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ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION
Animals exhibit levels of organization
Cellstissuesorganssystems
Tissuea group of cells with a common structure
and functionTissues have structures suited to their functions
4 main categories of tissues--epithelial
--connective--muscle
--nervous
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavitieswithin body
Closely joined cells, not much in between
sometimes held together by tight junctions mucouslining stomach and respiratory tract
Epithelium is classified in 2 ways
# of cell layers (simple, stratified)
Shape of cells on exposed surface (cuboidal, columnar,squamous) Cuboidalcubes
Columnarbricks on end
Squamouslike floor tiles
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EPITHELIAL (DIAGRAM)
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Functions to bind and support
Not tightly packed but sparse # of cells scattered in a
matrix(jelly, liquid or solid)
3 types of connective tissue fibers (all made of protein) Collagenous fiberscollagen,non-elastic, do not tear easily
Elastic fiberslong threads made of elastin, have a rubber-like quality
Reticular fibersthin and branched, composed of collagenand continuous with collagenous fibers, form tightly woventissues that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues
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CONNECTIVE (DIAGRAM)
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MAJOR TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN
VERTEBRATES
Loose connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Adipose (fat)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
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MUSCLE TISSUE
Composed of long cells capable of contracting
when stimulated
Myofibrils are the contracting units made of 2proteins (actin and myosin)
Most abundant tissue in most animals and
muscle contraction uses most ATP
3 types of muscle tissue in vertebrates:
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (diagrams..)Nuclei on sides nuclei in center
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MUSCLE AND NERVOUS (DIAGRAM)
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NERVOUS TISSUE
Senses stimuli and transmits messages Functional unit (cell) is neuron
Many animals have nervous tissue
concentrated in brain
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Tissues make up organs
All animals have organs exceptporifera(sponges) and some cnidarians
Sometimes tissues are arranged in layers in anorgan ex:stomach
Mucosalines lumen(interior)
Submucosaconnective tissue contains blood vessels/nerves
Muscularissmooth muscle tissue
Serosathin layer of epithelial and connective tissue
Organs held in place by mesenteries
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STOMACH LINING (DIAGRAM)
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OVERVIEW OF ANIMALS
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs
2 basic body types
radial symmetry-circular or disk shaped (cut like pie)
Bilateral symmetry-right and left sides (mirror images) Early animals lacked a body cavity(acoelomates)
Some developed a body cavity from tissue notcompletely derived from mesoderm
(pseudocoelomates) Others developed a true body cavity derived from
mesoderm (coelomates)
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Another difference between animalsis when mouth and anus form in
embryonic development of
coelomates
Protostomes undergo spiral cleavage
and the mouth forms first (from blastopore)
Deuterostomes undergo radial cleavage
and the anus forms first (from blastopore)
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ANIMAL PHYLA
PORIFERA-sponges, are sessile, 2 cell
layers, radial symmetry
CNIDARIA-jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone;2 cell layers, tentacles, radial symmetry
PLATYHELMINTHES-flatworms..first
animals to have 3 cell layers and bilateralsymmetry..acoelomates
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NEMATODES(nemahelminthes)-roundworms,pseudocoelomates, one-way digestive tractfrom mouthanus
MOLLUSKS-soft bodies and hard shells. They
were the first protostomes(blastopore develops into mouth)and first coelomates with spiral determimate
cleavage..Examples are octopus, squid, snails,
clams ANNELIDS-segmented worms, 2 body openings,
closed circ.sys., setae Ex. Earthworm, leech
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ARTHROPODS-segmented bodies,exoskelston, jointed appendages, fully
developed systems Ex???
ECHINODERMS-sessile/sedentary,
spiny exoskeleton, first
deuterostomes(blastopore develops into anus),ex..starfish, sea urchin
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CHORDATES-notochord, dorsal nerve cord,postanal tail, pharyngeal gill slits(at some timein their life), MOST are vertebrates
(invertebrate chordates include: tunicates,amphioxus and acorn worms)
CLASSES include:Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
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KEY CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL
ORGANIZATION Animalsmulticellular heterotrophs that lack cell walls
and ingest their food. Most are diploid and reproducesexually. Their ability to move is their most strikingcharacteristic
Tissuesspecialized groups of cells that carry outparticular functions. All animals except sponges havetissues
Symmetryall animals except sponges have their bodyparts arranged along an axis. In radial symmetry, body
parts are arranged around a central axis; bilateralsymmetry has a right and left sideeach being mirrorimages of each other
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Coelemall bilateral symmetrical animals other than solid worms
possess a body cavity
Segmentationthe bodies of all advanced coelomate animals arecomposed of a series of similar segments, an organization thatpermits great specialization of different parts of the body.
Jointed appendagesmostly found in arthropods and chordates
serve as tools for locomotion and feeding Protostomescoelomates that, during embryological development
typically exhibits spiral determinate cleavage (mollusks, annelids,arthropods)
Deuterostomescoelomates that, develop an anus from theblastopore during embryological developmenttypically exhibit radial,
indeterminate cleavage (echinoderms and chordates) Endoskeletoninstead of attaching muscle to a hard exterior shell, as
arthropods do, chordates attach them to a bony framework within thebody, permitting larger size.
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3WAYS TO CLASSIFY ANIMALS
SYMMETRYradial or bilateral
BODYCAVITY
Acoelomate (no cavity)sponges, flatworms
Pseudocoelom
Coelomates (true cavity)
BASIS OF EMBRYONIC ORIFICE
Protostome---first opening is blastoporedevelops ontomouth
Deuterostomefirst opening is blastopore---develops intoanus
ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES only
(phylum chart)