Animal coordination control and homeostasis - Questions Q1. * Explain the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood. (6) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q2. * The human body prevents blood glucose levels from becoming too high or too low. Explain how the human body maintains blood glucose levels within a narrow range.

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.............................................................................................................................................. Q4.

The graph shows the percentage of the population with type 2 diabetes and the mean body mass of the population, from 1990 to 2000.

(i) Use the equation to calculate the body mass index (BMI) for a person with a body mass of 78 kg and a height of 1.7 m.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Use the chart to find the BMI category for this person.

Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The BMI category for this person is

(1) A underweight B normal range C overweight D obese

Q5.

The temperature of Rebecca's brain and of one of her fingers was recorded at six different external temperatures.

(i) Calculate the maximum temperature range for Rebecca's finger.

(1) answer ................................°C

(ii) Compare the temperature of Rebecca's brain and her finger as the external temperature decreased. (2)

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.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Explain why the temperature of Rebecca's finger showed this response to the decrease in the external temperature.

(3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q6.

Explain what happens to the uterus lining if the egg cell is fertilised. (2)

.............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q7. Figure 11 shows the nutritional information for two different varieties of biscuit.

Figure 11

(i) State why it is better to compare the nutritional information per 100 g of biscuit rather than per biscuit. (1)

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(ii) Explain why variety A would be a better choice of biscuit for a person with type 2 diabetes.

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(Total for question = 3 marks)

Q8.

The graph shows the percentage of the population with type 2 diabetes and the mean body mass of the population, from 1990 to 2000.

(i) Use information from the graph to describe the correlation between type 2 diabetes and body mass shown from 1993 to 2000.

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.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Suggest how a change in body mass may cause a person to develop type 2 diabetes.

(2)

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.............................................................................................................................................. Q9. People with diabetes insipidus are unable to produce enough of the hormone ADH.

In a medical study, the ADH levels in the blood of eight people were measured.

Four of the people, A, B, C and D, do not have diabetes insipidus.

The other four people, E, F, G and H, have diabetes insipidus.

The results are shown in the tables.

(i) Calculate the mean ADH level in the people without diabetes insipidus. (2)

........................................................... μg per dm3

(ii) Suggest why there is a wide range of ADH levels in the people without diabetes insipidus. (2)

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(iii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

ADH is a hormone released into the blood by the (1)

A corpus luteum

B collecting duct

C pituitary gland

D glomerulus

(iv) Suggest a symptom of diabetes insipidus.

(1) .............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. Q10.

The graph shows the percentage of the population with type 2 diabetes and the mean body mass of the population, from 1990 to 2000.

(a) (i) Use information from the graph to describe the correlation between type 2 diabetes and body mass shown from 1993 to 2000.

(2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest how a change in body mass may cause a person to develop type 2 diabetes. (2)

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(b) (i) Use the equation to calculate the body mass index (BMI) for a person with a body mass of 78 kg and a height of 1.7 m.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Use the chart to find the BMI category for this person.

Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The BMI category for this person is

(1) A underweight B normal range C overweight D obese (c) Describe how the human body acts in response to low glucose levels in the blood.

(3)

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(Total for Question is 10 marks) Q11. The kangaroo rat is a mammal that can survive in desert environments and can tolerate much higher concentrations of sodium ions in their bloodstream than humans.

Figure 16 shows an image of the kangaroo rat.

Figure 16

(a) The name of the process that controls water levels in the body is

(1)

A diffusion

B osmosis

C osmoregulation

D thermoregulation

(b) (i) Explain how the blood entering the nephron of the kangaroo rat is filtered to remove excess sodium ions and water.

(3)

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............................................................................................................................................. The kangaroo rat has a longer loop of Henle than most mammals. (ii) Explain why this adaptation is beneficial to the kangaroo rat.

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............................................................................................................................................. The volume of ADH stored in the pituitary gland of the kangaroo rat was measured. Figure 17 shows the average results for 500 kangaroo rats.

Figure 17 *(iii) Explain how ADH helps to control the levels of water and sodium ions in the bloodstream.

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(Total for question = 12 marks) Q12.

* Explain how glucose is reabsorbed into the blood of a person and why glucose can be found in the urine of a person with diabetes.

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Q13. Hormonal control

The diagram shows the body's response to dehydration.

(a) Use the diagram to help explain the body's hormonal response to dehydration.

