AnnotatedBibliography

PrimarySourcesBooksSwift,WileyH.,ed.TheDoctorLooksatChildLabor.NewYork:NationalChildLabor

Committee,1928.ThisbookfromtheIowaStateUniversityLibrarygaveuslotsofinformationontheNationalChildLaborCommittee.Theusefulsourcealsohadlotsofquotesfromdoctors,whichweusedontheChildLaborpage.Thedoctorsoverwhelminglysaidthatanyyoungchildworkingwasatriskofdiseases.Theyalsoexplainedwhyadultswerenotinasmuchriskasthechildrenwere.WeusedmostofthisinformationontheChildLaborpage.

NewspapersBismarckDailyTribune(Bismarck,ND).SpecialFavorstoTennesseeCanneries.August

27,1915.ThisnewspaperarticlefromtheLibraryofCongresstoldusabouttheeffortstopasschildlaborlawsthatapplytoallstates.Itsaidthatsomestateshadnoagerequirementsandthatshouldbechanged.Italsotalkedaboutyoungboysgettingintotroublebecausetheywereexposedtotherealworldsoonerthantheyshouldhave.WeusedthisarticletohelpusunderstandwhatthepublicthoughtofchildlaborandthefrustrationstheNationalChildLaborCommitteefaced.

TheLaborWorld(Duluth,MN).HeartAchesforChildren.September29,1917.ThisnewspaperarticlefromtheLibraryofCongresstoldusaboutafactoryownerwhowasheartbrokenbecausetheKeatingOwenChildLaborActprohibitedhimfromhiringchildreninhisfactory.Thisgaveustheviewofsomeonewhosupportedchildlabor.Wewereprettyshockedbythisviewpoint.WeusedthisinformationtobetterourknowledgeofthesupportersofchildlaborandhowtheyfeltabouttheKeatingOwenActandchildlaboringeneral.

PhotosandIllustrationsDarling,J.N.Ding.Itisntthehealthfullaboroftheyouth.Illustration.August17,1907.

CDROM.TheEditorialCartoonsofJ.N.Ding.Darling.OurteacherhadtheentirecollectionofDingDarlingcartoonsonCDROM.Thiscartoonfrom1907saidthatchildlaborwasonlyprofitingtheemployersnotchildren.WeusedthiscartoontohelpusshowthattherewereothersbesidesLewisHinewhowereforchildlaborreform.

Nosavage,nobeast.Illustration.August11,1923.CDROM.TheEditorialCartoonsofJ.N.Ding.Darling.OurteacherhadtheentirecollectionofDingDarlingcartoonsonCDROM.Thiscartoonfrom1923saidNosavage,nobeast,evergotitsfoodandclothesbyworkingthelifeoutofchildren.Thecartoonshowedaverysmallchildtryingtopullseverallargemeninawagon.ThiscartoonshowedusthatDingDarlingfeltthatemployershadnorighttoworkthosechildrenlikethat.

Nousepayingthedoctors.Illustration.July28,1923.CDROM.TheEditorial

CartoonsofJ.N.DingDarling.OurteacherhadtheentirecollectionofDingDarlingcartoonsonCDROM.Thiscartoonfrom1923showedascale.OnesideofthescalesaidToomuchrichfoodandnotenoughwork.OntheothersideitsaidNotenoughfoodandtoomuchwork.Thiscartoonhelpedusgetanideaofwhatkindsofissuesweredebatedinchildlaborreform.

Probablynobodywouldobjecttothechildlabor.Illustration.September16,1924.CDROM.TheEditorialCartoonsofJ.N.DingDarling.OurteacherhadtheentirecollectionofDingDarlingcartoonsonCDROM.Thiscartoonfrom1924showedemployersbeingveryunreasonabletochildren.Thecaptionforthecartoonsaid,Probablynobodywouldobjecttothechildlaborconstitutionalamendmentifitwerenotforafewcranksandofficiousjobholderswhowillmakeanuisanceoutofit.WeusedthiscartoontohelpusunderstandhowsomeperceivedchildlaborersweretreatedbyemployersandputitontheKeatingOwenActof1916pageofourwebsite.

UncleSamuel:say,lendahand,cantye!Illustration.March27,1908.CDROM.TheEditorialCartoonsofJ.N.DingDarling.OurteacherhastheentirecollectionofDingDarlingcartoonsonCDROM.Thiscartoonfrom1908isoflegislationontopofchildrenandUncleSamaskingCongresstohelp.Weusedthiscartoontohelpusbetterunderstandthereactionpeople,suchasLewisHineandDingDarling,hadagainstCongressfornottakingastandagainstchildlabor.ItwouldbeanothereightyearsbeforethefirstmajorpieceoffederallegislationreformingchildlaborwouldbepassedbyCongress.

