Annotated Bibliography of Reports:

Supplement No. 9

1 October 1976 -30 September 1977

NTOF

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Nav;al Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory

Pens~acola, Florida

SeDtember, 1977

Approved for public release; distribution unliimited.

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

AnnottdBbigahifRprs

Supplement No. 9&

1 Octjf 4076 - 3ýSepSMWbW4177

Approved by Rejftas b

Ashton Graybiel, M.D. Captain R. E. Mitchel, MC, USNAssistant for Scientific Programs (j~)Comrmanding Officer

30 SeplO~p47

Naval Aerospace Medical Research LaboratoryNaval Air Station

Pensacola, Florida 32508

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FOREWORDDocuments published at the Naval. Aerospace Medical Research

Laboratory (NAMRL) since 1 October 1976 are included in this ninth

annual supplement to the annotated bibliography of reports dated30 June 1.968.

All numbered reports have been approved for public release;distribution is unlimited. Requests for copies should be directedto the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield,Virginia 22151. Requests for reprints of open literature documentsshould be addressed to the author. .,

Rita S. McAllisterV.i

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Naval Medical Reqeprch and

Development Command

Work Unit Title of Task Page

MF51.524.002-5012 Predicting Motivational Change and Aero-nautical Adaptability among Navy andMarine Corps Aviation Trainees ... ......... 1-2

MF51.524.004-2011 Visual Acquisition Functions in OperationalEnvironments ... **** ..... 0 ....... ............. 2-3

MF51.524.004-5001 Performance Limits Imposed by Vestibular 3Responses in Moving Military Systems .......

MF51.524.015-0037 Behavioral Characteristics of Monkeys andRats Irradiated with Microwaves..#.......... 6

XSB09.ED6-B1 Chronic Exposure of Mammals to Non-ionizingElectric and Magnetic Fields; Physiological '

and Psychophysiological effects ............ 6-7

Special Report ......... . . ...... .. .. . .. ...... . .. .. .. .. 8

Open literature publications by staff memb~ers ................ 9-11

............................................... ...................... 12..

Work Unit

MF51.524.002-5012.1' Naval Aviation Attrition: 1950-1976. 8/30/77NAMRL-1237 Implications for the Development of

Future Research and Evaluation

Glenn R. Griffin and James D. Mosko

Abstract: Drop on request, or voluntary with-drawal, is a continuing major source ofattrition in the Navy.Aviation TrainingProgram. A major reason for studentvoluntary withdrawal is expressed asanxiety in the naval aviation trainingenvironment. Numerous research effortshave been conducted to analyze therelationship of stress and anxiety toattrition. Generally, these effortshave been unsuccessful, or partiallysuccessful at best, as an objective andreliable measure of anxiety has beenunavailable for use in research evalu-ations. A review of research literaturesuggests that:

a. High levels of anxiety may becasually related to performance, decrementand subsequent attrition.

b. Anrxiety is a behavior expressionor symptom of poor or inefficient studentperformance in the Navy aviation trainingprogram. I"Both hypotheses appear to warrant furtherresearch and evaluation.It is recomiended that new research efforts Ibe developed and funded that would dealwith anxiety as a causative factor, resultingin poor human performance in the aviatortraining environment. Previous researchindicates that certain anxiety producingenvironments occurring as an integral partof the present naval aviation trainingprogram may be utilized to identify anxietyoriented individuals of which substantialportions later attrite. It is appropriateto evaluate this aspect of behavior utilizingnew experimental concepts and .,ew measurement

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technology (voice analysis), to4 .objectively measure anxiety in a non-

intrusive manner and determine itsrelation to attrition.

It is recommended that additionulresearch and evaluation efforts beconducted to determine the relation-ship of symptomatic anxiety to at-trition. The high rates of voluntarywithdrawal and flight failure attritionin conjunction with the students' firstintroduction to the training aircraft(T-34B) and his transition to higherperformance training aircraft (T-2,T-28) suggest that perceptual psychomotor,selective and divided attention criteriawill be useful in the identification of *4

those individuals deficient in multilimbcoordination and those unable to synthe-size multiple cognitive and sensory

stimuli.This recommended research emphasizes

the evaluation of performance measures(rather than pencil-and-paper measures)which promise to be useful in the selectionof future aviation training populations.

