PRIMARY

"Big List of Red Fronts." Times­Herald: Washington's Independent Newspaper 8 Dec. 1947: n. pag. TheU.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Web.

A primary source published in 1947, this article reported that the Attorney General, Tom Clark, hadreleased a new list of subversive organizations. It is biased in support of him and the reporter wrotethat Clark "deserves some applause." It describes that the list served as a guide for all loyalAmericans. Reading this article gave us the insight that the list was information for the public. Aprecursor to a blacklist, it restricted the opportunities of many, regardless if they actually were a threat,or had had a minor association in the past. The article gave us raw evidence of Americans turning theirheads, and perhaps rightfully so, at all those who were involved in organizations that posed somepossible threat. As well as narrow context about the roots of McCarthyism, this passage also helpedus further understand our topic's relationship to the theme: The FBI was involved in the investigation ofthese organizations, and this responsibility fit into the FBI's general role of investigation and was alsoappointed by the government.

Churchill, Ward, and Jim Vander Wall. The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's SecretWars Against Domestic Dissent. Boston, MA: South End, 1990. Print.

The COINTELPRO initiative was a vital part to the FBI's anti­ subversive actions. The records of itare published in this book, with insightful commentary from the authors, who have both written bookson this subject before. The commentary is biased because it portrays the FBI as essentially evil, andmakes it's actions seem unnecessary, like the FBI did not have the responsibility to go that far. Evenso, the images of the COINTELPRO records have provided us with strong primary sources that giveinformation on the FBI's secret activities.

"Death for A­Spies: Rosenbergs Get Top Penalty in Atom Trial." Universal­International News. N.d.Public Domain Archival Stock Footage. Easy Street Productions, LLC. Web.

While researching, we often saw the case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg mentioned, but did not lookmuch into it. We concluded that it was necessary to gain this narrow context about how there was realthreat of Soviet spies and how it contributed to the fear. This public newsreel aired in 1951 as theRosenberg case ended and appears to have no bias. However, one could argue that is against theRosenbergs, as they claimed innocence. We learned that the Rosenbergs leaked secrets to the SovietUnion during the Cold War. After viewing this, we have a better understanding of this case and willunderstand references to it and how it validated fear.

"Domino Theory Principle, Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1954." Domino Theory Principle, Dwight D.Eisenhower, 1954. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.<http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst306/documents/domino.html>.

Eisenhower's Domino Theory was an important part of how American's approached Communismduring the Second Red Scare. This primary source is the text of Eisenhower explaining this theory toreporters. We found it on Michigan State University's online archives, and we have been able to locate

the same text in other places as well, which leads us to believe it is legitimate. Additionally, this textprovided us with narrow context, on how McCarthyism fit into Communism in America.

Evans, M. Stanton. "The Truth About Joseph McCarthy & "McCarthyism"" Interview by Howard Philips.Youtube. Conservative Caucus, 19 Nov. 2012. Web.<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV4qiFNmtn8>.

Evans was a college student during the McCarthy era. He now owns the FBI files from the McCarthyTrials. He is a conservative, and the interview is published by a conservative organization.Throughover a decade of collecting evidence, Evans claims he has proved that Senator Joe McCarthy wasright about Soviet Agents in the U.S. government Evans justifies Senator McCarthy's hardcoreanticommunism and actions. He denies that rights of innocent civilians were restricted, because factthey were soviet agents. He believed the threat of communism was real and that it was America's andthe FBI's responsibility to combat it. This source is clearly biased which is important to give us adeeper understanding of why the government and FBI felt so responsible to rid the nation of Sovietand communist threat.

"Home." Our Documents ­. U.S. Department of State's Information USA Website, n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2013.

The transcripts and actual images of Joseph's McCarthy's censure after the Welch­McCarthy hearingsprovide us with formal evidence of why McCarthy was censured for his acts while in court. McCarthywas condemned of acting contrary to senatorial tradition and ethics. In these documents, detaileddescriptions of his wrongdoings are provided with quotations of his words during the court sessionwhich led him to being censured. We know that this source is credible because it is a primary sourceof records from the U.S. Department of State that displays and provides transcripts of the originallegal document used in 1954.

Hoover, John Edgar. Interview by George Smathers. Florida Memory. Florida Department of State, ca.1960. Web. <http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/232413>.

This public filmed interview by a Florida senator was found in the Florida Department of State onlinearchive. It took place just several years after the plight of the McCarthy era. John Edgar Hoover wasthe director of the FBI, which had a major role in investigating suspected Communist subversionduring the Second Red Scare. The interview displays his paranoia towards a forceful Communisttakeover. It shows that even though the scare was over, individuals still felt threatened. The interviewgave us one primary example of the fear and hatred of communism that lingered on afterMcCarthyism. It showed that the Red Scare survived for more than the span of about six years inwhich McCarthy had the United States in the palm of his hand.

Hoover, John Edgar. "“Testimony Before the House Committee on Un­American Activities." Washington,D.C. 26 Mar. 1947. Speech.