Whynottakesomeofthesurplus.Illustration.September15,1923.CDROM.TheEditorialCartoonsofJ.N.DingDarling.OurteacherhadtheentirecollectionofDingDarlingcartoonsonCDROM.Thiscartoonfrom1923showedlotsofmensittingaroundwhileayoungchildheldalargebucketandfedthecowlabeledU.S.Industries.ThecaptionforthecartoonwasWhynottakesomeofthesurplushelpfromtheotherendofthecowandletthekidgotoschool?Thiscartoonhelpedsupporttheideathatchildlaborhadnegativeeffectsandhelpedbuildourargumentagainstchildlabor.

Hine,Lewis.SomeDofferBoys.Macon,Ga.,01/1909.Photograph.January1909.NationalArchives.AccessedDecember16,2014.http://blogs.archives.gov/unwrittenrecord/files/2014/05/102LH523.jpg?file=2014/05/102LH523.jpg.Thisphotographhelpedusunderstandwhatconditionschildrenworkedinandhowtheyweretreated.ThiswasoneofthefirstofHinespictureswesawanditreallygaveusasenseofHineasaleaderinthefieldofphotography.Italsoshoweduschildrenwhowerenotmuchyoungerthanusandhowtheirlivesweredifferentthanours.Weusedthispictureonourwebsite.

Websites

ChildLaborinAmerica19081912.TheHistoryPlace.Lastmodified2015.AccessedFebruary10,2015.http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/index.html#field.Thiswebsitehelpedusseethelivingandworkingconditionsofchildlaborers.WeidentifiedthisasaprimarysourcebecausethephotosareaccompaniedbytheoriginalcaptionswrittenbyLewisHine.Weusedalotoftheseimagesonourwebsite,especiallyonourPhotographyandHomepages.

(4974)IWW,LawrenceStrike,Illustrations,ChildLabor,1912.ReutherLibrary.AccessedFebruary10,2015.http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/8212.ThiswebsitehelpedusunderstandthereactionsofthepublicafterLewisHineshowedthemthelivingandworkingconditionsofchildlaborers.Thesourceshowedusaposterthattoldthepublichowemployerstookawaythehappinessofchildrenbecausetheemployerswouldnotletthemplayandhavefun.Weusedthissourcetoshowuswhyothersthoughtchildlaborwaswrongandhowtheybroughttheiropinionstothepublic.

KeatingOwenChildLaborActof1916(1916).OurDocuments.AccessedFebruary10,

2015.http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=59.ThiswebsitehadlotsofinformationontheKeatingOwenActof1916plusapictureoftheactualdocument.WeusedsomeoftheinformationandthepictureonourKeatingOwenActof1916page.WealsoputaquotefromtheActonthesamepagethathelpedprovethattheKeatingOwenActcreatedlimitsonchildlabor.

LewisHineandAmericanProgressiveSocialReform.Alumni.AccessedFebruary10,2015.http://tigger.uic.edu/~pbhales/fasi/hine%20sequence.html.Thiswebsitegaveuspowerfulpicturesofworkingchildren.Thepicturesshoweduswhattypesofhorrible,dangerousjobschildrenwereforcedtodo.WeusedoneofthepicturesontheReactionpageofourwebsite.

TeachingwithDocuments:PhotographsofLewisHine:DocumentationofChildLabor.archives.gov.AccessedJanuary9,2015.http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hinephotos/.ThiswebsitetoldushowtheIndustrialRevolutionwasthemaincauseofchildlabor.NationalArchivesalsohadpicturesthatLewisHinetookofchildrenworkinginharshenvironments.Thissourcehelpedusunderstandwhenthenumberofchildlaborersincreased,andthepictureshelpedusunderstandwhatconditionschildrenworkedin.ThesepicturesalsohelpedgiveusageneralideaofwhatphotographstoputinourPhotographypageofourwebsite.WeputalotoftheinformationabouttheharshconditionsinourChildLaborpage.

SecondarySourcesBooksBartoletti,SusanCampbell.GrowingupinCoalCountry.Boston:HoughtonMifflin,1996.

ThissourceisabookthatwefoundattheAmesPublicLibrary.Thesechildrenworkedinmines500hundredfeetbelowground.Somedidnotmakeitbackup.Weusedthisbooktounderstandtheworkingconditionsandtheactuallaborhourschildrenworked.Parentsquotedinthissourcewereonlyconcernedaboutchildrenlearningbadhabitslikesmoking,chewingtobacco,andswearing.ThissourcealsohadaninterestingquoteofLewisHinethatweusedonourwebsite.

KidsonStrikeBoston:HoughtonMifflin,1999.

WereadthisbookattheAmesPublicLibrary.Weusedthisbookforquotesandeventsaroundchildlabor.Yetthephotographswereastart,aspeopleallovertheUnitedStatessawHineswork.Thepicturessaiditall:workingchildrenwerehorriblyexploited.ThissupportsourthesissowedecidedtoaddittoourChildLaborpage.WealsousedanotherquotethathelpedexplainwhytheNationalChildLaborCommitteewantedphotographs.ThatquotealsowentontheChildLaborpageofourwebsite.