The conduct of research to identifyindividuals who exhbit high levels ofstress or anxiety in early training situ-ations has potential in the development ofselection techniques to enhance the pre-diction of attrition prior to or very earlyin training. Such techniques would resultin a considerable reduction in the numberof individuals who fail to complete training,resulting in a considerable cost savingsto Navy aviation training.

MF51.524.004-2011.2 The Effect of Caffeine on Human Dark 4/30/77

NAMRl-1235 Adaptation(AD A043298)

Tommy R. Morrison and Gerald M. Long

Abstract: The consumption of caffeine by naval person-nel in the operational environment is ex-tensive and frequent. In particular, pilots,aircrewmen, watchstanders, and drivers oftenconsume coffee prior to their performance

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of missiono ,r task's at night. Thepresent two experiments were designedto investigate the i.ffrcts of caffeineupon the absolute detection thresholdsduring dark adaptation. Withincertain subjects ceffeine consumptionresulted !n lower c~tection thresholds.The caffeine enhancement effect wassignificant only during the portion ofdark adaptation following the rod-cone break. No evidence was foundfor a detrimetutal effect of caffeineon dark adaptation.

MF51.524.004-5001.18 Coriolis Cruss-Coupling Effects: 12/20/76NAMRL-1231 Disorent:ing and Nauseogenic or(AD A036899) Not?

Fred E. Guedry, Jr., and Alan J. Benson

Abstract: Nausea, vomiting, and disorientationare sometimes produced by head move-ments during turning maneuvers in air-craft. These responses are usuallyattributed to Coriolis cross-couplingstimulation of the vestibular rystam,although it has been indicated recentlythat many turning maneuvers of aircrafthave insufficient angular velocity togenerate such effects. The purpose ofthe study was to further distinguishconditions in which Coriolis cross-coupling effects are disorienting andnauseogenic from conditions in whichthey are neither disorienting nornauseogenic.

When head tilts ard executed duringan angular acceleration which commencesa turn, vestibular stimulation is neitherdisorienting nor nauseogenic. Duringconstant speed turns and during d*iceler-ation which stops such turns, Cortoliscross-coupling effects can be disorientingand nauseogenic if the angular velocityof the turning vehicle is of sufficientmagnitude at the time the head movementis made.

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4F51.524.004-5001.19 Visual Counteraction of Nauseogenic 2/16/77NAMRL-1232 and Disorienting Effects of some(AD A038767) Whole-Body-Motions--A Proposed

Mechanism

Fred E. Guedry, Jr.

Abstract: It has been indicated that the nause-o.,-nic and disorienting effects ofseveral kinds of provocative motionstimuli can be ameliorated by visualreference to the Earth. T1,e purposeof the present experiment is to in-vestigate a hypothesis concerning themechanism of this beneficial effect.

The results demonstrate thatthe aftereffects of large-fieldoptokinetic stimulation can nullifythe nauseogenic and disorientingeffects of Coriolis cross-coupledvestibular stimuli. It is hypothe-sized that large-field optokineticstimulation in a particular headplane modifies activity in the vestib,ular nuclei as though the emi-circular canals in that plane had beenstimulated. A previous study illus-trated that such semicircular canalstimulation would completely nullifythe disturbing effects of Corioliscross-coupled stimulation accordingto theoretical expectations. Theresults provide inferential supportfor tihe hypothesis and suggest thatpredictability of disorientation andn=iiseogenic disturbance are reasonablywell handled by current theory whenthe conditions of motion Are fairlywe&.l specified.

MF51.524.004-5001.20 Cond.tioned Suppression of Vestibular 3/30/77NAMRL-1233 Nystagmus with Visual Stimuli(AD A033937)

Richard D. Gilson, Charles W. Stockwell,and Fred E. Guedry, Jr.