The House Committee on Un­American Activities (HUAC) was a subcommittee of the United StatesHouse of Representatives. It was established in 1938 to investigate suspected disloyalty andsubversiveness. This primary source gave us vital information regarding rights and responsibilities. J.

Edgar Hoover led the FBI during the Second Red Scare. To HUAC, he listed the responsibilities theFBI had to protect the United States from Communism, which solely included investigation. He alsoexplained why actions needed to be taken and why it was the FBI and the government's responsibility.

Matthews, J.B. "Reds and Our Churches." The American Mercury (1953): 3­14. UNZ.org. Web. 21 Sept.2013. <http://www.unz.org/Pub/AmMercury­1953jul­00003>.

J.B. Matthews was McCarthy's research director, so it came as no surprise when we read this articleand found out it was incredibly biased. It portrayed anti­ communists as heroes and communists,specifically clergymen, as enemies. It was interesting to read an article from the McCarthyism era, togive me an idea of what influenced the people of that time. Even though this article was mainlyattacking clergymen, it did have some quotes from FBI director J Edgar Hoover, which helped toshow how involved he was during the whole era.

The McCarthy Years. Prod. Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly. By Russ Bensley. Dir. Sam Roberts.CBS, Inc., 1991. DVD.

As a collection of primary sources with some commentary by a CBS News anchor, this documentaryallowed for us to make our own conclusions about the material. It provided first hand videos ofspeeches that showed us how McCarthy infringed on people's rights. It also gave personal stories ofpeople who's lives were affected by him. Although it did not talk about the FBI, Morrow'scommentary gave simple broad context of how McCarthyism fit into Communism. Upon researchingEdward R. Morrow we discovered that he is a "great" of broadcast journalism, and he set thestandard for many others. This documentary, in addition, won an Emmy which confirmed for us that itis a strong and reliable source.

"McCarthy­Welch Exchange During the Army­McCarthy Hearings ­ Online Speech Bank."McCarthy­Welch Exchange During the Army­McCarthy Hearings ­ Online Speech Bank.American Rhetoric, 2001. Web. 11 Sept. 2013.

We found this source off of the American Rhetoric website that had a page with links to the top onehundred speeches in America. The website's creator is a graduate of the University of Texas and hashis PhD in speech and communication. The McCarthy­Welch Exchange was ranked on the site as theninety­ninth best political speech in America in the 20th century. The speech is famous for exposingthe recklessness of McCarthy in his pursuit to rid the U.S. of communism during the Cold War Era.This primary source included a video of the actual supreme court hearing with a transcript. For us, thissource is great evidence to support the actions of McCarthy including his abuse of responsibility as anFBI leader when accusing people like Mr. Welch with almost no or illegally obtained evidence.

N.d. Photograph. The National Archives. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 6Oct. 2013.

Taken from a Times­Herald Washington's Independent Newspaper clipping published on December8, 1947, this primary source provided hands on knowledge about the names of "red" organizationsand schools around the time of the Second Red Scare released by Attorney General Tom C. Clark.

This clipping provides us with specific details that include the names of certain organizations possiblyassociated with communism that will allow us to do further research on our topic. The rights of manyof these organizations were infringed upon, and we can use these specific cases to support our thesisabout the Second Red Scare and McCarthyism. We know that this source is credible since it is an anational archive and official record of the House of Representatives.

Schiff Shannon, Dorothy. Personal interview. 28 Oct. 13.

Dorothy Schiff Shannon gave us interesting insight to what the actual McCarthy era was like. Whenshe was in college her teacher was brought before HUAC, and many other people she had heard ofwent through the same thing. She was biased against Communists, which makes sense because shedid have a reason to distort, since her teacher was someone who was affected. Her stories about "fifthamendment communists" spurred us to do more research in that topic, which added to our argumentgreatly. Overall, she was very helpful for adding small bits of information to make our argument better.

"Speech Explaining the Communist Threat | Teaching American History." Teaching American History.Ashland University, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.

In our search to see both perspectives of the ethics in the FBI's actions after the Second Red Scare,we found the transcripts of Senator McCarthy's speech on the Teaching American History websitesponsored by Ashland University. On the topic of Communist Threat in America, McCarthy spoke onJune 2, 1950 about his of opinion toward communists and expressed his concern of America falling tocommunism. We found that McCarthy's concern actually matched up to many Americans' concern ofthe spread of communism where China would fall, then the Pacific (Asia), and finally America. SeeingMcCarthy's reasoning for his radical action in a public speech, we know that his words may not benecessarily accurate of his true opinion or motives since he wanted to be voted into office at the timeof his speech. However, this source is a reliable, primary source that gave us further perspective onour topic.

Spina, Pasquale. Personal interview. 11 Nov. 2013.