Burgan,Michael.BreakerBoys:HowaPhotographHelpedEndChildLabor.Mankato,Minn.:CompassPointBooks,2012.ThisbookfromtheAmesPublicLibrarywasourthesisinabook.Thisreallygaveusconfidenceintheconclusionsweweremakingbasedonresearchwehaddone.Thesourcehadlotsquotessuchasthisone,[Photos]Hinetookinthebreakersandelsewhereacrossthecountry,helpedsparkachange.MorepeoplebegantoagreewiththeProgressiveschildlaborwaswrongandhadtoend,byMichaelBurgan,theauthorofBreakerBoys:HowaPhotographHelpedEndChildLabor.WeusedthatquoteonourHomepagetohelpproveourthesis.Therewerealsootherquotesweusedinvariousplacesinourwebsite.

Chambers,Catherine.LivingasaChildLaborer:MehboobsStory.Milwaukee,WI:WorldAlmanacLibrary,2006.ThisbookfromtheAmesPublicLibraryhadlotsoffactsonchildlabornow.Today,morethan186millionchildrenbetweentheagesoffiveandfourteenworkforaliving.Thissourcegaveusaperspectiveonchildlabortodayversuschildlaborintheearlytwentiethcentury.WeusedthatfactasaquoteontheChildLabor:Worldwidepage.

Conlin,JosephR.TheAmericanPast:ASurveyofAmericanHistory.4thed.FortWorth

[u.a.]:HarcourtPress,1993.Thisbookcreatedabetterunderstandingoftheissuesthegovernmentfacedwhentheytriedtocreatelawsagainstchildlabor.Thissourcetoldusthatthelegislativebranchhaddisagreementswiththeexecutivebranchonewantedtopasslawsagainstchildlaborandtheotherwasdoubtful.TherewasalsosomeinformationontheKeatingOwenAct.WeusedthisinformationonourReactionpageandourKeatingOwenActof1916pageofourwebsite.

Currie,Stephen.WeHaveMarchedTogether:TheWorkingChildrensCrusade.Minneapolis:LernerPublications,1997.Thisbookcontradictedourthesis,butitallowedustoseewhatthosewhowereopposedtochildlaborreformthought.Weconsideredtheauthorsviewpoint.Thebooksaidthatastrikestartedthemovementtoendchildlabor,butwiththeoverwhelmingfactsandevidenceinourresearch,westillstronglysupportourownthesis.

Hartley,WilliamHarrison,andWilliamShaferVincent.AmericanCivics.Freedom

education,Annotatedteachersed.Austin,TX:Holt,RinehartandWinston,1992.Thisbookwasveryhelpfulforustobetterunderstandtheminimumwageissue.ThissourcetoldusabouthowCongresstriedtosetlawsonminimumwage.PeopleopposedtheselawsbecausetherewasnothingintheConstitutionaboutminimumwage.WeusedthisinformationthroughouttheReactionsectionofourwebsite.

Larkin,Jack.WhereWeWorked:ACelebrationofAmericanWorkersandtheNationTheyBuilt.Guilford,CT:LyonsPress,2010.ThisbookfromtheAmesPublicLibraryhadapicturethatwasveryhardtolookat.Itwasapictureofaboywithonlythreepartialfingers.LewisHinesaidthatapieceofmachinefellontheboysfoot,smashinghistoeandcausinghimtofallintoaspinningmachine.WeusedthispictureandtheboysstoryonthePhotographypageofourwebsite.ItwasphotoslikethesethatoutragedmanyAmericans.

Levine,MarvinJ.ChildrenforHire:ThePerilsofChildLaborintheUnitedStates.Westport,Conn.:Praeger,2003.ThisbookfromtheIowaStateUniversityLibraryhadmanyquotes.OnequotefromAsaG.Candlersaid,Themostbeautifulsightthatweseeisthechildatlabor.Asearlyashemaygetatlaborthebeautiful,themoreusefuldoeshislifegettobe.Thissourcegaveuslotsofinformationontheopinionsofpeopleagainstchildlaborreform.Evenafteralloftheinformationfromthisbook,westillstronglysupportourthesis.Weusedthissourcetounderstandwhysomepeoplewereforchildlabor.

Mullenbach,Cheryl.TheIndustrialRevolutionforKidsthePeopleandTechnologyThatChangedtheWorld.Chicago,UnitedStatesofAmerica:ChicagoReviewPress,Inc.,2014.ThisbooktoldusthatchildlaborhadgottenworsearoundtheIndustrialRevolutionbecauselotsofjobswereopenandemployerswantedtospendlessmoneyonworkers.Weusedthissourcetounderstandhowchildlaborstartedandwhy.WealsoputoneoftheauthorsquotesonourReactionpage.

PhotographyandReform.Milwaukee,WI:MilwaukeeArtMuseum,1984.WefoundthisbookattheIowaStateUniversityLibrary.Thisbookhelpedusunderstandmoreaboutthehazardousconditionsandworkingschedulechildlaborershad.WeusedsomeoftheinformationontheChildLaborpage.