Abstract: During sinusoidal whole-body oscillation,three tasks, two visual and one auditory,were presented, respectively, to threegroups of ten subjects each. Oscillationlasted a total of 10 minutes, with a

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frequency of 0.04 Hz and a peakvelocity of +120 deg/sec. Beforeand after this conditioning period,nystagmus recorded while subjects"were engaged in a visual compensa-tory tracking revealed a diminutionin slow phase velocity of nystagmusof 59 percent for one visual group"and 33 percent for the other.There was a 23 percent decrease inthe group with the auditory task.Pre- and post-nystagmus recordedin the dark before and afterconditioning showed an approximatelyequal reduction among the groupsof about 22 percent. A reductionin visual compensatory trackingerrors of approximately 21 percentwas found, also with no apparentdifference between groups. Subjectivereports, however, indicated that thevisual.groups had less blurringafter the conditioning even though ,

W this difference between groups wasnot reflected in the performance task.

MF51.524.004-5001.21 Nauseogenic Visual-Vestibular Inter- 3/30/77NAMRL-1234 action in a Visual Search TaskS(AD A039372) H. Jack Moore, J. Michael Lentz,

and Fred E. Guedry, Jr.

Abstract: This study describes the developmentof a Visual-Vestibular Interaction(VVI) test which may be useful in pre-dicting motion sickness susceptibilityin working situations aboard ship,aircraft, and other movIng vehicles.

The nauseogenic aspect of visualsuppression of the vestibulo-ocularnystagmus reflex was evaluated in threeexperiments. In approximately 5 percentof the subjects tested, motion sicknesssymptoms, including vomiting, developed.The establishment of individual sensi-tivities to this form of motion sicknessis noteworthy, not only because of thesimilarity of the visual task to applied

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performance, but it also provides abasis for investigating the typesof displays and visual leads en-countered in moving vehicles.

MF51.524.015-0037.2 Operant Behavior and Colonic Temper- 6/8/77NAMRL-1236 ature of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri(AD A043706) sciureus) during Microwave Irradiation

John 0. de Lorgot

Abstract: Contemporary reports in the scientificand popular press of potentiallyhazardous effects of exposure tomicrowaves require substantiation be-cause some Navy personnel contact avariety of microwave devices in communi-"cat-ion, warning and weapons systems.

Such putative effects preclude the useof man as a subject; hence, a series"of experiments with other primates,monkeys, has been initiated. Researchin our laboratory has established thatmicrowav2 irradiation gtzeater than62 mW/cm" disrupts behavior in rhesusSmonkeys. In an effort to extend the

9" generality of this finding squirrelmonkeys were exposed to microwaves. Thebehavior of squirrel monkeys on a vigi-lance task was disrupted by P0-or 60-minute exposures to 50 mW/cm and higherpower densities. This disruption in-creased with the increase in powerdensity. Under both durations of exposure, *1behavior was not consistently perturbeduntil colonic temperature changes ex-

ceeded 1C. Colonic temperaturesregularly increased beg:.nning at 10 mW/cmand were related in a nonlinear fashionto the power density with a markedacceleration between 40 and 50 mW/cm .

XSBO9.ED6.6-B1.2 Normal Hematological, Biochemical, 10/28/76NAMRL-ý1230 and Serum Electrolyte Values for a(AD A035228) Colony of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca

mulatta).

J. L. Kupper, M.J. Kessler, and L. L. Cook

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Abstract: To establish normal hematological,biochemical, and serum electrolyte

.3 ' values for rhesus monkeys housedat the Naval Aerospace MedicalResearch Laboratory, venipuntturewas performed on 56 male and 57female rhesus monkeys (Macacamulatta). Arithmetic means andstandard deviations are reportedfor each parameter for sex. Theresults are compared with pre-viously reported studies on rhesusmonkeys from other laboratories.

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Special Report

NAMRL 77-1 Interior Noise Levels in an 9/30/77Executive Helicopter

J.D. Mosko, W.C. Hixson, andA.N. Dennis, Jr.