Pasquale Spina joined the United States military at age fourteen in 1943 because of his strongpatriotism during the Second World War. He was in the army during the Second Red Scare, andstated that anyone who was in the army had felt the responsibility to protect America from all threats,which at that time included Communism. Even though he was aware that much of the fear was causedby propaganda and exaggeration by the government, he believed there always was a threat of acommunist takeover. He talked to us about the Great Depression and it causing many to join theCommunist Party in their younger years, which guided our research towards this broad context. Hecriticized Communism as a whole, explaining how the ideology of equality was good, but in reality ithas proven to fail. A reason to distort could have been his patriotism, which often correlated withanti­communism. However, he also mentioned the aggressive assumptions of McCarthy and hisfollowers, showing his understanding of both sides of the story. Spina's remarks gave us a primarysource from a military point of view, which we had not yet researched, and also pointed us in thedirection of the Fifth Amendment rights and propaganda.

"The Truth About J. Edgar Hoover." TIME 22 Dec. 1975: n. pag. TIME.com. TIME Inc. Web. 14 Oct.2013.

As J. Edgar Hoover's career and life came to an end, it became apparent to the American Public thathis motives were twisted and that he was power hungry and selfish. TIME magazine published thisarticle following his death, and suggested that could have " cared less about crime than aboutperpetuating his crime­busting image." Learning about Hoover's secretive actions showed us that hewas less concerned with protecting civil rights than power. The parts of the article that focused on the1940s and 1950s gave us narrow context about how Hoover and the FBI restricted rights ofAmericans, such as wiretapping. The article most definitely shows bias against Hoover because itfocuses on wrongdoings and scandal and the title implies what is said is true; it offers no counterarguments. It is a secondary source that does include quotes from men who knew Hoover.

United States. Department of Justice. The USA Patriot Act: Preserving Life and Liberty. N.p.: n.p., n.d.Web. 6 Dec. 2013. <http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/what_is_the_patriot_act.pdf>.

The USA Patriot Act is vital to our argument on how McCarthyism lives on today with acts similar tothose enacted during the era. The Act is a prime example of this argument, and since it was publishedfrom the Department of Justice online we know it is credible and a real primary source. Although theact is so recent, it still helps us as a primary source since it is a government publication that shows howmany themes from the McCarthyism era are still around today.

United States. Executive Order 9835. By Harry S. Truman. N.p.: n.p., 1947. The American PresidencyProject. Web. 05 Oct. 2013. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=75524>.

The loyalty review programs formed by this executive order were vital to the FBI's developmentduring the McCarthy Era. Through these programs, government agencies had to submit the names ofsuspicious people to the FBI to be investigated. In many of our sources, this executive order is talkedabout, so we were happy to be able to read the full text. The American Presidency Project, where thetext came from, is a reliable database with many other documents published by American presidents.The order was biased heavily against Communists, as could be expected. Even so, it gave us primaryinformation on the Loyalty Review Boards run by the FBI.

United States. Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950. By Sam Rayburn and Alben W. Barkley. N.p.:U.S. Statutes at Large, 81st Cong., II Sess., n.d. ROHAN. San Diego State University. Web. 5 Oct.2013. <http://www­rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/polsciwb/brianl/docs/1950InternalSecurityAct.pdf>.

The McCarran Internal Security Act was one of the most important pieces of legislation from theMcCarthy era. This document gave us the information that many of our other sources had beenalluding or referring to. Being a primary source, this document was bias­ free, and gave us the abilityto form our own argument about it. We accessed this source through a college database, which is veryreliable. This document will be a key part of our argument, as it shows in text how the government feltresponsible for dealing with "subversives".

United States. Veto of the Internal Security Bill. By Harry S. Truman. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Truman Library ­

Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman. 22 Sept. 1950. Web. 05 Oct. 2013.<http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=883>.

In response to the proposed Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, Harry Truman wrote a vetoto congress. The text of the veto is significant to history because it shows the other side of theargument, of how the act would hurt the American population rather than help it. Additionally itprovides insights the text of the act did not. The Truman Library and Museum, where we found thetext is a reliable database that includes many documents pertinent to Truman's presidency.

"VENONA Documents ­ April 1945." Venona Documents. National Security Agency, 15 Jan. 2009. Web.29 Sept. 2013. <http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/venona/apr_1945.shtml>.

The Venona Telegrams that were decoded by the American government were key pieces of evidencethat led to the arrest of many. They were kept classified until recently, and now they can be seen onthe NSA's website, which leads us to believe they are legitimate. The telegrams do not provide muchcontext surrounding our subject, but as a primary source they are biased commentary free and theyshow us cause behind much of the FBI's feeling of responsibility. The NSA website in general hasimpressed us, and its vault of primary documents has proved to be a jackpot.

"Video: The File and McCarthyism: A Personal Odyssey | Watch The Open Mind Online | PBS Video." PBSVideo. The Open Mind, 03 Aug. 1984. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

We were very excited to find this source of an interview of a personally affected by an investigationdone on him, as a communist living in America during the McCarthy period. This video gave usreal­life situation evidence of McCarthyism. The interviewee, Penn Kimball, lived in America as anon­conformist; a democrat and supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal. Although the breadth of thisvideo concerns itself mostly around Kimball's publishing of his book The File, the video provided uswith words of a person who actually lived through the area. However, we did note that there is a largebias in this video, since the interviewee spoke against McCarthy and America's unfair security system,driven by his passion for the subject that personally affected him. We found this video on the PBSwebsite, a credible and strong site about public broadcasting. This source is a primary source of aperson who lived through the McCarthy era, speaking on account of his own stories and experiences.