Rosenberg,ChaimM.ChildLaborinAmerica:AHistory.Jefferson,NC:McFarland&Company,Inc.,Publishers,2013.ThisbookfromtheIowaStateUniversityLibrarygaveuslotsofusefulinformationonthepeoplewhowereagainstthechildlaborreform.Manufacturersandtheirsupportersinstategovernmentarguedthatthechildrenofthepoorandtheworkingclasseswouldbeleftidleandgetuptomischiefunlesstheywereemployed.Worktaughtcharacterandresponsibility.ThesourcealsogaveusadescriptionofthecameraLewisHineused.Weusedthissourcetoknowwhysomepeoplewereforchildlabor.WealsoaddedtheinformationaboutthecameratothePhotographypage.

InterviewsBowerBurgmaier,Laurel.Emailinterviewbytheauthor.Gowrie,IA.April14,2015.

ThisinterviewwithLaurelBowerBurgmaiergaveusnewinformationonvideographyandphotographyandhowtheyarerelated.Weusedthisinformationtobetterunderstandhowphotographycandocumentpeople'slivesandhowitchangespeople'swaysofthinking.

Dreeszen,Alyssa.Interview.IA/US.April2015.

ThisinterviewwithAlyssaDreeszen,aprofessionalwebdesigner,gaveustipsonhowtomakeourwebsitebetter.Thisinterviewhelpedusimproveourwebsite.

Jondle,Ryan.Interviewbytheauthor.Burnside,IA/US.April8,2015.WeinterviewedRyanJondle,atwentyfirstcenturyfarmkid,becausewewantedtocomparehisfarmingexperienceswiththeexperiencesoftwentiethcenturyfarmkids.WeusedbothhisandJoelLambertsinterviewsbecausetheyhadsomedifferentideasonsomeofthequestions.Wewantedtoshowmultipleopinionsofchildlabortoday.Ryanfeelsprettysafeworkingonhisfarm.u978WeputhisinterviewintheInterviewspage.

Lambert,Joel.Interviewbytheauthor.Burnside,IA/US.April8,2015.

WeinterviewedJoelLambert,atwentyfirstcenturyfarmkid,becausewewantedtocomparehisfarmingexperiencestotheexperiencesoftwentiethcenturyfarmkids.WeusedbothhisandRyanJondlesinterviewsbecausetheiranswersforsomeofthequestionswereverydifferent.Joelfeltthatnewtechnologyhasmadefarmworksafeforfarmkidstoday.Wewantedtoshowmorethanonepersonsopiniononchildlabor.WeputhisinterviewontheInterviewspageofourwebsite.

Mullenbach,Cheryl.Interviewbytheauthor.Gowrie,IA.February27,2015.

WeinterviewedCherylMullenbachbecauseshewroteabookcalledTheIndustrialRevolutionforKids.ShegaveuslotsofusefulinformationonourtopicofLewisHineandchildlabor.Shetoldusabouttheconditionschildrenworkedin.Shesaidthatworkersincottonfactoriesoftengotcottonparticlesbuiltupintheirlungsandcoulddie.Weputpiecesofthisinterviewthroughoutourwebsite.

True,Jeff.Interviewbytheauthor.Farnhamville,IA/US.April12,2015.

WeinterviewedJeffTrue,farmkidduringlatetwentiethcentury,becausewewantedtocomparethefarmingexperiencesofchildrenintheearlytwentiethcenturytofarmingexperiencesinthelatetwentiethcenturyandtofarmingexperiencesofchildrenintheearlytwentyfirstcentury.Hefeelsfarmworkissafertoday,butdoesnotfeelhewasabusedbydoingfarmwork.WeusedthisinterviewintheInterviewspage.

MagazinesAmericanHistoryPlay:StolenChildhoods.JuniorScholastic,February27,2012.

AccessedFebruary25,2015.http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DASORT&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=50521bur&tabID=T003&searchId=R7&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=5&contentSet=GALE%7CA282514279&&docId=GALE|A282514279&docType=GALE&role=ITOF.Thisarticlefromtheonlinedatabase,GALE,hadashortsummaryofLewisWickesHineslifeandaccomplishments.ThissourcealsogaveusinformationonrestrictionswereputonchildlaboratdifferentpointsinAmericanhistory.WeusedtheinformationinthisarticleontheLewisHinepageofourwebsite.

Anglers,Autumn.VoicesofaVanishedAmoskeag.AmericanHeritage,October/November1978,1425.ThisarticlefromAmericanHeritagehadlotsofquotesfrommillworkers.OnequotefromWilliamMoul,aweaver,saidItseemedlikeyouwerelockedinwhentheAmoskeagownedthemills.AnotherquotewasfromThomasSmithwhowasadyer.Hesaid,Allthecottonseedsthatcameoutofthecottonwoulddropdownunderthepickers,andwewouldhavetogounderthereandgetallthoseseeds.Thismagazinehelpedusaddsomequotestoourwebsitetoshowthekindofworkchildlaborersdid.

