JIB 431 Biosystematics Animal Taxonomy

JIB 431 BiosystematicsAnimal Taxonomy IILim Lee Sim1This lecture is based on Chapter 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Animal Taxonomy, written by H. E. Goto in 1982. This book was published by Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited in London, United Kingdom.Behavioral characters in taxonomy: SoundNot common. SoundsBird songs pattern (sympatric British leaf warblers)(Gilbert White in 18th century)

Chiffchaff

Willow warbler

Wood warblerhttp://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/families/warblers.aspx3Behavioral characters in taxonomy: SoundCan be useful in distinguishing species that are closely related.At higher taxonomic level, song patterns from three main groups of birds from Phoceidae family were described by J. Delacour (1943). The three groups of birds have song patterns common within group but distinct between groups.4

"grass finch." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. .

common waxbill. Photograph. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. .

golden-collared manakin. Photograph. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. .5Behavioral characters in taxonomy: SoundMust be careful, because sub-specific song variations are also common-variations between local populations and individual variations-establishment of territory.

6Behavioral characters in taxonomy: Comparison of bird songWith the aid of sound spectrograms/ Sonagrams.Sound spectrograms: visual representation in permanent record of vocalization (differences in frequency, amplitude and durations of songs).7

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Spectrogram of a open-space bats call

Oscillogram of a open-space bats callBehavioral characters in taxonomy: SoundVisual examination of these sound spectrograms-provide simple and decisive methods of comparing sounds.This method applied in animal taxonomy for various animals. (amphibians, mammalians, insects etc.)For example, Drosophila melanogaster and its sister taxa, D. simulans, both produce sound of 330Hz at 25C, but D. melanogaster at the rate of 29/sec, D. simulans at 20/sec. D. pseudoobscura produce sounds at 500hz but at the rate of 5/sec.12Behavioral characters in taxonomy: SoundOscilloscope : precise amplitude/time display, but only single frequency can be recorded at one time.Sound spectrograms-more useful than oscilloscope when there are sounds of different frequency produced simultaneously in the song need to be recorded. 13Behavioral characters in taxonomy: BioluminescenceFor example, flashing behavior of eastern North American fireflies (Photuris) differ in freuency, intensity, colour and shape of individual flash sequences. (discovered by H.S.Barber in 1951)3 spp. of Photuris were known, 18 sibling spp were discovered.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photuris_%28genus%2914

15Behavioral characters in taxonomy: ActivityActivity pattern of species also employed in animal taxonomy.For examples:Waving pattern of right cheliped of male fiddler crab. (J. Crane, 1941)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_crab16Behavioral characters in taxonomy: ActivityMore examples..Antenna-cleaning behavior of Orthoptera families. (W. Jacobs, 1953)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryllidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrididae

Behavioral characters in taxonomy: ActivityNest building behavior in the sandwasp. (A. Adriaanse, 1948), discovered 2 subspecies of A. campestris, e.g. A. campestris and A. Adriaansei.Nest building behavior also suggested Paridae (titmice) may be an artificial assemblage of polyphyletic origin.These constructions of animals= works of an animal.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit_%28bird%29Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomyFollowing the divergent evolution/radiation of a host ancestor there will be corresponding speciation of its parasites/symbionts.Host specificity: the restriction of a parasite/symbiont to a particular host species.Stenadaptive, monoxenous vs. euryadaptive, oligo-, polyxenous.Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomySo in general, closely related host-closely related parasites and symbionts. Indicators of the taxonomic affinity of their hosts.

Parasitophyletic rulesFahrenholz Rule:The phylogenetic relationships of parasites reflect the phylogenetic relationships of their hosts.Szidats Rule:More primitive hosts have more primitive parasites; More advance hosts have more advance parasites.Eichlers Rule:Taxa with higher variable of hosts has higher variaty of parasites.Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomySometimes, animals get their ectoparasites from their prey.Still, parasites can be indicators of the taxonomic positions of their host and vise versa.Ectoparasites are more liable indicators than endoparasites. (external environment change more than internal environment)

Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomyPrinciple of phylogenetic specificity by Baer: the use of parasites as indicators for their hosts affinities.Example cases:Existing evidence show Mallophaga become parasite of birds long time ago and evolve together.South African ostriches-S. struthionisSouth American rhea-S. rheaeboth of the above spp. is believed to share the same origins based on the parasites on them.Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomyDetected sibling species based on parasites.Example: Octopus bimaculatus- 2 spp parasites, D. abelis and D. californica. Later, it was discovered that those O. bimaculatus infected with D. abelis differed in habitat & egg structure from those infested with D. californica. They are also reproductively isolated. Thus, actually 2 sibling species. Host-parasite & host-symbiont relationships in taxonomyDetailed studies of homopteran bugs and their symbionts showed there is a strong correlation between the members of the bugs and their symbionts. (Muller, Ermisch & Wagner)

Revealed of sibling species of termites after discovery of different spp of beetles (Staphylinidae) inhabit in the termites colonies.Please bare in mind: parasites/symbionts may be not as host specific as we thought. Exp, aphids Please bare in mind: morphological changes in individuals of the same species when found on different plant host/different part of the plant. Exp, the scale insect Diaspidiotus ancylus.CytotaxonomyMainly apply in plant taxonomy.Covers all aspects of taxonomy at cellular level. (structure, genetics, physiology, biochemistry, phenomena associate with nucleus)Mainly focus on the number, morphology and behaviour of the chromosomes.Chromosome numberVaries in animals, usually between 12-60.Number varies even within orders/families/genera. Exp, Diptera varies between 4-20, Lepidoptera varies between 14-446.Animals-usually diploid. But polyploidy occurs in free-living flatworms, earthworms, freshwater snails, annelids, crustaceans, insects and vertebrates too.Chromosome number

Sometimes homologous pair of chromosomes may fail to separate, give rise to a zygote with extra chromosomes-aneuploids-trisomics. Exp, Downs syndrome which chromosome 21 is a trisomic.

Chromosome structureChromosomes structure based on the position of centromere: Metacentric, Acrocentric and Telocentric.

Chromosome structure: results from translocation

Chromosome structure: results inversions

Chromosome structureComparisons of chromosomes usually at metaphase configurations. Metaphase during mitosis: http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htmThe arrangement of chromosomes, picture of an individual organism's complete set of metaphase chromosomes: karyotype. ( 2005 by W. H. Freeman and Company. All rights reserved. Pierce, B. Genetics: A conceptual approach. 2nd Edition.)

A karyotype of human chromosomesA karyotype of human chromosomes, which includes 22 pairs, plus the special 23rd pair of sex chromosomes, labeled "X" and "Y" (lower right). Copyright 2007 Nature Publishing Group. From: Stamatoullas, A., et al. Conventional cytogenetics of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leukemia 21, 20642067.

A karyotype of human chromosomesA karyotype of human chromosomes, which includes 22 pairs, plus the special 23rd pair of sex chromosomes, labeled "X" and "Y" (lower right). Copyright 2007 Nature Publishing Group. From: Stamatoullas, A., et al. Conventional cytogenetics of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leukemia 21, 20642067.Largest chromosomeSmallest chromosome

Idiogram of human Chromosome 1Chromosome structureChromosomes of similar overall length are distinguished by:Position of the centromereThe p/q ratioPresence or absence of satellitesQ- , G- and R- banding patterns.Chromosome structureBased on karyotype-possibilities to revealed existence of sibling species. Exp, Drosophila persimilis and D. pseudoobscura.But in some animals, karyotype are uniform among species. Exp, grasshopper.Geographical subspecies also detectable. Exp. Chironomus tentans: difference in banding patterns of polytene salivary gland chromosomes between subspecies from Europe and Canada.Chromosome structureWhen using karyological data, few things have to be conscious:Geographical subspeciesIndividual abnormalities (Downs syndrome)Clines (Nucella lapillus: lowest chromosome numbers found in individuals living in areas with greatest wave and tidal movement)Seasonal difference (Ameles heldreichi: 2n=27,28,29. But 2n=27 much more common in autumn genetic combination than in spring genetic combination)Numerical taxonomyWidely implement in the last few decades.Involve computers.Able to analyse big numbers of characters and organisms.Character states recorded using coding method.Presence=+/1;absence=-/0If the cuticle colour is brown from white, brown, red, then coded as white=0,brown=1,red=0

Numerical taxonomyCharacter states can be ranked in order of magnitude: ordered multi-state charactersContinuous quantitative multi state characters can be group into a series of 2-state characters, e.g. 1cm-5cm,