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Announcements
Truth, Lies & Addiction: Secrets of the Tobacco Industry by Dr. Victor DeNoble Wednesday, 10/17 12-1:00 Conoco Phillips Alumni
Center
Psychology Club Ice Cream Social on Wednesday, 10/17 5 p.m. on Kerr-Drummond Lawn Free hot dogs, hamburgers & ice cream
Walkaround – Psi Chi & Psychology Club will be selling “buck-eyes” and hot chocolate
Substance Use Disorders: Overview
Chapter 10
Hallucinogens: An Overview
Nature of Hallucinogens Substances that change the way the user perceives
the world May produce delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, and
altered sensory perception Specific neurobiological actions are unknown Examples include marijuana, LSD
Hallucinogens: An Overview
Marijuana Active chemical is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) May produce several symptoms (e.g., mood swings,
paranoia, hallucinations) Impairment in motivation is not uncommon (i.e.,
amotivational syndrome) Major signs of withdrawal and dependence do not
typically occur but can in some individuals
Hallucinogens: An Overview (cont.)
LSD and Other Hallucinogens d-lysergic acid diethylamide Tolerance tends to be rapid, and withdrawal
symptoms are uncommon Psychotic delusional and hallucinatory symptoms can
be problematic
Substance Use Disorders: Etiology
Chapter 10
Causes of Substance-Related Disorders:Social and Cultural Dimensions
Exposure to drugs is a prerequisite for use of drugs Drug availability in society
Legal v. illegal substances Prohibition never 100% successful
Media, family, peers Peer group especially important during time of peak
substance use – adolescence and young adulthood Parents and the family appear critical
The role of cultural factors Influence the manifestation of substance abuse Moderating influence upon individual risk factors
Causes of Substance-Related Disorders: Family and Genetic Influences
Results of family, twin, and adoption studies Substance abuse has a genetic component Much of the focus has been on alcoholism Genetic differences in alcohol metabolism
Ethnic and gender differences Multiple genes are involved in substance abuse Sensitivity to substance may be an important
inherited risk for developing problems
Alcohol Use Disorders and Genetic Influence
Children with one or more alcohol-dependent parents are 3 to 5 times more likely to develop alcohol dependence, 7 times more likely to develop alcohol abuse
Genetic influence particularly strong for “Type II alcoholics” Cloninger’s alcoholism typology:
Type I – later onset of drinking, more anxiety, unlikely to behave in an antisocial way when drinking
Type II – early onset drinking, little anxiety, more social consequences of drinking, associated with antisocial personality disorder
Type II alcoholism occurs at much higher rates among boys with alcohol dependent fathers
Causes of Substance-Related Disorders:Neurobiological Influences
Results of Neurobiological Research Drugs affect the pleasure or reward centers in the
brain The pleasure center – Dopamine, midbrain, frontal
cortex Some drugs directly affect this center – cocaine and
amphetamines Other drugs indirectly affect this center by interfering
with the performance of the inhibiting GABA system – alcohol and opioids
Neurotransmitters responsible for anxiety/negative affect may be inhibited
Causes of Substance-Related Disorders:Psychological Dimensions
Role of learning factors in development of disorder Initial use driven by positive reinforcement (high),
continued use by negative reinforcement (avoidance of withdrawal) – opponent process theory
Negative reinforcement could explain initial use as well
Tension reduction hypothesis Coping skills deficits hypothesis Self-medication hypothesis
Expectancies predict use and abuse Expectancies in young children predict later problems Expectancies among college students predict quantity
and frequency of use, and may account for acute effects
Exposure or access to a drug is necessary, but not sufficient Many use, relatively few develop problems
Drug use depends on social and cultural expectations
Drugs are usually initially used because of their pleasurable effects
Drugs are abused for reasons that are more complex The premise of equifinality Reasons for initial use not necessarily the same as
reasons for continued use Stress may interact with psychological, genetic, social,
and learning factors
An Integrative Model of Substance-Related Disorders