Animal Hygiene

8/9/2019 Animal Hygiene

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ASSIGNMENT IN ANIMAL HYGIENE

Air quality. Gases of concern inside animal

buildins. Ammonia!


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Animal buildins contain a "ariety ofairborne contaminants includins#eci$c manure ases% eneral odors%

#articulate matter or dust% and bioenic#articles. T&e indoor concentrations ofmany of t&ese contaminants may

a##roac& or e'ceed suestedt&res&old le"els for &oused animals and&uman em#loyees.


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Also% since t&ese buildins are "entilatedat relati"ely &i& rates% t&ey may emitsu(cient quantities of s#eci$c ases%

odors and dust t&at can im#act nei&borsand may e'ceed state or federalreulatory emission standards.

)otential airborne contaminants includeases * es#ecially &ydroen sul$de%met&ane and ammonia% odor% #articulatematter +dust,% and bioenic #articles.


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A total of -- aseous com#ounds &a"e beenmeasured in animal &ousin systems./oncentrations of t&ese ases "ary 0idely and

de#end on animal s#ecies% &ousin and manure&andlin systems. In &i& concentrations% someof t&ese ases may #ose a t&reat to &uman%animal% and ecosystem &ealt&. 1rom t&is

e'tensi"e list% &ydroen sul$de% nitrous o'ide%met&ane and ammonia are t&e most commonlymonitored and e'tensi"ely studied.


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NITROUS OXIDE

Nitrous oxide is a #roductof bot& nitri$cation anddenitri$cation.

Nitrous o'ide emissionsare an en"ironmentalconcern. N34 is

a##ro'imately 355 timesmore e(cient t&an /43in

absorbin infraredradiation. 1urt&ermore%N34 contributes to t&e

reduction of o6one in t&e

stratos#&ere t&rou& t&e#&otoc&emicaldecom#osition of N34 to

N4 +nitroen o'ide,.


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HYDROGEN SULFIDE

Hydrogen sulfde (H2S) is a colorless

as% &ea"ier t&an air% &i&ly solublein 0ater and &as t&e c&aracteristicodor of rotten es at lo0concentrations. It is formed bybacterial sulfate reduction and t&edecom#osition of sulfur7containinoranic com#ounds in manure underanaerobic conditions. Atconcentrations around -5 ##b t&eH3S odor can be detected by o"er

859 of t&e #o#ulation. A 5 ##mlimit for indoor 87&our H3S e'#osures

is #ro#osed to #rotect &uman 0or:er&ealt&.

Alt&ou& t&ere are &ealt& ris:s

associated 0it& &i& concentrationsof H3S% concentrations are usually

"ery lo0 in and around animal&ousin as com#ared toconcentrations of /43and NH-.


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METHANE

Methane (CH4) is #roduced by

t&e microbial deradation ofsoluble li#ids% carbo&ydrates%oranic acids% #roteins% and

ot&er oranic com#onents./H; is a stron reen&ouse

as and is 3< times moree(cient t&an /43 in

absorbin infrared radiation.

/H; contributes bet0een =and 359 to t&e total lobal0armin #otential. It &asbeen estimated t&at >- oft&e met&ane #roduced eac&year comes from industrialsources% >- from naturalsources% and >- fromariculture +#rimarily animalsand manure storae units,.


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NON-METHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND

T&ese odorous com#oundsare usually #roduced andaccumulated in collection

and storae systems 0&erefeces and urine aredecom#osed by bacteriaunder anaerobic conditions.

T&ere are four di?erentc&emical classes of @4/"olatile fatty acids +@1A 7acetic% #ro#ionic% butyric%iso7butyric% "aleric% ca#roic

and ca#ric acids,% indolesand #&enols% amines% andsulfur7containincom#ounds.


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AMMONIA

Ammonia is colorless% &i&ly 0ater7solubleand &as a s&ar#% #unent odor 0it&detection t&res&old bet0een B and 8 ##m.Gaseous NH-&as a mean life of about ; *

-< &ours de#endin on 0eat&er. NH- is

classi$ed as a #articulate #recursor% i.e. int&e "a#or #&ase it 0ill react 0it& ot&ercom#ounds to form #articulates. Ammoniain li"estoc: facilities results #rimarily fromt&e brea:do0n of urea by t&e en6ymeurease +e'creted in feces,. In #oultry%urease is e'creted 0it& uric acid.

NH- and c&emical combinations +NH', areim#ortant com#onents res#onsible foracidi$cation in addition to sulfurcom#ounds +S4',% nitroen o'ides% and

"olatile oranic com#onents. Ammonia isli&ter t&an air and can be easily remo"edfrom li"estoc: buildins by #ro#er

"entilation.Ammonia Crine is t&e #rimary source ofammonia +NH-, and is released durinmanure storae and decom#osition.


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AMMONIA EMISSIONS AND SAFETY

Li"estoc: #roduction is a maDorcontributor of ammonia emissions.NH- is #roduced inside li"estoc:buildins% in o#en feedlots% inmanure storae facilities% durin

manure &andlin and treatment and0&en manure is a##lied to soils.