"Wisconsin Historical Images." Wisconsin Historical Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2013.<http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/feature/mccarthy/timeline.asp>.

McCarthy's life starting from birth to death and major events in his lifetime are all documented in thisone source, date by date. The Wisconsin Historical Society published McCarthy's Career timeline in aconcise yet detailed online manner. From this secondary source, we were able to see where eventslike the McCarthy­Army hearing fit into the bigger picture of McCarthy's life as well as gather contextabout McCarthy's early life. Using this source, we were further able to chronologically discover howMcCarthy allowed the FBI to infringe upon common rights of Americans. We know that the websiteis credible since it is a state government­run website created to provide a database for research.

SECONDARY

"The Atom Spy Case." FBI. FBI, 21 May 2010. Web. 13 Oct. 2013.<http://www.fbi.gov/about­us/history/famous­cases/the­atom­spy­case>.

Much of the cause of McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare stems from trials and events such asthe Rosenberg trial. This web page published by the FBI gave us thorough information which gave usinsight into how the government came about feeling the responsibility to act in response to suspectedCommunists. It was from cases like these that made the public and the government very wary ofSoviet threats. Since the webpage was published from the FBI we trust that the information is correct.We also have noticed a bit of bias, since it shows none of the opposing argument that may have madethe Rosenbergs seem innocent.

"A Brief History of the FBI." The FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation. U.S. Government, n.d. Web. 11Sept. 2013. <http://www.fbi.gov/about­us/history/brief­history:>.

The FBI provides a chronological history of its development and important events, with a large portionon the anti­communist affairs of the mid­twentieth century. It is extremely biased public source andhardly recognizes that it is at fault in any way. However, it is important to include this point of view inour research and learn why the FBI found it so important and beneficial to America to carry out theiractions during the McCarthyist era. This source was helpful to understand why the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation felt responsible to investigate suspected communists. Even regarding the execution ofJulius and Ethel Rosenberg, which most people disdain, the FBI almost justifies. This source made useven more aware of the importance to continue researching sources from varied points of view inorder to have a better understanding of our topic.

"The Chinese Revolution of 1949." Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State, n.d. Web. 25 Oct.2013. <http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945­1952/ChineseRev>.

This unbiased article on the Chinese Revolution helped provide us with very credible, in depth, andaccurate information. We were interested in the Chinese Revolution because we wanted to see how itfed into the American fears of Communism, and this article helped to explain how the expansion ofCommunism frightened Americans. Since the article was published by the U.S. Department of Statewe know that it is reliable, and we were pleasantly surprised to find how unbiased it is. Perhaps bestof all, is that the website gives recommended links to events around that time period, so it will helplead us to other valuable information.

"The Cold War." John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2013.<http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK­in­History/The­Cold­War.aspx>.

This informative article is posted by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. It is anestablished organization that students and scholars often refer to because of their rich source of midnineteenth century America. Since it is published by an American organization, the facts about theCold War may be slightly biased, however, it does not appear to be overpowering. The article wasover two pages of secondary source text. Reading about the Cold War gave us broad context aboutthe Second Red Scare. It informed us of the causes of the cold war and of the intense tensions

between the Soviet Union and the United States, both which contributed to McCarthyism.

DeLauder, Jesse. "The Seattle Seven: The Smith Act Trials in Seattle (1952–1958)." Communism inWashington State: Toward a History of Washington State Communism. Pacific Northwest Laborand Civil Rights History, Apr. 2008. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.

Sponsored by the University of Washington, the Pacific Northwest Labor and Civil Rights Historywebsite led us to a page of anticommunist trials during the McCarthy era in Washington State. Onetrial, called the Seattle Seven, gave us specific evidence of the FBI's questionable accusations againstseven members of the Washington Press Union who were acclaimed "communist." In these trials, theFBI used the Smith Act to justify their accusations of the citizens, who had advocated an overthrow ofthe American government, but had not yet taken action. However, the FBI felt that under the SmithAct, they were responsible for making sure that any subversive activities were monitored andcontrolled. Under this foundation, the FBI's attempt resulted in protest and an invasion of rights intothe lives of these seven, creating a situation questionable of legality on the government's part. Thissecondary source also provided us with real images from the trials as well as transcripts from the courthearings to support its credibility.

The Development of FBI Domestic Intelligence Investigations. Rep. N.p.: n.p., n.d. AARC LIbrary,1975. Web. 22 Sept. 2013.<http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/pdf/ChurchB3_7_Development.pdf>.

Although in this massive report only a few pages related to our topic, we found it rather helpful. Ithelped to provide context for the FBI side of our argument, not just the McCarthyism side. It wasslightly biased against intelligence agencies, but even so it provided lots of facts that may be useful forour argument. In addition to the sources being cited in the report, we have read some of the sameinformation in other sources, which increases the credibility of this report. This report was included in aseries of reports giving critical information of US intelligence agencies. The AARC LIbrary, where itwas found, has over 1500 reports and books online from throughout American history.