Abstract: This report presents the resultsof inflight acoustic notsemeasurements made in threedifferent VH-3 series execu-tivc helicopters at therequest of Naval Air SystemsCommand (PMA-255). Magnetictape recordings and 1-octaveband dBA and dBC analyseswere made at four differentphysical locations within theaircraft under two differentflight conditions -- cruiseand hover. In addition, foreach cruise condItion, noisedata were collected with theaircraft air conditioningsystem operated in normalfashion or turned off. A Hewlett-Packard Model 5451B Fast FourierTransform Analyzer and anassociated one-third OctaveBand Analysis software pa.kagewere used to analyze the noisesamples recorded on tape. Theresults of this computeranalysis, one-third octavLband noise spectra covering the

20 Hz to 10 kHz frequencyrange, are separately plottedfor each of the 16 measurementconditions.

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OPEN LITERATURE PUBLICATIONS BY STAFF MEMBERS

Brown, D.D., Dormois, J.C., Abraham, G.N., Lewis, K., and Dixon, K.,Effect of Furosemide on the Renal Excretion of Digox!.n. ClinicalPharmacology and Therapeutics 20:395-400, October, 1976.

Brown, R.J., Kessler, M.J., and Kupper, J.L., Myocardial Fibrosarcoma_in Rhesus Monkey. Lab. Animal Scd. 27:524-525, 1977.

Brown, R.J., Cole, W.C., Berg, H.S., Chiang, H.S., Chang, P.C., andBanknieder, A.R., Nasal Adenocarcinoma in a Taiwan Macaque. Vet.Pathol. 14:294-296, 1977.

Brown, R.J., An Air Force veterinary officer finds unique researchopportunities in ASSIGNMENT: INDONESIA. USAF Medical ServiceDigest, pp. 25-27, January-February, 1977.

Collins, W.E., and Lentz, J.M., Some Psychological Correlates of Motion

Sickness Susceptibility. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 48:587-594, 1977.

Correia, M.J., Nelson, J.B., and Guedry, F.E., Antisomatogyral Illusion.Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 48:859-862, 1977.

Cramer, D.B., Graybiel, A., and Oosterveld, W.J., Successful Transfer ofrAdaptation Acquired in a Slow Rotation Room to Motion Environments in

". f Navy Flight Training. In: AGARD, CP-203, C2-1, Recent Advances in:til, 'SpacF- Medicine, 1976.

de Lorge, J.O., The Effects of Microwave Radiation on Behavior and Temper-ature in Rhesus Monkeys. In: C.C. Johnson and M.L. Sho.'e (Eds.),Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, Selected Papers of theUSNC/URSI Annual Meeting, Boulder, CO, October 20-23, 1975. (Vol.1).(U.S. Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,FDA, Bureau of Radiological Health. DHEW Publication No. (FDA) 77-8010)Washington, D.C., 1976, pp 158-174.

de Lorge, J.O., Review of Behavior and Learning by H. Rachlin. AAASScience Books and Films, Chapter XIII, p. 5, 1977.

de Lorge, J.O., Review of Particulars of My Life by B.F. Skinner. AAASScience Books and Films, Chapter XIII,pp. 5-6, 1977.

Ewing, C.L., Injury Criteria and Human Tolerance for the Neck. In:Aircraft Crashworthiness. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville,pp. 141-151, 1975.

. Ewing, C.L., Thomas, D.J., Lustick, L., Muzzy, W.H. III, and Majewski,P.L., The Effect of Duration, Rate of Onset and Peak -Gx Accelerationon Dynamic Response of the Human Head and Neck. Proceedings 20th StappCar Crash Conference, Paper 760800, pp. 3-41, 1976.

Frisch, G.D., O'Rourk, J., and D'Aulerio, L., The Effectiveness ofMathematical Models as a Human Analog. 1976 SAE National Auto-mobile Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting, Dearborn, Michigan,October 18-22, 1976, SP412 pp. 61-73.

Frisch, G.D., D'Aulerio, L., and O'Rourke, J,, Mechanism of Head andNeck Response to -Gx Impact Acceleration: A Math Modeling hpproach.Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 48:223-230, 1977.

