Bio 1Bio 1

• Recombinant DNA Technology and The Human Genome Project

SDJacinto

Institute of Biology

UP Diliman

Bibliographic EntryResult(w/surrounding text)

StandardizedResult

Mitchel, Campbell Reece. Biology Concept and Connections. California, 1997.

"At actual size, a human cell's DNA totals about 3 meters in length."

3.0 m

McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw Hill, 1997.

"If stretched out, would form very thin thread, about 6 feet (2 meters) long."

2.0 m

Matthews, Harry R. DNA Structure Prerequisite Information. 1997.

"The length is (length of 1 bp)(number of bp per cell) which is (0.34 nm)(6 × 109)"

2.0 m

Leltninger, Albert L. Biochemistry. New York: Worth, 1975.

"Chromosome 13 contains a DNA molecule about 3.2 cm long."

1.5 m

"Cell." The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: Field Enterprises, 1996.

"On the average, a single human chromosome consists of DNA molecule that is about 2 inches long."

2.3 m

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/StevenChen.shtml

http://www.molecularlab.it/images/varie/dna_structure.jpeg

The DNA unraveled

Nucleosome

Double helix

Bases

Chromosome

www.cse.ucsc.edu/.../ biology_starter/DNA.html

C

C

http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/DNA-RNA.jpg

http://www.geneticengineering.org/chemis

http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/MolecularBiology/AMonksFlourishingGarden/translation.gif

RecombinantRecombinant DNA technology DNA technology

• DNA from one source is cut and combined with DNA from another source.

• Donated DNA representing a gene is cut with restriction endonucleases (RE)

• RE cuts at very specific sequence of bases. • Host DNA is also cut. • Another enzyme (ligase) glues the two cut pieces

together. • This engineered DNA is then inserted into an cell

such as bacteria or yeast.

http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/biotech/pics/recombinant.gif

SignificanceSignificance

• Has applications in improvement of livestock and agricultural produce and therapy of certain diseases, – Some plants made resistant to pests,

diseases and drought due to Recombinant DNA technology

– Human insulin is now expressed from recombinant genes expressed by bacterial vector.

Recombinant DNA tech applied- Recombinant DNA tech applied- examplesexamples

• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)-applications of recombinant DNA technology– Transgenic organisms-officially defined as

“one whose genome has been modified by externally applied new DNA; a term applied to metazoans”

soybeans

BT corn

http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.scq.ubc.ca/quarterly023/GM-crop.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.scq.ubc.ca/quarterly023/0203hall.html&usg=__zZbigA2ho16mIJg1KK53P-w6h-E=&h=281&w=360&sz=24&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=iiU_UUuqayuU9M:&tbnh=94&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBT%2Bcorn%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

Other interesting Other interesting transgenic organismstransgenic organisms

– The case of Herman -the transgenic bull containing foreign gene lactoferrin- iron containing protein.• Herman has sired many calves all with

lactoferrin gene• Successful breeding of Herman and

progeny, a new source of nutritious milk may become available; has far-reaching effects for children in developing nations.

http://www.ifgene.org/herman.jpg

GENETIC MODIFICATION HAS NO PLACE IN THE WORLD OF FOOD

www.kids.organics.org/ Organic/5.htm

http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nextnature.net/research/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/029_crop.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nextnature.net/%3Fp%3D1283&usg=__ZCgRB7c_BJax2QHCGsC6oT1QqMY=&h=356&w=530&sz=98&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=JsjfF34ZKHquvM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGreen%2BPeace%2Band%2BGMOs%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

http://blogs.venturacountystar.com/greenberg/archives/qqxsgGMOArk.jpg

Recombinant DNA technology applied

peer.tamu.edu/.../ module_4/whyitmatters.htm

What’s it all about?What’s it all about?

• Doctors assess DNA samples to detect presence of heritable diseases

• With gene therapy they can replace defective or absent genes to direct normal function

• The case of defective p53 genes and carcinogenesis

www.york.ac.uk/depts/ biol/units/cru/gendeliv.htm

http://labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/2622/SK195_5_002i.jpg

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/therapyvector.jpg

The Human genome projectThe Human genome project•  started in 1990 finished in April 2003 • objective is to know the DNA sequence of the whole human

genome ( the totality of DNA in any human cell)• was supported by the US Department of Energy and National

Institutes of Health. During the early years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust (U.K.) became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others..

• Celera-private organization based in Maryland also conducted similar project; in effect a competitor

  

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml

Project goalsProject goals• identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in

human DNA, • determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base

pairs that make up human DNA, • store this information in databases, • improve tools for data analysis,

• transfer related technologies to the private sector, and

• address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml

Basic Facts revealed from Basic Facts revealed from human genome projecthuman genome project

• The human genome contains 3.2 billion chemical nucleotide bases (A,G,C,T)

• Average gene contains 3000 bases but varies greatly; largest known human gene is dystrophin with 2.4 million bases

We know what We know what somesome of those of those genes do!genes do!

• Tentative assignments for some of the gene functions have been made for half of the genes of the identified human DNA sequence

• Functions of the other half still unknown; the exact functions of the “known” genes not even clear

We have the most genes, We have the most genes, but…but…

• In functional categories, humans have more genes than all other organisms whose genes have been sequenced.

• Plants have more metabolic genes! than any other animal whose genes have been sequenced.

Significance of Human Significance of Human genome Project genome Project

• Can be of help in treatment of diseases;

(for instance one common goal of many laboratories is to utilize the information from the human genome project to unravel the molecular mechanism of Down’s syndrome; so far no success )

www.goma.demon.co.uk/ genetics/geneprinter.html

What’s left to be done?What’s left to be done?

• Just about everything! The sequence of the human genome has been made available for everybody’s use and interpretation.

http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/baker_00/2001_p2/baker_dc_ad_p.2/polit.%20cart2..gif

PharmacogenomicsPharmacogenomics

• Study of how variations in the human genome affect the response to medications

• Environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health all can influence a person's response to medicines, but understanding an individual's genetic makeup is thought to be the key to creating personalized drugs with greater efficacy and safety.

• May permit drugs to be tailor-made for individuals and adapted to each person's own genetic makeup.

http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.freewebs.com/pharmacogenomics/HopeForTheFuture.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.freewebs.com/pharmacogenomics/impactonyou.htm&usg=__eUK8ps0yiZfDSDZ8b18nnsD0v5g=&h=432&w=392&sz=138&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=yAmZeWScg1q3tM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpharmacogenomics%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

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The cases of BRCA1 and 2 and The cases of BRCA1 and 2 and PTPN1PTPN1

• BRCA1 and 2- tumor suppressors that if mutated can cause breast cancer

Genes involved in strokeGenes involved in stroke

• H63D genetic defect in the HFE gene• one of the most common inheritable

genetic defects, especially in Europe,– where it's estimated one out of four people

carry the defective gene in northern Europe.– In southern Europe, even more people may

carry this genetic defect. – leads to iron overload in the body, eventually

causing organ dysfunction, diabetes, and liver cirrhosis, and now stroke.

NutrigenomicsNutrigenomics

• The study of how different foods may interact with specific genes to increase the risk of common chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart disease, stroke and certain cancers.

• The premise underlying nutrigenomics is that the influence of diet on health depends on an individual's genetic makeup.

www.globecartoon.com/ neweconomy/13.html

Thank you for your attention..Thank you for your attention..

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