Gordon, Tom. The Story of Us. Issue brief. Northwest Michigan College, 2010. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.<https://www.nmc.edu/tgordon/storyofus/hst112/9_a­cold­era/2nd­red­scare.html>

The website page we found this source on was a cumulative timeline of American events dating fromyears 1845 to 1965. The author was Tom Gordon, and the page was sponsored by NorthwesternMichigan College who published this website in 2010. Throughout the website, the Cold War andreconstruction era were summarized in a brief paragraph or two. The one we specifically read intowas about the Second Red Scare and gave us a basic overview of who McCarthy was. We found thisparagraph to be informative but bias, with comments that strongly condemned McCarthy and hisactions. However, we were able to learn a lot of information about McCarthy's "reign of terror" andhow it abruptly came to an end. This site provided a broad context picture that well summarized theSecond Red Scare from its provocation to its end.

Guariglia, Matthew. "Visions of Red." Visions of Red. Wordpress, 27 May 2007. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.<http://blogs.dickinson.edu/hist­fbi/tag/citizens­commission­to­investigate­the­fbi/>.

A secondary source published in 2012, this blog sponsored by Wordpress has un­biased informationgathered from credible outside sources that are composed into a clear, well­supported article.However, this source was not very helpful in broadening our general knowledge of our topic. Itdiscussed the fall of McCarthyism as a result of the public's discovery of the COINTELPRO programlaunched under McCarthy's leadership. Fortunately, is provided us with an image of a newspaperclipping that is a primary source we can use as a visual for our website. We were also able to getsome small details in an area that we hadn't read a lot about yet. We were able to get a sense of theFBI's actions in overestimating and abusing their responsibilities that were taken to an inappropriatelevel and how it directly infringed on people's rights to privacy.

Herman, Arthur. Joseph McCarthy : Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most HatedSenator. N.p.: Free, 1999. Print.

This biography of sorts gave great insight into McCarthy's life. This was both a blessing and a curse,because although it gave detailed information on how he infringed on people's rights, it did not talknearly at all about the FBI. Also, it was extremely biased, making McCarthy seem like a villain inAmerican History while showing how significant he was. This book did not provide much contextsurrounding our actual topic, the second red scare, but more surrounding McCarthy's life. The author,Arthur Herman is a history professor at George Mason University, and the author of a few otherhistory books, which helps to reassure us that it is a reliable book. Additionally, there is a bibliographyin the back, which will help lead us to other sources.

Hoyt, Alia. "How McCarthyism Worked." HowStuffWorks. How Stuff Works Inc, n.d. Web. 12 Sept.2013. <http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical­figures/mccarthyism.htm>.

The How Stuff Works website brought us to a page about McCarthyism that provided a broad, wellorganized, and decently detailed eight­page overview of Joseph McCarthy's rise and fall of power andthe background of McCarthyism. How Stuff Works is a website sponsored by Discovery Company.The goal of the site is to provide a "credible, unbiased, and easy­to­understand explanation of how theworld actually works." Alia Hoyt is a credible contributing author of the website with an unbiasedperspective. Through this online source, we were able to obtain context and commentary ofMcCarthyism that put the topic into a bigger picture and elaborated on some important concepts andtopics involved in McCarthyism such as the First and Second Red Scare. Along the way, the articlewas able to point me to other website with credible information and primary sources. We were able tofind an outside source that even showed modern significance in the concept of McCarthyism. We arevery pleased with and confident in this source as a whole.

Johnson, Haynes. The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism. Orlando: Harcourt, 2005. Print.

This source provides a narrative as well as historical commentary by Haynes Johnson, a Pulitzer Prizerecipient for journalism. It provided some broad context of the cold war, but more importantly narrowcontext of the origins of McCarthyism. The narrative ends around the time of McCarthy's death,followed by an extensive portion on the legacy of this time period.The book's story is told through "thelens of its relevance to our own time," which gave us on the significance of McCarthyism in American

history. It was written in 2003 when Americans feared terrorism rather than communism, but Johnsonrelates the two times of anxiety closely. In both situations, he argues, our civil liberties and Constitutionare at stake because of this widespread fear.

Joseph, Hyder P. "Espionage Information." McCarthyism ­. Advameg Inc., 2013. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.

We found this source when searching for information on McCarthy's success in investigating andarresting organizations or people. Within the few specific details in this online source, we were able tofind broad information on an investigation McCarthy had conducted, called the Overseas LibraryProgram. We had never heard of this before so we found this to be a key part of the usefulness of thissource. We know that the source is probably bias since it is from a website that exemplifies espionagecommitted throughout world history. However, the information we got from it was fact so we knowthat it is not as swayed as other parts of the article. This secondary source is credible since it is writtenby a knowledgeable attorney from Jacksonville, Florida who had a degree in history.

"Joseph R. McCarthy." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2013.<http://www.history.com/topics/joseph­mccarthy>.

