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lentel6sParenge dr Emil Heqkmann

Pirmasis leidimas 2OO7 2006 2004 2OO1 2OOO

TURINYS

Puslapis

1. Zymimasis artikelis ......................2. Ndymimasis artike1is..........,,.........................3. Daiktavardis.........4. Bildvardis5. Prieveiksmis6. Skaitvardis...........7. Asmeniniai, savybiniai ir sangrqiinia,

ivardziai..,,.................

The Definite Article..........The Indefinite Article........

Adjectives.........Nouns......................,..........

23

Adverbs................Numera|s..............................

9.10.11.12.13.14.15.

17,'18,

19.20.

Personal, Possessive, RellexivePronouns....................................................... 6Demonstrative Pronouns............................. 6lnterrogative Pronouns................................ 7Relative Pronouns....Indetinite Pronouns..

78I9

10ll11

21. Bendratis su to ................................22. Aprasomoji bendratis...................23. Papildinys + bendratis..............24. Vardininkas + bendratis,...............................25. Gerundijus.........26. Dalyvis27. Veiksma-:qdZiq va1dymas......................,.........28. Prielinksniai29. Jungtukai...........30. Netaisyklingieji veiksma:odZiai

The Moods of the Verb.............................., 1 1

Expression of Habit..................................... 12Ihe Passive Voice........................................ 12Infinitive without to....................................... 12lnfinitive with fo............................................ 12Special Use oI the Infinitive........................ 13Accusative with Infinitive............................. 13Nominative with Iniinitive .,.....,,................... 13The Gerund .............. 13The Particip|es................................,.......,..... 14Transitive, Intransitive Verbs ............,.......... 14Prepositions.............................................,.... 15Conjunctions.............................................,... 15lrregular Verbs...........................................,,. 15

I

1. Zymimasis artikelis thethe [4.] prieS:od:ius, prasidedandius priebalsiu: the book, the univercity,the [aj] prie6:odZius, prasidedandius balsiu: the Arnerican,

piei neia amq h: houf, heir, honour, honesti pfieS h todliuose su nekirdiuotu pirmuoju skiemeniulthe horizon.

Su iymimuoiu artikeliupasaulio Saliq pavadinimai: towards tle North, bet from norih to souih, frorn easi to west,6aliq ir salq daugiskaitiniai pavadinimai: !h€ Easl'lndies, tbe Netherlands, tie Hebrides,upirl, iarq, kalnynq pavaclinimai: !h9 Thanres, Utc Atlanllc, 1!te Alps.

a lsldemekite. Zymirhasis artikelis the eina po all, both, half, double, quite:visas pasaulis - al thC world, dviguba suma - double thc sum.

. Posakiai su Zymimuoju artikeliu:toks paprotys - lt is lltg customtokia mada - lt is 1!19 lashioniSskyrus (kq) wth lhc exception ofdalwau|anl (kam) in th€ presence olpadedant (kam) wih t[e help of

Be iymlmolo artlkello:vardai (taip pat su poor, old, young, little, good, saint)i poor Peter, iltle Johnltitulai ir giminysies nuoroclos: Admiral Nelson, King Richard, Que€n E izabelh, Uncle Sam, Dr [4ller, belthg Oueen of England;

a lsldamekle. Ne ang]q kilmes titulai emperof, czar, archduke, e ector varlojami su artikeliu:thg Emperor Wiliam, !X9 Czar Peter I

Sallq ir miestq pavadlnlmal: Swilzerland, Turkey, London, bet thc London of todayi

mouni - cape - lake - harbour - bay + likriniai daiktavardziai: N4ount Everest, Cape Trafalgar, Lake Geneva,New York Harbolrr, Hudson Bay, bet Utq Cape of Good Hope;gatvCs, aik6t6s, pastalai, tiltai + tikriniai daiktavard:iai: Oxlord Street Trafalgar Square, Windsor Castle, London Bridge;abslrak6ios sqvokos: lfe, death, ovet Ea(h, Heaven, Hel i He was weary of life, bet ibe lfe oi lhe whole nauonichurch - school - college - prison - bed, kalbant apskritai: Church is over (lvlisios), school begins (pamokos),He was seni 10 prison (suimtas), go to bed (eiti miegoti), bet, kalbant konkrediai, artikelis vartojamas: Ihe schoolis near thg church (pastatai);med:iagq pavadinimai: coa, lron, wood, gold: Coal

's important for export, bet lhq coal of Walesi

bendriniq daiklavard:iq daugiskaila: cais, mice, dogs, birdsr Swallows are pretty birds, bei thg swal ows of this

metq lalkq, mdnesiq, savalt6s dlenq, valgymo meto pavadlnlmal: summer, I\rarch, Sunday, dinner; on Mon-day, bet thg lirst [,4onday in July.a lsld6mAklte. Jei po daiktavardZio eina papildinys (dainiausiai su o0, visada vartojamas adikelis.. Posakiai be arlikelio:

i5 pirmo :vilgsnio - at lirst sightissigqsti io ose courageoasoausti rankas - io shake handsva:iuoti traukiniu ir t.l. - to go by train elc.pakeisti spalvE - to change colourbiti po ranka to be at hand

2. Neiymimasis artikelis a (an)

a pries iodiius, prasidedandius priebalsiu: a book, a European,an pfie6 iod:ius, prasidedandius balsiu: an English book,

pried neiariama h: an hour an heir, an honour,pries l, :odiiuose su nekirdiuotu pirmuoju skiemeniu: an hislor an.