Berger,Joseph.MinimumAgeandaMinimumWage.NewYorkTimesUpfront,October

7,2013,16.AccessedFebruary25,2015.http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DASORT&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=50521bur&tabID=T003&searchId=R3&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&contentSet=GALE%7CA347001646&&docId=GALE|A347001646&docType=GALE&role=ITOF.ThismagazinearticlefromGALEtoldusaboutthelifeofFurmanOwen,achildlaborer.Thisarticlehadlotsofinterestingfactssuchasthisone:Inthefirstdecadesofthe20thcentury,almost2millionchildrenintheU.S.under15workedincoalmines,glassandgarmentfactories,canneries,andonfarms.Weusedthismagazinesfactsinvariousplacesinourwebsite.

ChildrenatWork.TheGoldfinch,February1989,78.This1989magazine,TheGoldfinch,hadadepressingpoemcalledNurseryRhymesthatwasabouttenchildrendyingbecausetheywereforcedtoworkindangerousconditions.ThearticlehadinformationabouttheworkingandlivingconditionsofIowachildren.Italsogavemanyexamplesofwhatjobsthechildrenwereforcedtowork,likeIowachildrensellingnewspapersonthestreetsofDesMoinesorchildrenworkingendlesshoursinIowafarms.ThemagazinealsotoldusaboutsomeofthelawspassedagainstchildlaborsuchastheFactoryActof1902andtheKeatingOwenAct.WeusedthissourceontheIowaFactoryActof1902pageandtheKeatingOwenActof1916page.

Cowan,MaryMorton.SeeingIsBelieving.Cobblestone,April2011,15.AccessedFebruary25,2015.http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DASORT&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=50521bur&tabID=T003&searchId=R11&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=9&contentSet=GALE%7CA259382122&&docId=GALE|A259382122&docType=GALE&role=ITOF.ThismagazinefromGALEhadlotsofinformationonLewisHine,childlabor,andtheNationalChildLaborCommittee.TherewasaquotebyLewisHineinthisarticlethatsaidApicturecantellapowerfulstory.WeusedthisquoteinthePhotographypageofourwebsite.

Denzer,Kiko.TheDocumentaryImaginationofLewisHine.HistoryToday,August1988,4955.ThismagazinefromtheIowaStateUniversityLibraryhelpedallofusbetterunderstandwhatsortofreactionandexpressionLewisHinewaslookingforinthefacesofAmericansafterheshowedthemphotographsofchildlaborers.ThismagazinealsotoldushowLewisHinewasdifferentthananyotherphotographerintheearlytwentiethcentury.WeusedthissourcetohelpprovethatLewisHinewasdifferent,special,andaleaderinusingphotographicevidencetoeffectchange.

LittleWilliessSewingButtons.TheGoldfinch,February1989,2123.

This1989magazine,TheGoldfinch,hadapictureoflotsofchildrenwhosewedbuttons.TherewasapoembyTerryOfnerinthisarticleaboutawholefamilywhoworkedhardsewingbuttonsbutnevergotpaid.Therewasaninterestingfactaswell:nearly700childrenjoinedtheJuvenileButtonSewersandCarriersUnionofMuscatine,Iowa,whenitwasformedin1911.Thearticlehadlotsofinformationonalotoflongtasksboysandgirlshadtoperform.Therewereverybadconditionsthechildrenhadtoworkin,somehadtodiptheirhandsinpoisonedwater.WeusedthismagazineinformationinvariousplacesinourwebsitesuchastheIowaFactoryActof1902page.

Lockett,TerryE.RememberingLewisHine.TheHumanist.AccessedFebruary4,2015.

http://thehumanist.com/magazine/septemberoctober2011/features/rememberinglewishine.ThiswebsitewasabiographyofLewisHinesentirelife.WeusedthisinformationtohelpourunderstandingofHineandhisaccomplishments.Weusedtheinformationfromthiswebsiteinvariousplacesinourwebsite,suchastheLewisHinepage,thePhotographypage,andmanyotherpages.

Lorbiecki,Theresa.ChildLaborStillExists.Smithsonian,November2006,11.Accessed

February25,2015.http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DASORT&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=50521bur&tabID=T003&searchId=R15&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=14&contentSet=GALE%7CA155029390&&docId=GALE|A155029390&docType=GALE&role=ITOF.ThismagazinearticlefromGALEhasinformationonchildlabortoday.OneinterestingfactwefoundwasthattheInternationalLaborOrganization,anagencyoftheUnitedNations,estimatedthat218millionchildrenbetweentheages5and17work,andthat126milliontoilinhazardousjobsinmining,manufacturing,constructionandagriculture.WeusedsomeofthisinformationinourChildLabor:Worldwidepage.

