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8/8/2019 Ankeet Final Layer Final(2)
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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS :
"CRADLE TO GRAVE"
DESIGNED FOR
SUSTAINABILITY W.R.T. A
MAJOR INDIAN PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
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SOME QUESTIONS FIRST ???
What are the pollution problems
associated with petrochemical
plants?
Why are accidents inpetrochemical plants dangerous to
environment?
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Sustainability
Capacity to endure
Designing to improve the quality of life
today, without compromising the quality of life of tomorrow.
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Key Environmental Considerations
Use less material or materials withless environmental impact
Use fewer resources
Produce less pollution and waste Reduce the impacts of distribution
Optimise functionality and
service life Make re-use and recycling easier
Reduce the environmental impact
of disposal
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L ife Cycle Analysis
Investigation and evaluation of the environmental impacts of a
given product or service caused or necessitated by its existence.
Also known as eco-balance, andcradle-to-grave analysis
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Standardization
The procedures of life cycleassessment (L CA) are part of the
ISO 14000 environmentalmanagement standards: in ISO14040:2006 and 14044:2006.(ISO 14044 replaced earlier
versions of ISO 14041 to ISO14043.)
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Scope of L CA
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Variants of L CA
Cradle to Grave
Cradle to Gate
Cradle to Cradle
Gate to Gate
Well to Wheel
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Phases of LCA
Goal and scope
Life cycle inventory
Life cycle impact assessment
Interpretation
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Phases of LCA (contd.)
Goal and Scope Def
Goal & Scope
Definitionn
Inventory Analysis
Impact
Assessment
Interpretation
Fig. : Illustration of L CA phases.These are often interdependent in that the results of one phase will inform how other phases are completed.
Ref: : Wikipedia
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LCA Uses and Tools
GaBi Software developed by PE
International
SimaPro developed by PRé
Consultants
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Cradle to Grave Approach
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Cradle To Grave Cradle-to-grave is the full Life Cycle
Assessment from manufacture For example, trees produce paper, which
can be recycled into low-energy production
cellulose (fiberised paper) insulation, then
used as an energy-saving device in the ceiling of a home for 40 years, saving 2,000
times the fossil-fuel energy used in its
production.
After 40 years the cellulose fibers are
replaced and the old fibers are disposed of,
possibly incinerated. All inputs and outputs
are considered for all the phases of the life
cycle...
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Design for Sustainability
Designing to improve the quality of life today, without compromising
the quality of life of tomorrow
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Importance of Design for
SustainabilityDesign for Sustainability aims:
to take all global and regional socio-
economic concerns into account in
products and services, meeting theneeds of society now and in the
future, moving from a product to a
service oriented system.
In order to design sustainable
products and services, innovation,
creativity and new ideas are required
by designers.
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Importance of Design for
SustainabilityOn a global scale current design of products
are seen to hinder Sustainability.
Designers ironically increasing focus on disposables.
e.g. razors, nappies, pens, packaging.
4 Rs regarding design for sustainability:
Repair Refine Redesign Rethink
Movement towards rethinking situations
and function radically changing towardsachieving needs through different means.
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Repair -> Rethink
Adapted from:
[Thompson and
Sherwin, 2001]
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CASE STUDY
GAIL ( Gas Authority of India Ltd )
RIL ( Reliance India Ltd. ) Controlled Petrochemical Industry
at Jamnagar
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Figure 2: Generalized Steps of Processing in
Petrochemical Industry
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Figure 3: General Approach for ³Cradle to Grave´ in
Sustainable development
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Raw Material Acquisition
C
onsiderations Use less material
Use materials with lessenvironmental impact
Use fewer resources
Produce less pollution and waste
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Sustainable Design for Raw Materials
Using recycled materials instead of virgin materials significantly reduces the environmental impact of a
product.
Guidelines for designing with recycled plastics by RIL :
Specify thicker walls or features that enhance rigidity in a design where increased strength must compensate for reduced strength in material.
Select applications where color is not critical when recycled plastics come with a variety of colorants. Additional colorants may mask the original color of the material.
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Product Manufacturing
C
onsiderations LCA analyses
Is the process energy
intensive?
