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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Ant-Plant Interactions
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Ant Diversity Region Number of Species
Africa (sub-Saharan) 2500
Central & South America (incl. Mexico) 2233
Asia 2080 Australia 1275 North America (excl. Mexico) 585 Europe 429 USA 400 New Guinea/Polynesia 317 New Zealand 23
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Tab. 8.1
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Ant-Plant Benefits
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
1) Sociality from Haplo-diploidity
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XX XO
XX
XO
0.5 0.5 1.0
0.75
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Castes
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
2) Meta-Pleural Gland
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Leaf-Cutter Ants
7 Fig. 8.1
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Leaf-Cutter Effects on Plants
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Fig. 8.2
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Leaf-Cutter Ants
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Sub-Family Myrmicinae Tribe Attini
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
The Third Partner
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Fig. 8.3
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Meta-Analysis: Extra-Floral Nectaries Type of Damage Without Ants With Ants Stigma destruction 74% 48% Seed destruction 34% 24% Seeds/plant 45 403 Parasitic flies on flowers 872 128 Seeds/inflorescence 183 612 Insect predators 7.6 2.9 Seed predation 43.5% 27.6% Fruit/branch 0.85 1.11 Psyllid nymphs 351 145 Shoots destroyed 34% 7%
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Food Body Production
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Fig. 8.3
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Domatia in Myrmecophytes
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Figs. 8.5 & 8.6
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Honeydew
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Ant Pollination
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Myrmechory and Elaiosomes
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Fig. 8.10
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
North-South Differences Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere
# myrmechore spp 300 1500 Australia,
1300 S Africa
Growth form Understory herbs Woody shrubs
Elaiosome Soft, short-lived Hard, long-lived
Seed presentation Clumped on ground Dropped singly
Advantage to plant
Placement in micro-habitat site
Placement in proper depth for post-fire
germination
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Tab. 8.6
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Attractants and Reward
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Fig. 8.11
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Elaiosome Effects on Plants
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Fig. 8.12
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Ants as Secondary Dispersers
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Harvesting Ants
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Indirect Edaphic Effects
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Fig. 8.13
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Effects on Plant Establishment
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Fig. 8.14
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Effects on Ant Community
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Fig. 8.15
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Degrees of Specialization
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