Graybiel, A., The Prevention of Motion Sickness in Orbital Flight. In:

Sneath, P.H.A. (Ed.), COSPAR Life Sciences and Space Research XIV.Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1976, Pp. 109-118.

Graybiel, A., Knepton, J., and Shaw, J., Prevention of ExperimentalMotion Sickness by Scopolamine Absorbed Through the Skin. Aviat.Space Environ. Med. 47:1096-1100, 1976.

Graybiel, A., and Lackner, J.R., Comparison of Susceptibility to MotionSickness During Rotation at 30 rpm in the Earth-Horizontal, 10 Degrees

V Head-up, and 10 Degrees Head-Down Positions. Aviat. Space Environ.Med. 48:7-11, 1977.

Graybiel, A., and Knepton, J., Evaluation of a New Antinauseant Drugfor the Prevention of Motion Sickness. Aviat. Space Environ. Med.46:867-871, 1977.

Hadi, J.R., Stafford, E.E., Brown, R.J., and )ennis, D.T., Small MammalEctoparasites from Ancol, Jakarta, Indonesi:i. Research Notes: re-printed with editor's permission from Southaeast Asian J. Trop. Pub.Hlth. 7:487-489, September, 1976.

Johnson, W.H., Money, K.E., and Graybiel, A., Airborne Testing of ThreeAntimotion Sickness Preparations. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 47:1214-1216, 1976.

"Kessler, M.J., and O'Benar, J.D., Amelanosis in a Southern Toad (Bufoterrestris). Veterinary Medicine - Small Animal Clinician 72:638-639,

K, 1977.

Kessler, M.J., and Kupper, J.L., Obstructive Gastric Foreign Body in aRhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta). Lab.Animal Sci. 26:619-621, 1976.

Kessler, M.J., Kupper, J.L., and Brown, R.J., Accidental MethylMethacrylate Inhalation Toxicity in a Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta).Lab. Animal Sci. 27:388-390, 1977.

Lackner, J.R., and Graybiel, A., Somatosensory Motion After-EffectFollowing Earth-Horizontal Rotation About the Z-Axis: A New Illusion."Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 48:501-502, 1977.

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Lentz, J.M., and Collins, W.E,, Three Studies of Motion SicknessSusceptibility. FAA-AM-76-14. U.S. Dept, cf Transportation, FederalAviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine. Washington,D.C., 1976.

Lentz, J.M., Nystagmus, Turning Sensations, and Illusory Movement in

Motion Sickness Susceptibility. Aviat, Space Environ. Med. 47:931-936, 1976.

Lentz, J.M., Motion Sickness Susceptibility and Related BehavioralCharacteristics in Men and Women. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 48:587-594, 1977.

Muzzy, W.H. III, and Lustick, L., Comparison of Kinematic ParametersBetween Hybrid II Head and Neck System with Human Volunteers for -GxAcceleration Profiles. Proceedings 20th Stapp Car Crash ConferenceTransactions, Paper No. 760801, pp. 43-74.

O'Benar, J.D., Electrophysiology of Neural Units in Goldfish Optic Tectum.Brain Res. Bull. 1:529-541, 1976.

O'Benar, J.D., and Matsumoto, Y., Light-induced Neural Activity and

Muscle Contraction in the Marine Worm, (Golfingla gouldii). Compara-tive Biochemistry and Physiology, 55A:77-81, 1976.

Reno, V.R., and de Lorge, J.O., A Primate Restraint Device for use inMicrowave Biological Research. IEEE Transactions on BiomedicalEngineering, BME-17, 201-203, 1977.

Smith, A.W., Brown, R.J., Skilling, D.E., Bray, H.L., and Keys, M.C.,Naturally-Occurring Leptospirosis in Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinusursinus). J. Wildlife Dis. 13:144-148, 1977.