Ammonia concentrations "aryconsiderably de#endin on t&eanimal s#ecies and t&e &ousinsystem. Ty#ical NH- le"els in 0ell7

"entilated s0ine buildins 0it& liquidmanure systems are B to 5 ##m and5 to 35 ##m 0&ere manure andurine are de#osited on solid oors.NH- le"els in animal &ousin can

e'ceed 3B ##m 0&en lo0er 0inter"entilation rates are used and canreac& ;5 ##m in #oorly "entilatedbuildins. T&e C.S. 4ccu#ationalSafety and Healt& Administration+4SHA, #ro#osed an indoor 87& NH-

e'#osure t&res&old of 3B ##m% 0&ic&is similar to NH- t&res&old limits in


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AMMONIA EMISSIONS AND SAFETY

Traditional met&ods of NH-

control in buildins &a"ein"ol"ed remo"al of manure%dryin of manure to a"oid or

reduce urease brea:do0n% andlitter amendments to control #Hin broiler litter.

T&e limited number of NH-

emission data for beef and dairy

facilities s&o0 a narro0er raneand sini$cantly lo0er "alues ascom#ared to s0ine and #oultry.S0ine &ousin means "ariedfrom 5.-B 7 -.5 NH- >m3>day%

#oultry &ousin from 3.8B 7 8.5

NH- >m3 >day% dairy about -.F NH->m3>day and beef feedlots

from 3.37 ;.; NH->m3>day.

Concentration(!"

Hea#t$Re%on%e

3; 7 B5 Nose and t&roat

irritation afterten minutes ofe'#osure.

F3 7 -; Irritation of noseand t&roat after$"e minutes

e'#osure.

F55 Immediate andse"ere irritationof res#iratorysystem.

B%555 es#iratorys#asms% ra#idsu?ocation.

Abo"e 5%555 )ulmonaryedema%#otentially fatal


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AMMONIA DETECTION

Ammonia le"els abo"e 35 ##mare easily detectable. T&ereare se"eral met&ods ofdetectin ammonia and t&ese

include litmus #a#er% detectiontubes and electronic de"ices.

Ammonia release from animalsources is #re"alent due to t&eine(cient con"ersion of feednitroen to animal #roduct.

Li"estoc: and #oultry are oftenfed sur#lus nitroen 0it& &irotein feeds to ensurenutritional requirements aremet. Nitroen t&at is notmetaboli6ed into animal

#rotein is e'creted in t&e urineof s0ine and cattle and in t&euric acid e'creted by #oultry.


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4)TI4NS T4 EC/E AMM4NIA EMISSI4NS 14M LI@EST4/ JCILINGS

. iet mani#ulation. /arefully matc&in feed to t&e nutritionalrequirements of animals reduces nitroen e'cretion 0it&outa?ectin #roducti"ity.

3. Cse "entilation tec&niques t&at create lo0 air "elocities aroundsurfaces e'#osed to manure. Air s#eeds across manure7co"eredsurfaces s&ould be minimi6ed since t&e amount of ammonia as

i"en o? by manure is increased 0it& air s#eed.-. T&e ty#e of oor area e'#osed to manure in animal &ousin

facilities can &a"e a sini$cant e?ect on t&e emissions rate ofNH-. Emissions of NH- from t&e solid #art of t&e oor can bereduced by usin an inclined or con"e'% smoot&ly $nis&ed

surface.;. )ro#er manaement of feed and buildin &yiene.

B. 1requent remo"al of manure from li"estoc: buildins or #ens.


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H4K T4 )4TE/T Y4CSEL1 14M AMM4NIA E)4SCE

. )ro"ide a as tra# bet0een t&e barn and any connected lon7term manure storae

3. A"oid lon7term manure storae under slotted oors in fullyenclosed barns% es#ecially 0it& neati"e7#ressure "entilation.Instead% build t&e main storae outdoors or at least se#arate fromt&e li"estoc: #art and remo"e t&e manure frequently from under

t&e oors

-. )re"ent manure from dryin +i.e.% :ee# manure in solutiont&rou& #it rec&are,.

;. o not enter a manure storae #it 0it&out res#iratory #rotectione"en durin normal conditions. Je #re#ared to 0ear a self7

contained breat&in a##aratus +S/JA, 0&ere &i& concentrationse'ist suc& as durin aitation and #um#in of manure.

B. )ro"ide ma'imum "entilation 0&en aitatin and #um#inmanure or if t&ere is a stron smell of ammonia in t&e buildin.


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ECOLOGICAL PRO&LEMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

Ammonia may cause se"eral ecoloical#roblems in t&e en"ironment

E'cess in#uts of nitroen may lead toconsiderable c&anes in #lantcommunities 0it& t&e result t&at #lants

0&ic& #refer lo0 nitroen soilsdisa##ear and t&ere is an increase innitroen indicator #lants.

Acidi$cation in soils 0it& lo0 bu?erca#acity may occur after nitri$cation oft&e added nitroen. A fallin #H leads to

t&e dissolution of to'ic soil constituentssuc& as aluminum ions% and to t&eleac&in of nutrients and aluminum intot&e round0ater.

T&e natural ca#ability of forest soil tota:e u# met&ane +/H;, is decreased by

NH- de#osition% t&us increasin t&e

concentration of /H;in t&e atmos#&ere.

Surface 0aters may be a?ected byeutro#&ication and acidi$cation.


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Animal Hygiene