Does it produce a lot of
waste?
Are natural resources
(eg water and fossil
fuels) used?
Can resource use be
reduced?
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Actual process flow diagram
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RIL Results of Product Manufacture
( Polyester ) The amount of energy use to produce the
polyester fabric was 171.5 mega Joules
Oil and gas usage for polyester fabricproduction was 1.5kg compared
Emissions produced in polyester production
account for 3.8kg of carbon dioxide and 0.2g
of sulfur dioxide
polyester fabric production uses 1,900 liters of
water
wastewater tainted with antimony trioxide
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Figure 4: Flow diagram for the manufacture,consumer use, and disposal of a polyester sheet
http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/LCA-
Chapter%201.htm#INTRODUCTION
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Sustainable Approach
Polyester produces highly toxic
agents and harmful waste materials
Cannot be used for other
processes
Released in environment causing
degradation
Eco-Intelligent Polyester Technique
is employed by other countries for
clean production
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Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing:
Sustainability
Product
Complexity
Consumables
Workforce
Tools
Facilities
Part Precision
Manufacturing
Impacts
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Sustainable Design By RIL
Effluent treatment plant, low NOXburners in Furnaces
and zero liquid effluent discharge
ensure the safety of the environment. Treated sewage, industrial effluent
and stack emissions are extensively
monitored to ensure no harm is done
to the environment.
Reliance is committed to transform
the arid land in and around the
complex into a lush green belt
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Major Achievements by RIL
Reduction in Emission of C
O2 (Tons/Kilotons of Crude processed) to 10.25
Planting of 4.0 million trees in and around the
complex has already been done till 2004
which includes planting of 25,000 Nos of
additional Trees during last year.
Reduction of plastic cup consumption from
5.1 Lakhs cup (In 2000) per month to 3.2 Lakh(2003) per month.
Construction of landfill facility for the disposal
of hazardous waste
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± Is beneficial, safe & healthy for individuals and communities throughout its life cycle;
± Meets market criteria for performance and cost;
± Is sourced, manufactured, transported, and recycled using
renewable energy;
± Maximizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials;
± Is manufactured using clean production technologies and
best practices;
± Is made from materials healthy in all probable end of life
scenarios;
± Is physically designed to optimize materials and energy;
± Is effectively recovered and utilized in biological and/or
industrial cradle to cradle cycles.
Sustainable Packaging
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Talk to consumers to find out if they
have developed product habits
Do customers feel that any
components or functions are
unnecessary?
How is the pr oduct used?
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Final Disposition Considerations
Optimise functionality and service
life
Make re-use and recycling easier
Reduce the environmental impactof disposal
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Does the product typically go to landfill?
Could the recycling potential be
increased?- material selection
- stamping and labelling
Can modules or parts be re-used? Service potential
What happens at the end of the
pr oduct¶s life?
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Sustainable Design RecyclabilityProduct design can make a significant
contribution to recyclability. Use materials which can be easily recycled.
Reduce the quantity of different types of materials.
Select materials that are in mutually compatible groups, e.g. for plastics ABS, PETor PVC
To aid recycling, avoid materials which are
difficult to separate such as laminates, fire-retardants and fiberglass reinforcements.
Avoid polluting elements such as stickers that interfere with recycling, or glues.
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An optimized view.
Cradle to cradle approach
From personal hygiene products to buildings, demand for
environmentally-conscious consumption is increasing. In
fact, whether consumer purchases are rooted in health
concerns, moral obligation to future generations, or the desire to showcase a trendy commitment to the
environment.
More than 35% of American consumers claim to have a
higher interest in the environment and 34% claim they are
more likely to buy environmentally friendly products
today versus one year ago. When priced within their
budget, this number increases to 69% of American
consumers. (Cone, Inc. 2009).
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Material flows in the context of an Intelligent Materials
Poolingcommunity.
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Conclusion
Every product has an environmental impact.
Firms must aim to mitigate these impacts
when marketing green products. Since trade-offs exist in each stage of the product lifecycle,
green products must be underpinned by
continuous improvement towards the various
methods given above and thus achieve
sustainable growth.
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THANK YOU
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QUESTIONS ?