Lusted,MarciaAmidon.Thepowerofpictures:howLewisHinechangedchildrenslives.Appleseeds,November11,2011.AccessedOctober28,2014.http://go.galegroup.com/.ThisarticlefromthedatabaseGALEhelpedusbetterunderstandthebackgroundofLewisHineandwhyhequithisteachingjobtophotographchildlaborers.Thissourcealsotolduslotsofinformationabouthisgreatdedicationandhislegacythatstillstandsstrongtoday.WeusedalloftheinformationinthissourceonourLewisHineandLegacypage.WealsoaddedaquotetothePhotographypage.

NameRecognition.BusinessNorthCarolina,March2014.AccessedNovember18,2014.http://go.galegroup.com/.ThisdatabasehelpedinformusthatLewisHinestartedtoworkfortheNationalChildLaborCommitteein1908.Thissourcealsoshowedusphotographs,takenbyHine.WelearnedthatLewisHinesassignmentwastobeaninvestigativephotographerusingthenewportablecamera.Hinewastogainentrancetofactoriesandtakepicturesofworkingchildren.Hinealsotookpicturesofnewsboys(andnewsgirls).WeusedthisinformationinourLewisHineandPhotographypages.

NationalChildLaborCommittee.AlaskaBusinessMonthly,April2011,25.Accessed

February25,2015.http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DASORT&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=50521bur&tabID=T003&searchId=R10&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=8&contentSet=GALE%7CA254013266&&docId=GALE|A254013266&docType=GALE&role=ITOF.ThismagazinefromGALEhadinformationonFrancesMaconwhowasaLewisHineAwardhonoree.Maconspent40yearsservinghiscommunityandatriskchildren.WeusedthisdatabasetogetanideaofwhoreceivedtheLewisHineAwardandwhy.

NationalChildLaborCommitteeAwards.ProfessionalServicesCloseUp,June5,2011.

AccessedFebruary25,2015.http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DASORT&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=50521bur&tabID=T003&searchId=R9&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=6&contentSet=GALE%7CA258201180&&docId=GALE|A258201180&docType=GALE&role=PPBE.ThismagazinefromGALEhadinformationonsomeoftheLewisHineAwardshonorees.Italsohadinformationonhowtogettheaward,whichisbyhavingapositiveimpactonthewelfareofchildrenandyouth.WeusedthisinformationontheLewisHineAwardssubpageoftheLegacypage.

WindowsonAnotherTime.AmericanHeritage,March1988,4849.ThisAmericanHeritagemagazinehadinformationonworkingchildrenwithapictureofthem.Oneofthepictureswasagroupofboys,someofthemsmoking,whoworkedinAyertextilemillsatLawrence,Massachusetts.LewisHinetookthepictureoftheboys.ThearticleinthismagazinealsotalkedaboutLewisHinesphotographyskills.WeusedthismagazinetoseewhatpicturesLewisHinetookandhowheaffectedtheAmericanslives.

OnlineDatabasesBritannicaSchool,s.v.LaborandIndustrialLaw,accessedOctober28,2014,

http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/275343#.ThisonlinedatabasehadlotsofusefulinformationonthedevelopmentofchildlaborlawsafterLewisHinegotinvolved.Thissourcetoldushowlongchildrencouldworkandthedifferentpointswhenthosehourswererestricted.Thissourcealsotoldusthatindustriallawsarethosethatarerelatedtofactorywork.WeusedthisinformationontheReactionsectionofourwebsite.

ChildLaborTimeline.SIRS.Lastmodified2014.AccessedNovember4,2014.http://sks.sirs.com/.ThisarticlefromthedatabaseSirshadusefulinformationthatweusedtobetterunderstandchildlaborlawsbeforeandafterLewisHinegotinvolved.ThissourcehadatimelineofchildlaboreventsintheUnitedStates.ThemostinterestingeventwasTheAmericanFederationofLabor(AFL)passesaresolutionatitsfirstnationalconventioncallingonstatestobanchildrenundertheageof14fromworking1881.Weusedthisinformationtohelpusbetterunderstandthelawsandhowchildlaboraffectsourlivestoday.ThissourcealsohelpedusunderstandtheimpactofLewisHinesfightagainstchildlabor.WeusedthisdatabaseunderourChildLabor:UnitedStatessectiononourwebsite.

TheIndustrialRevolution.Learn360.Lastmodified2000.AccessedFebruary25,2015.http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?lid=13864298&SearchText=child+labor&ID=132265.ThisvideofromLearn360wasveryuseful.IthadlotsofinformationontheIndustrialRevolution,whichcausedthenumbersofchildlaborersintheUnitedStatestoincrease.Thisvideocliphelpedusunderstandhowthechangesduringthattimeperiod,theIndustrialRevolution,affectedthechildrenandhowtheywereforcedtowork.

LaborStruggle.Learn360.Lastmodified2005.AccessedFebruary25,2015.http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?lid=13864298&SearchText=child+labor&ID=324464.Thisvideocliphadlotsofinformationonourtopic.Ittalkedaboutchildrenhavingnominimumwagesandwhatkindofjobswomenandchildrenhadtodo.ThevideoalsoshowedusthestrikesthatweregoingonthroughouttheUnitedStates.Wegainedmoreknowledgeonthehorribleconditionschildrenhadtolivethrough.Thisvideotalkedalotaboutalaborwar,employersagainstlaborers.Unfortunately,theemployerswon.Weusedthisvideotoreviewwhatwealreadyknewaboutchildlaborandtoaddmoreinformationtoit,suchasthelaborwarandthestrikes.