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(b) The menstrual cycle is also controlled by hormones including progesterone.

(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Progesterone is produced by the

(1) A corpus luteum B glomerulus C hypothalamus D pituitary gland

(ii) Describe the effect of high levels of progesterone on the uterus lining during pregnancy.

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*(b) (iii) Explain how the menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones and negative feedback.

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(Total for question = 12 marks) Q14. Hormones control the menstrual cycle.

(i) Which row of the table shows where the hormones LH and oestrogen are produced?

(1)

(ii) Figure 12 shows the body temperature and oestrogen level for a fertile woman during a 30 day menstrual cycle.

Figure 12 Describe the correlation between body temperature and oestrogen levels from day 5 to day 25.

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(iii) Explain how monitoring a woman's body temperature can be used to increase her chance of becoming pregnant.

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Q15.

Hormones control the menstrual cycle.

* Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle. (6)

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Q16. The diagram shows the human life cycle. When a sperm cell fertilises an egg cell, a zygote is formed.

(a) Complete the diagram by writing the sex chromosomes in the egg cells, sperm cells, male zygote and female zygote.

(2) (b) The diagram shows a sperm cell.

Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The acrosome contains

(1) A enzymes to help get through the membrane of the egg cell B mitochondria to supply energy to swim C muscle fibres to swim D 23 chromosomes (c) State why egg cells have a large amount of cytoplasm.

(1)

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(d) During ovulation an egg cell is released from the ovary.

Explain how changes in the levels of hormones result in ovulation.

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(e) Explain what happens to the uterus lining if the egg cell is fertilised.

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Q17. Infertility can be treated by increasing the chance of ovulation occurring.

Ovulation is controlled by hormones.

(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The hormone that stimulates the maturation of follicles in the ovary is

(1)

A FSH

B LH

C oestrogen

D progesterone

(ii) Infertility treatments, including the use of hormones, can stimulate ovulation.

Explain one disadvantage of treating infertility by using hormones to stimulate ovulation. (2)

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(iii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Ovulation during pregnancy is prevented by high levels of (1)

A FSH

B LH

C insulin

D progesterone

Q18. (i) The volume of fluid filtered through the kidneys of a person in a day was 172 dm3.

The volume of urine produced by that person in the same day was 1.4 dm3. Calculate the percentage of water reabsorbed into the body of that person for that day. Give your answer to two decimal places.

(3)

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(ii) A person drank the same volume of water on two consecutive days. The second day was much hotter. State how the volume of urine produced on the second day was different from the first day.

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(iii) Explain how water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct of the kidney. (3)

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(Total for question = 7 marks) Q19. During ovulation an egg cell is released from the ovary. Explain how changes in the levels of hormones result in ovulation.

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.............................................................................................................................................. Q20. Water content is controlled within the human body.

State the name given to the control of water content in the body. (1)

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Q21.

The graph shows the percentage of the population with type 2 diabetes and the mean body mass of the population, from 1990 to 2000.

Describe how the human body acts in response to low glucose levels in the blood.

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.............................................................................................................................................. Q22. Explain the role of glucagon in the body.

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(Total for question = 3 marks)

Q23.

The skin

(a) The diagram shows a cross section through human skin.

(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Structure X is the (1)

A blood capillary B dermis

C nerve ending D sebaceous gland

(ii) Describe the role of the sweat gland in thermoregulation.

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............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Explain why the muscle attached to the hair follicle is important when a person starts to feel cold.

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(b) Thermoregulation is one way in which a constant internal environment is maintained.

What is the name given to the maintenance of a constant internal environment? Place a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

(1) A homeostasis B hypothalamus C vasoconstriction D vasodilation

(c) Explain why the temperature of the human body needs to be maintained at 37 °C.

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(d) The photograph shows a reptile lying in sunlight.

Explain why reptiles lie in sunlight for long periods of time.

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(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q24.

The temperature of Rebecca's brain and of one of her fingers was recorded at six different external temperatures.

(a) (i) Calculate the maximum temperature range for Rebecca's finger.

(1) answer ................................°C

(ii) Compare the temperature of Rebecca's brain and her finger as the external temperature decreased.

(2)

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.............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Explain why the temperature of Rebecca's finger showed this response to the decrease in the

external temperature.

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.............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Explain how the human body responds to an external temperature of 40 °C.

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(Total for Question = 12 marks)