Su nezymlmuoiu artlkelio:matai, svoris, laiko tarpai: Jour sh llinqs a yard, sixpence q pound, twice q year (per metus),prolesiia, lautybA, religiia: I\,{y brolher is a painteri He is atr Englishnran, She became a Proiestani,

bel be ndymimojo artikelio por ihe utle ol (doctor), the rank of (generai), the dignitv oi (senator).. Posakiai su artikeliu:

to be in a hurry - skuboti it is a pity - gailato have an appelite luretiapetitq in aioud voce - garsiaito have a fever - tureti temperatiros on an averag€ vidutiniskaito have a headache - skauddti galvq to be al an end - baigtis

. l6lddm6klte: a eina po half, such, quite, many, rather, what: hai a dozen, such a good story, po bldvard:iosu as, so, too, how, howevel as good e swimmer as I am, too heavy a w€ight.

3. Daiktavardis

l. Gimine2mon6s ir daiktai

VyriSkosios lyties bltybes nurodomos vyriskosios gimines jvardzLai< he him - his: H9 met [i9 friend.Nloieriskosios l!.ties bttybes nurodomos moleriskosios gimines ivard:,-:! she her: Sie met hq friend.Daiktai ir abstrakaios sqvokos nlrodomi niekalrosios gimines ivardziais: lt its: The book is in i1! place.

Gyvinq pavadinimai nurodomi niekatrosios gimines ivardziu: The lion icked it9 paw,bet naminiai ir pasakq gyvinai dainai iasmeninami (anglams bidinga meile gyvlnams):

WriSkieji (stipr0s) gyv0nai (vyr. g.): the dog, [r9 name,moteriskieji {silpni) gyvilnai (mot. g.): the cat, qbg is dead.

. lsldAmaklle. Laivq bei Saliq pavadinimai nurodomi moteriskosios gimines ivard:iais: The Atlanlic lost ltclcrew, England and hel dominions.

ll. Daugiskaitos sudarymas: vienaskaita + s (dogs, friends)Netaisyk ingai sudaromos dgs. formos:

Vns. lman I worar I cn,to lo^ ltoor I tootr i qoo,| | | | | rel 'nouse l ouse

Dqs. lmen I women I childrenl oxen Iteet I leeth I oeese I mice I lic€

Daiktavard:iai, kuriq dgs. ir vns. formos sutarnpa: sheep, deer (elnias), swin€, fish, fruit, har, pair, dozen irdauguma:uvrt risiq: trout (upetakis), salmon (la3i6a), carp (karpis), pike (lydska),bet herr ng, ! (sjlkes), eel, :s (unguriai).

Jei daiktavardis baigiasi s, x, z, ch, sh -r es: ass - asscg, box bo)(cg, church churchegpriebalse + y ) ies: baby babils, penny pennieg (bel pence),fe, f + vesr wfe (wile !v VCS), life, knifei calf, haii sell, shelf; thief,leaf: wolfbet chiefs, rools.o -J es: hero herocg, potalo - potalocgbet tarptautiniuose iod:iuoser photAg, piana!.

. lsld6m6klle. Sudurtiniai daiktavard:iai su manr gentleman gentlernqn, Frenchman Frenchmcn,bet German, :q, Roman, €, Norman, :q

Tik visnaskaita vartojami abslraktieji ir kuopiniai daiklavardiiai:advice - patarimas {-ai) know edge - ,iniosbus ness - verslas merchandise - prek6slurniture - baldai progress - paiangapatarimas a piece of advce, baldas - a piece ol furniture

. Tik daugiskaila vartojami id dviejq daliq susidedandiq daiklq pavadinimai:scissors 2iftles ungs - plau6iailongs - tepl6s lrouserc kelnesspectacles - akiniai - scales - svarctykldsvienerios :irkles a palr oJ scissors. Sie akiniai yra stiprls - The6e spectacles ale strong.