Being a relatively brief but detailed overview, this online article from The History Channel gave me asolid understanding of what McCarthyism was. The History Channel, which has been airing for 18years now, published many articles online that provide accurate and valuable information. Although itdid not talk about the development of the FBI, it expanded upon how Senator McCarthy infringed onthe rights of many which was very interesting. The article also included links for recommended articleson the same or similar subjects, which will help further research. The History Channel in general hasproved to be a quality place for information.

Lichtman, Robert M. The Supreme Court and McCarthy­era Repression: One Hundred Decisions.Urbana: University of Illinois, 2012. Google Books. University of Illinois Press. Web.

Although we have been discussing often that citizen's rights were infringed upon, while making thisgeneralization diagram, it became clear that we needed more samples." The Supreme Court andMcCarthy­era Repression" gave us just the narrow context we needed about specific cases during theMcCarthy era. This public secondary source has little reason to distort and supports its argumentswith laws and rules that were broken or decisions were made under in the Supreme Court. It will helpus further our understanding of rights and responsibilities by giving us information on rights violations.Robert M. Lichtman is a Washington, D.C. lawyer for nearly thirty years that has practiced in SanFrancisco since 1986.

"McCarthy Era." Tracked in America:. ALCU, 2012. Web. 06 Oct. 2013.

The Tracked in America Website, credible by sponsorship of the the American Civil Liberties Union,was a very useful source to us in several ways. The website provided us with a chronological timelineof major events surrounding and during the McCarthy Era. Most of these events are known to us, butthe timeline put them in an easily comprehensible format that gives us an idea on what we need tofurther research and what we already know a lot about. This website also provided us with primary

sources of the personal stories from Vincent and Conn Hallinan, Eric Hellangren, and CharlesMuscatine, all of whom had their rights infringed by FBI investigations and the HUAC. Their storieswere portrayed through pictures and recordings of their personal experiences of feeling as though theywere constantly under FBI surveillance.

McDonough, John. "Reliving The Scare: Looking Back On 'Red Channels'" NPR. NPR, 22 June 2010. Web.06 Oct. 2013.

We found this secondary source on the NPR website, as an audio broadcast with transcripts.Although the recording was just a short five minutes, we were able to gather firsthand knowledgeabout the Red Channels during the early fifties and their subtle, yet damaging effects on the lives ofmany famous people during the McCarthy Era. Through the personal story of Marsha Hunt, a victimof the Red Channel's claims, we learned about the dirty ways that the FBI would accuse people basedon little evidence, and the struggle people had of trying to have their name cleared once they, orsomeone in their family, had been accused. The NPR website is a highly credible source with noreason to distort information, and claims that its mission is to "create a more informed public."

Robarge, David. Rev. of Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counterintelligence But Promoted thePolitics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years. Intelligence in Recent Public Literature n.d.: n.pag. Central Intelligence Agency. Web. 6 Oct. 2013.<https://www.cia.gov/library/center­for­the­study­of­intelligence/csi­publications/csi­studies/studies/vol47no3/article07.html>.

David Robarge is on the CIA history staff. This government sponsored secondary source is a reviewof "Chasing Spies" which focuses mainly on the FBI's transgressions during the McCarthyism years.Robarge tends to agree with Athan Theoharis in that the FBI's actions were ineffective because theywere illegal and wrongly aimed. The review provided several vital quotes from the book, in mostprobability, the strongest points of the book. Although Robarge criticizes the book's explanation ofHoover's impact on the current FBI and failure to answer all questions, we focused mainly on theinformation that was provided in the review. Not many of our previous sources had information on thewrongdoings of the FBI constitutionally, and had focused on the effects on civilian life. This reviewpointed us in the direction of investigating further the FBI's illegal actions and how they stunted theirsuccess.

Roberts, Sam. "A Decade of Fear: How 'McCarthyism' Turned American against American in the Decadeafter World War II." New York Times Upfront. Student Edition, 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 28 Sept.2013.

The author of this online magazine source, Sam Roberts, is the New York Times' Correspondent ofUrban Affairs and graduated from Cornell University in 1968. Roberts has received numerousawards, such as the Peter Khiss Award, for his reporting and journalism skills, as well as thepublishing of his many books. This secondary source gave me additional insight into Joe McCarthyand his affect on turning Americans against each other during his "witch hunt." It also provided me withinsightful context about the First Red Scare during before the McCarthy's "reign," as well as othercases of McCarthyism present before and after the term was coined. Dating back to 1798, we were

also able to see how John Adam's creation of the Alien and Sedition Acts created an environmentwhere someone like McCarthy could continually feed off of fear of the people and justify hislawfulness in accusing communists without evidence. I also was able to read about Bush and his closeencounter with McCarthyism after the 9­11 attacks. I was able to recognize from this article thatMcCarthyism seems to thrive when America feels endangered by foreign terrorist threats and panic inthe midst of finding a safe solution. This panic causes them to assume higher responsibilities than theywould normally need to have, often infringing on personal rights of others to ensure their own safety.

Schmidt, Regin. Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919­1943.Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, University of Copenhagen, 2000. Print.