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AUTHOR INDEX

Abraham, G.N. -9 Lackner, J.R. - 10Lentz, J.M. - 5, 9, 11

Bankneider, A.R. - 9LeiK -9Benson, A.J. - 3 Long, G.M. -2Berg, H.S. - 9 Lustick, L. -9, 11Bray, H.L. - 11Brown, D.D. - 9 Majewski, P.L. -9Brown, R.J. - 9, 10, 11 Matsumato, Y. -11

Money, K.E. - 10Chang, P.C. - 9 Moore, H.J. - 5Chiang, H.S. - 9 Morrison, T.R. - 2Cole, W. C. - 9 Mosko, J.D. - 1, 8

X Collins, W.E. -9, 11 Muzzy, W,,H. 111 9, 11Cook, L.L. - 6Correia, M.J. -9 Nelson, J.B. - 9Cramer, D.B. -9

OtBenar, J.D. - 10, 11

D'Aulerio, L. -10 Oosterveld, W.J. - 9de Lorge, J. - 6, 9', 11'. O'Rourke, J. - 10

,-p,,Dennis, A.N., Jr. - 8Dennis, D.T. - 10 Reno, V.R. - 11

Dionmi, K.. - 9Dixoni, K.. - Shaw, J. - 10

Skilling, D.E. - 11Ewing, C.L. -9 Smith, A.W. - 11

Stafford, E.E. - 10Frisch, G.D. -10 Stockwell, C.W. -4

Gilson, R.D. -4 Thomas, D.J. -9Graybiel, A. -9, 10Griffin, G.R.-1Guedry, F.E., Jr. -3, 4,5, 9

i Hadi, J.R. - 10Hixson, W.C. - 8

Johnsn, W.. - 1

Kessler, M.J., 6, 9, 10Keys. M.C. -1

Knepton. J. -10

Kupper, J.L. -6, 9, 101

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Unclassified____SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ("oni Dota, Euntered)

REPORT DOCUMENTATiON PAGEREDNSRCOSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM

41.REPORT NUMBER 2 GOVT ACCESSION NO . RECPIET'SCATALOG NUMBER

4.TIT LE (an~d Subtitle) S. TYPE OF PEPOKT & PERIOD COVEREDAnnual supplement, 10/1/76

Annotated Bibliography of Repprts- through 9/30/77SupeetNo. 9 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

it..R( 8*. . CONTRACT OR OMAN T NUMBERIN(e)

Rita S.'McAllister

9.'P9RFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASKAPRA A WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory .,.-

Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL 32508 z-za- 3000

It. CTRLIGOFICE NAME AND ADDRESSNl edial Research & Development Command '~30 Sep gs',bKW77

National Naval Medical Center . , NUM6I1`"'OVBethesda, Maryland 20034 15

14, MONITORING AGENCY NAME 6 ADDRESS(lidlitfmnt from, Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS, (of this report)

Unclassified

IS.I, SDEFCL ASSI 'ICATION/ DOWNGRADING

IS, DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

I?, DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (af the abstract entered In Block 20, It diftevent fromi Report)

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IS. KEY WORDS (Continue on toyreves &)do it necessary and Identify by block number)Macaca mulatta, Rhesus monkeys; Veterinary me'dicine;.Disorientation; Corioliseffects; Vestibular stimulation; Aviator attrition; Stress; Anxiety; flight

Optokinatic stimulation; Vestibular Habituatiocn; Visual-vestibular interactio;

Caffeine, Red-cone break; Microwave effects; Operan'.: behavior; Vision.-tABSTRACT (Continue an reverea side if neceseeay and Identify by block numbov)

'07tocunments published at the Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory (NAI4RL)7' since 1 October 1976 are ircluded in this ninth annual supplement to the

annotated bibliography of reports dated 30 June 1968.

All numbered reports have been approved for public rele se; distribution isunlimited. Requests for reprints of open literature do uments should beaddressed to the author.1

DD I JO" 1473 EDITION OP' I NOV 05SIS OBSOLETE UnclassifiedS/N010-01.661 ISECURITY CLASSIPICATION OP THIS PAGE (When Date Mntled)

4..LHITYCLASIFI~rIN OP(HI ~AO(~a Dat 3Y

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