LifeattheBeginningofthe20thCentury.Learn360.Lastmodified2004.Accessed

February25,2015.http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?lid=13864298&SearchText=child+labor&ID=132190.ThisvideofromLearn360hadinformationonthelivesofthepoorandthelivesoftherich.Thepoorfamilieswereoftentheoneswhohadtoworklong,hardhourswithoutmuchpay.Thevideoalsoshowedustheworkingconditionsofworkingchildren.Thissourcehelpedusbetterunderstandhowthelivesofthepoordifferedfromthelivesoftherichduringtheearlytwentiethcentury.

ReferenceSources

BritannicaSchool,s.v.LewisW.Hine,accessedOctober28,2014,

http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/311691.ThiswebsiteprovideduswithLewisHinesbackgroundandabasicoverviewofhisaccomplishmentsasaphotographer.WeusedthissourcetohelpusunderstandLewisHinebetterandwhathedidtopromotechildlaborlaws.WeincludedthisinformationonourLewisHinepageofourwebsite.

Foner,Eric,andJohnA.Garraty.ChildLabor.InTheReadersCompaniontoAmericanHistory.N.p.:n.p.,1991.AccessedNovember4,2014.http://sks.sirs.com/.ThisarticlefromthedatabaseSirsprovideduswithmoreinformationabouttheregulationsofchildlaborthatwerebeingcreatedinthemidnineteenthcentury.Someoftheregulationsdealtwithminimumwageandminimumschooldays.Thedatabasealsosaidthatalotoftheworkerswereimmigrants.Theauthorssaidthatchildlaborershadnoideathatworkingatsuchayoungagewaswrongbecausethatsalltheyknewtodo.ThissourcehelpedusbetterdevelopourReactionpageonourwebsiteandshowtheimpactofLewisHinesphotographyskills.

Websites

ChildLaborinU.S.History.ChildLaborPublicEducationProject.AccessedDecember3,2014.https://www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html.Thiswebsitegaveusabasicoutlookofthemostimportanteventsduringthechildlaborreformmovement.In1904theChildLaborLawCommitteeregulatedthefederallawforminimumwage.Weusedthissourcetogiveusanunderstandingofthebiggesteventsduringthistimeperiod.WealsousedthissourcetoputinformationonourFairLaborStandardsActof1938pageofourwebsite.

ChildLabour.InternationalLabourOrganization.Lastmodified2015.Accessed

February11,2015.http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/childlabour/langen/index.htm.Thiswebsitegaveusalotofinterestingandpowerfulfactsaboutchildlabortoday.WeusedalmostalloftheinformationonourChildLaborTodaypageofourwebsite.

ChildrensRightsWorldwide2015.Humanium.Lastmodified2015.AccessedApril14,2015.http://www.humanium.org/en/maprespectchildrenrightsworldwide/.Thiswebsitehadaveryusefulmapoftheworld.Ithadakeytotheleftthatsaidwhatcolorsmeantthedifferentlevelsofchildlabor:goodsituation,satisfactorysituation,noticeableproblems,difficultsituation,veryserioussituation.Thismaphelpedusunderstandwherechildlaborisbadandgoodtoday,sowedecidedtoaddthepicturetoourChildLabor:Worldwidepage.

Gallery:TelegraphSnapshots.PBSAmericanExperience.LastmodifiedNovember30,

2004.AccessedFebruary25,2015.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/cable/gallery/g_05.html.ThiswebsitehadapictureofasmallgroupofmessengerboysstandingoutsideanIndianapolistelegraphofficein1908.Atthetime,therewasnominimumageformessengers.ThephotowastakenbyLewisHine.WeusedthiswebsitetoseesomeofthepowerfulphotographsLewisHinetook.

Gallery:TelegraphSnapshots.PBSAmericanExperience.LastmodifiedNovember30,2004.AccessedFebruary25,2015.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/cable/gallery/g_06.html.Thiswebsitehadaphotoofabiggroupofmessengerboysin1909.TwooftheboyswereplayingpokerformoneyinHartford,Connecticut.LewisHinetookthisphotograph.Weusedthiswebsitetogetabetterunderstandingofjusthowdesperateworkersweretoearnmoneysincetheyreceivedlittlepayfortheirdangerouswork.

giCentre.Lastmodified2015.AccessedFebruary14,2015.http://www.gicentre.net/geomap/using/.Thiswebsiteshoweduslotsofpicturesoftheworld.Thepictureshelpedusunderstandexactlywherechildlaborhasendedandwhereitstillisgoingon.Becausethemapshelpedus,wedecidedtoputamaponourChildLaborpages.