This incredibly in­ depth book was not quite what we expected. The book was nearly all on the FirstRed Scare, with only a chapter at the end giving information on the Second Red Scare. It did,however, end up being very helpful by identifying other sources and giving important contextinformation on how McCarthyism fit into the Red Scares in America. Since the book included manyannotations and all of the sources cited, we believe it provided us with accurate information, and it hada surprisingly small amount of bias. The author, Regin Schmidt, is a researcher at the University ofCopenhagen in the history department, and this book was chosen for the Choice OutstandingAcademic Books in 2002.

Schrecker, Ellen. "The Growth of the Anti­Communist Network." St. Martin's Press, May 2007. Web. 14Oct. 2013. <http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/anticom­network.html>.

Ellen Schrecker, the author of this excerpt, has proven herself to be one of the leading experts on ourtopic. In this excerpt, she provided thorough context information on how McCarthyism fit into anticommunism in America. It was slightly biased towards believing that the government overreacted. Italso gave us insight as to why the government felt the responsibility to act on the littlest suspicions.Schrecker explains how the American fear of Communist had been around for a while before even thefirst red scare, but when it really got out of control was during McCarthyism.

Schrecker, Ellen. Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Boston: Little, Brown, 1998. Print.

Ellen Schrecker is widely recognized as a leading historian on McCarthyism. After earning herdoctorate at Harvard University, she has taught at five universities, including three Ivy League schools.Her most famous work, "Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America", was published in 1998and draws on many primary sources. Schrecker lived through the Second Red scare, and has beendescribed as "the dean of the anti­anti­Communist historians." The book definitely is written with anegative tone towards McCarthyism and its infringement on civil liberties, but does not deny that theUnited States faced some threat. This source provided extensive narrow content about McCarthyism'sactions and effects. The book contains photographs and numerous specific examples which will helpus understand our topic as a whole, but also give us specific and notable information. It also gave usample insight on the long lasting impact that this era had on America.

Schrecker, Ellen. "McCarthyism: Political Repression and the Fear of Communism." Social Research 71.4(2004): 1­27. ELibrary. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.

Ellen Schrecker, the author of a few other very helpful articles, has once again produced an essay thatgave us intelligent and accurate information. This article, a scholarly journal, included numerous storiesof different people who's rights were infringed by the government because the government felt it had aresponsibility to act. It gave ample narrow context, explaining how the Second Red Scare fit intoCommunism as a whole. Lastly, Schrecker included her works cited at the end, which will help lead usto many primary sources.

Schrecker, Ellen. "Communism and National Security: The Menace Emerges." The Age of McCarthyism: ABrief History with Documents. N.p.: St. Martin's, 1994. N. pag. Modern American Poetry.University of Illinois. Web. 22 Sept. 2013.<http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/mccarthy/schreker1.htm>.

This excerpt by Ellen Schrecker is a public secondary source. As an established historian on this timeperiod, Schrecker appears to have no reason to distort. The passage explains how Communist spieswere a real threat and that sabotage was possible. It also suggests that many accusations wereexaggeration which concerned policymakers. This accounted for a crack­down on unions. This sourcehelped us answer the question "why?" regarding the strict policies enacted during the Second RedScare. It made us more aware of the threat to national security that communists did pose, but also thatthe exaggeration restricted the rights of many innocent citizens.

Schroeder, Christy. "Red Scare Propaganda in the United States: A Visual and Rhetorical Analysis." Thesis.Georgia State University, 2007. English Honors Theses. Department of English at Digital Archive atGeorgia State University. Web.

Christy Schroeder's thesis provides an in depth discussion on propaganda and the two Red Scares inAmerican history, but we only focused on the Second Red Scare portions. Although there is noapparent reason to distort, it inevitably seems critical of the American government for usingpropaganda. It is a secondary source, and although Schroeder was a student when this was publishedso shows little past reliability, this work has been accepted for inclusion in English Honors Theses.Thissource gave us insight on how propaganda was used to create a widespread American hatred and fearof communism. Schroeder provides propagandist images and explains specific elements that wereused to make communists look inferior and evil. It also discussed civil rights, and how althoughAmerica portrayed itself as pluralistic and progressive, in reality the civil rights of many were violated.

"Senator Joe McCarthy and the Red Scare." Mount Holyoke College, n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2013.<http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~lillsie/McCarthyism/homepage.html>.

Although this source hardly mentioned the FBI, it gave valuable in­depth information on SenatorMcCarthy. It was completely unbiased, and it included only hard facts and dates. Not only did it givebiographical information, it gave insight to what lead to his downfall as well. It was useful especially inthe early stages of research because it helped provide information without influencing me to agree ordisagree with an argument. Since it was published under Mount Holyoke College, a highly selectivewomen's college, we can be confident in trusting the information. Plus, the sources were included inthe web page, which made it that much more credible.

"A Short History of the Department of State." U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. Office ofthe Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013.

We decided to research American Foreign Policy before and during the Cold War era in order to gainfurther insight as to why the FBI and government felt such a large responsibility for keepingcommunists out of the country. This government­sponsored website gave us a plethora of UnitedStates foreign policy of Containment toward Western Europe and Asia. We gathered lots of contextfrom a reliable secondary source that regarded the Second Red Scare and McCarthyism. We can usethis information to give us understanding of the FBI's actions in the United States during the McCarthyera.

