cell and carry 2 K + ions INTO the cell

animal

Which of the following processes includes all the others?

A. osmosis

B. diffusion of a solute across a membrane

C. facilitated diffusion

D. passive transport

E. transport of a substance down its concentration gradient


D; diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are all kinds of passive transport

LABEL THE TONICITY DIAGRAMS

HYPERTONIC HYPOTONICISOTONIC

Name the two types of transport proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion

Which of these would increase membrane fluidity?a) greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipidsb) greater proportion of saturated phospholipidsc) a lower temperatured) relatively high protein content in membranee) greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids

compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses

Campbell Ch 7 self quiz

Channels and carriers

A

Diffusion is a spontaneous process in which molecules move _______ their concentration gradient. up down

Aquaporins are ______________________

a) carrier proteins

b) channel proteins

c) active cotransporters

d) ligands

e) a kind of Na+-K+ pump

down

Channel proteins for water molecules

Explain why plant cells don’t burst in hypotonic environments but animal cells do.

Give an example of an amphipathic molecule.

Cell wall is rigid and keeps them from bursting

Phospholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions; so do many proteins

Name this cell model which proposed that membranes were “sandwiches” of phospholipids between two layers of hydrophilic proteins

Davson-Danielli model

A mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their

A. mass in daltonsB. mass in gramsC. number of moleculesD. number of atomsE. volume

Campbell Self quiz

C. A mole of anything contains 6.02 X 10 23

molecules.

A _______________ molecule has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

Cell membranes are called _____________________because they allow certain substances to pass through,but keep others out.

amphipathic

Selectively or semi- permeable

The proton pump is the main electrogenic pump in ________________ cells.

plant animal

Membrane proteins that span the membrane touching both sides are called _________________ proteins

Name the molecules which can be attached to proteins or lipids in cell membranes and are involved in cell recognition

plant

transmembrane

carbohydrates

How would you make a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride?

(The atomic mass of Na is 23 daltons and Cl is 35.5 daltons)

Mass of 1 mole of NaCl = _______ daltons

58.5 g NaCl 0.5 moles = _______ g/L

1 mole 1 L

58.5(23 + 35.5)

Dissolve 29.25 g of NaCl in water to make 1 L of solution

29.25X

Campbell Concept Check 3.2

How many grams of acetic acid (C2H4O2) would you use to make 10 L of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid?

(The atomic masses in daltons are approximately 12 for C, 16 for O, and 1 for H)

A. 10.0 g

B. 0.1 g

C. 6.0 g

D. 60.0 g

E. 0.6 g

Mass of 1 mole of acetic acid C = 2 X 12 = 24 daltonsH = 4 X 1 = 4 daltonsO = 2 X 16 = 32 daltons

60 daltons

Campbell Chapter Self Quiz

60.0 g of acetic acid and add water to make 10 L of solution (D is correct)

60.0 g X 0.1 moles = 6 g/L X 10 L = 60.0 g1 mole 1 L

USE lower and higher to complete the following:

Water always moves from an area with ________ water potential to an area with _______ water potential.

Water with solutes dissolved in it will have a

______________ water potential than plain water.

higher lower

lower

According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly

A. spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane

B. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane

C. embedded in a lipid bilayer

D. randomly oriented in the membrane with not fixed

inside-outside polarity

E. free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution


C

An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution.

The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disachride sucrose.

Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion into the cell?

Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion out of the cell?


fructose

glucose

An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution.

The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disachride sucrose.


Which solution-the cell or the environment- is hypertonic to the other?

In which direction will there be a net osmotic movement of water?

Cell (0.05 M) is hypertonic to the environment (0.03 M)

Water will move into the cell

After the cell is placed in the beaker, which of the following changes will occur?

A. The artificial cell will become more flaccid.

B. The artificial cell will become more turgid.

C. Some water molecules will flow out of the cell, but the majority will flow in.

D. The membrane potential will decrease

E. In spite of the inability of sucrose to cross the cell membrane, eventually the two solutions will become isotonic.


B, C, E are correct

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AP BIOLOGY Review Campbell Chapter 7. Plants that can tolerate extreme cold have a higher percentage of phospholipids with ______________ fatty acid tails