History,Method,Representation.ZETEOTheJournalofInterdisciplinaryWriting.

LastmodifiedNovember19,2013.AccessedFebruary13,2015.http://zeteojournal.com/2013/11/19/photoelicitationandlewishine/.ThiswebsitegaveusalotinformationaboutthelifeofLewisHine.TheinformationledustoabetterunderstandingofLewisHineandhisphotographs.ThiswebsitealsogaveusapictureofLewisHine,whichweusedonourLewisHinepage.

Iowa.NationalGeographic.Lastmodified2015.AccessedApril8,2015.http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/unitedstates/iowaguide/.ThiswebsitegaveusanimageoftheIowacapitoldome.WeusedthepictureforourIowaFactoryActof1902subpagebecausewecouldnotfindapictureoftheactualdocument.

IowaPublicTelevision.KidsatWork.IowaPathways.Lastmodified2014.AccessedFebruary14,2015.http://www.iptv.org/iowapathways/mypath.cfm?ounid=ob_000030.Thiswebsitehelpedusgreatly.Thissourcetoldusaboutlotsofdangerousjobschildrenhadtodoandhowmuchmoneytheyreceivedfordoingthem.Thissourcealsotolduswhyparentslettheirownchildrenworkinsuchahazardouscondition:money.WeusedaquotefromthiswebsiteonourReactionpagewhichexplainswhyemployershiredchildren.AnotherwaythissourcewassuchagreathelpwasbecauseithelpedusdevelopourIowaFactoryActof1902page.

LewisHine.MorningsonMapleStreet.AccessedFebruary10,2015.http://www.morningsonmaplestreet.com/hinebio.html.ThiswebsitetolduslotsofinformationaboutLewisHinesdeathandgaveussomeusefulpictures.OnepicturewasofanewspaperclippingaboutHinesdeath.AnotherpicturewasofLewisHineholdinghiscamera.WeusedthenewspaperclippingontheLegacypageandtheotherpictureonthePhotographypage.

LewisWickesHine.FindaGrave.AccessedFebruary10,2015.http://www.findagrave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=484.ThiswebsitetoldusaquicksummaryofLewisHineslifeandshowedusapictureofhim,ofachildlaborer,andofLewisHinesgrave.WeendedupjustusingtheLewisHinepictureintheslideshowlocatedatthetopofeachwebpage.

LewisWickesHineandtheLewisHineAwards.NationalChildLaborCommittee.

AccessedNovember25,2014.http://www.nationalchildlabor.org.ThiswebsiteprovideduswithinformationontheLewisHineAwards.ItalsotoldusaboutsomeofthechallengesLewisHinefacedwhiletakingphotosofchildren.WeusedtheinformationabouttheLewisHineAwardsintheLewisHineAwardspageandtheinformationaboutthedifficultiesHinefacedonthePhotographypage.

Maki,Reid.TimelineofChildLaborDevelopmentsintheUnitedStates.StopChild

Labor.LastmodifiedOctober20,2010.AccessedApril14,2015.http://stopchildlabor.org/?p=1795.Thiswebsitehadinformationonearlyandrecentchildlaborlaws.Thissourceprovideduswithayearoftheeventandthedescription.WeusedthiswebsitetoputinformationinagraphontheChildLabor:UnitedStatespage.

ParliamentofVictoria.AccessedFebruary10,2015.http://www.parliament.vic

.gov.au/vufind/Record/46078.ThiswebsitehadfactsabouttheFactoryActinAustraliaandapictureofthedocument.ThissourceshowedusthatchildlaborwasnotjustintheUnitedStatesandthatpeopleinothercountrieswerealsotryingtoendchildlabor.WeusedthisinformationtoshowthatchildlaborwasnotjustintheUnitedStates.

PegBusick,FounderandBoardMember,HonoredwithPrestigiousLewisHineAward.ChildrensCenter.AccessedFebruary10,2015.http://www.thechildrenscenter.org/2014/02/pegbusickfounderandboardmemberhonoredwithprestigiouslewishineaward/.ThiswebsitewasveryusefulinthewayofgettingsomeinformationontheLewisHineAwards.Thissourcealsogaveusapictureofpeoplewhoacceptedtheaward.WeusedthisinformationandimageontheLewisHineAwardpage.

Smith,David.GeographicMapsinR.SmartDataCollective.LastmodifiedOctober21,2009.AccessedApril14,2015.http://smartdatacollective.com/Home/22052.ThiswebsitehadimagesoftheUnitedStates.WedecidedtouseoneoftheimagesforourbuttontogotoChildLabor:UnitedStatesbecausewearetalkingabouttheUnitedStatesarea.

Timeline.IowaPathways.AccessedNovember11,2014.http://www.iptv.org/iowa

pathways/timeline.cfm.Thiswebsitehelpedusfindoutwhatelsewasgoingonatthattime,19141945,andalsohelpedusfindoneofthemaincausesofchildlabortheIndustrialRevolution.Weusedthiswebsitetoaddcontexttoourwebsite.