Simkin, John. "McCarthyism." Spartacus Educational. N.p., 1997. Web. 22 Sept. 2013.<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAfbi.htm?menu=USAred>.

We were able to find extensive information on McCarthyism. The website has over one hundred linksto information on important figures, groups, and events. We mainly focused on the FBI section butwere able to gain information from other sections as well.This public secondary source addressed theimportant figures in the bureau during this politically heated time. It appears to have a bias against theFBI, as most of the information given is about secrecy and manipulation. We were able to learn abouta different aspect of the FBI than we have seen in other sources, including the leaders' views towardsother figureheads such as Martin Luther King Jr. In addition, Edgar J. Hoover and his secret files werediscussed along with other leaders of the FBI and their scandals. Reading this article showed us thewrongdoings of the FBI and how their actions were unconstitutional.

Tanenhaus, Sam. "Un­American Activities." The New York Review of Books, n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2013.<http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2000/nov/30/un­american­activities/?pagination=false>.

"Un­American Activities" is a very well thought out review of "Joseph McCarthy­ Reexamining theLife and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator". It provided simple yet in depth summaries ofmany chapters, and it gave criticisms of the author that were interesting to read. Hearing a differentperspective on the same subject helped to show us that there can always be more than one way tolook at something, which reminded us to be wary of bias when researching. Since this review camefrom The New York Review of Books, a well established magazine, and it has sources cited at theend, we felt confident that this review gave us legitimate information.

"Teaching With Documents: Telegram from Senator Joseph McCarthy to President Harry S. Truman."Telegram from Senator Joseph McCarthy to President Harry S. Truman. N.p., n.d. Web. 29Sept. 2013.

The online National Archives website provided us with a source this secondary source about theevents leading up to McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare. This article gave me new informationabout Communists like Klaus Fuch and Alger Hiss, whose cases we now can research for furtherbackground on McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare. We were also led to two primary sources:McCarthy's documented telegraph to President Truman, and Truman's unsent response. The national

archives website is a credible source, with official documents from the government that exist at thearchive, but online.

Trueman, Chris. "The Red Scare in the 1920." The Red Scare in the 1920. N.p., 2000. Web. 29 Sept.2013. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/red_scare_1920s_America.htm>.

In search of a source that provided us with context about before the Second Red Scare, we cameacross this secondary source online. After using it, we able to gather notes about America during the1920's and leading up to the Second Red Scare. This source spoke about the curtailing of Americanrights under the law toward other communists prior to the Red Scare and Second Red Scare. Itspecifically gave examples of the Judicial Branch turning its eye away from the actions of the FBI infear and hatred of the anarchists and communists, who made up .01 percent of the Americanpopulation. The author of the History Learning Website, Chris Trueman, graduated with a Bachelorsin history and Master's degree in management, from England. Trueman stated that his goal was to tellhistory as "unbiased and objective as possible in presenting the facts and interpreting events." Thissource is a credible work that gave me deeper insight into America's opinion toward Communists,prior to the Cold War.

Watson, Jerilyn. "American History: Life in the 1950s." VOA. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2013.<http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/america­nineteen­fifties­family­life/1263187.html>.

This secondary source immerses the reader in what it was like to live in the 1950s. The passage isactually aimed at foreigners to gain insight on American culture. However, It has no bias and coversboth the positive and negative aspects of life, such as popular culture and the Cold War. It includesphotographs from the time period of political happenings. The broad context that this source gave isuseful to us in understanding what life was like other than the fearful atmosphere. We learned thatalthough the entirety of America faced threats from the Cold War and and anxiety from McCarthyism,some found escapism and tried to ignore the situation by finding light in work, the booming economy,suburban life, and popular culture. This source is crucial to our understanding of America as a wholeduring the 1950s, rather than just how McCarthyism affected the lives of many.

Weiner, Tim. Enemies: A History of the FBI. New York: Random House, 2012. Print.

Enemies by Tim Weiner is a very comprehensive history of the FBI's formation and development.Weiner has written a few other books on topics such as the CIA and the pentagon, and Enemies hasreceived very high ratings. That being said, it was slightly biased although it had the facade of beingjust facts. Many facts we knew were left out and some small facts were made to seem like biggerdeals, all so that J Edgar Hoover looked like a hero. Despite this, the information was quality,especially the chapter that wove McCarthy and the FBI together. There were many examples of theFBI infringing on rights, and of Hoover trying to gain more responsibility. This book provided a lot ofgood information that will add to our argument.

Wills, Charles. America in the 1950s. New York: Facts On File, 2006. Print.

America in the 1950s provided us with clear and complex context on the state of America surrounding

McCarthyism. We originally checked out this book because we were looking for context, but oncewe got the book we realized it contained an entire chapter dedicated to McCarthyism, which gave ussome good information for our argument. Additionally, in the back of the book is a large list of "furtherreading" titles which gave us some good ideas for what to look for next. The book is a part of a seriesof fact books, which have received very good reviews on Amazon books.

PICTOGRAPHY

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