lll. LinksnisBendrasis (The Common Case) ir savybinis (The Possessive Case)Savybinis linksnis reiskiamas:1) prielinksnio of junginiu ir 2) pridedant apostrcfq (vienaskaitojo - 's, daugiskaito-ie s').Sa\,ybinio linksnio formq lurir a) daiktavard:iai, pavadinantys asmeni: Jackb blue book, lhe boyql books, b) laikqir atstumq reiskiantys daiktavard:iai: a weeklg holiday, a monthb stay, a mieb walk, at armb lenqth, a slonelsthrow, c) sustaba lje posakiai: to my heartb content (ki€k $irdis geid:ia), for Heavenb sake (d6l Dievo meiles).Piklausymas anglq kalboje reiBkiamas ir prielinksniu ot + daiktavardis. Si lorma vartojama dainai, nes reiSkiapriklausyn4 n asme,rrur, ir daiklu bei reis\in.ur:

. the back of the chair - k6des atlosasa oicture ol Tom Tomo nuotralkathe co our of the dress - suknelds spalvathe light oi the sun - saulds Sviesa

a lslddmeklte. Kai kuriuose vietos aplinkybe einandiuose daiktavardiiq junginiuose pa:ymimieii iodiiai (house,shop. church. praclice) paprastai pfaleidZiamr:I am at my uncle's (house), at the doctor's (practice), St. Paul's (church)-

4. Bodvardis

Btdvafd:io forma nesikeidia: ihe grea! poets of England.

t. LatpsnravrmasNelyginamasis l. Aukstesnysis l. AukS6iausiasis l.

.e6'6

visnskigmeniai ir dvi-skiemeniai biidvardZiai,kuriq antrasis skiemuokirCiuotas arba kurie bai-giasi y, le, er, ow,

-er (negu than)

'. dviskiemeniai, kuriq pir-masis skiemuo kirdiuotas,ir daugiaskiemeniai bid-vard:iai

more {negu - than)

goodbad, il

better

more

best

. Sintetiniu bidL laipsniuojami b0dvard:iai: srnal smaler smalest, poliie' poiter poliiesr, happyhappier happiest, simple sinrpler simplest, clever c everer cleverest, narrow nafroweT narrowest,handsome handsomer handsomest.Analitiniu badu laipsniuojami bldvard:iai ir dalyviai: carelul, diff cu t p eased, charrning.

a lsid6m6klle. Dabartindje anglq kalboje tarp siq laipsniavimo bodq grieZtos ribos nera. Daugelis dviskiemeniqbodvard:iq gali blti laipsniuojami ir sinteliniu, k analitiniu budu, pvz.: common, qu et, p easani.

Dvi laiosniu formas tu :

far (tolimas) z.-"'/ tar'het fadhest (nusakant atstumq): the farthest way

-\ further - iurthest (nusakant laikq): wthout fufiher delay

litfle (mazasl ,-'/ smal et - smallest (nusakant dydi): ihe smatest room-=\- less - least (nusakant kiekj)r he drinks less wine than m lk

. ,-' nearest (nusakant atstumq): the nearest !!aynear (arlimas)- nearer <\\ next (nusakanl taikq, eitiskumq): nexl montn, lrre nexr way

tate fvetus) <=/ alet _ latest (nusakant laikq): l'll see you later, th€ latesi paper-_--\- atter last (nusakanl eili6kumq): the latter sentenc€, (the) asi time

old {senas) -----l older - oldest: he is older than I, the oldest tree-..---\ elder - eldesr (lyginani Seimos vaikqamZiq; eina pa:yminiu) rny elder brolher, his eldesi son

Laiosniskas laiosniavimas: vis ma:esnis - smaller and smalervis graZesnis rnore and more beautifu

ll, LyginimasLygiaverlis: as... as: lvly sister ls a9 big aq lam.Lygiaveraio lyginimo neigimas: not so ... as {arba not as ... as)t ... nol so big aC...arba aukstesnysis laipsnis + than: ... bigger than ...;

iuo (daugiau) ... juo - the ... the: lhe soon€r, the better;juo (maZiau) ,., juo - the less ... the less: the ess you work, the ess you wil earn.

. lsldemeklto.the forrner - plmasis (i5 dviejq) the same as - toks pal kaipihe iatier - antrasis (i5 dviejq) other than kitoks ncgU

lll. SudaiktavardeiimasSudaikiavarddje bidvardZiai apibendrintai pavadina tam tikq kategoritq ar grupe. Jq daugiskaiios lormanesiskiria nuo vienaskaitos:

the good geris Ithe blind aklieji I vienarn asmeniui apibidinti bttinas aiskinamasis Zodis: the poor man vargsas.the lree - laisvieji ,

Kalbedami apie tautos ar dalies, kurios pavadinimas baigiasi -sh k -ch, pil e6iq visumq, sakome: the Eng ish, theFrench. the British. the Dutch. the scotch.Kalbedami apio atskirus laulos ar Salies piie6ius, pddedame -man, - ady: an Englsh!!q!, a French !C!M twoScotchmc!, some Dutchmelt.

lV. Oneone, ones pakoidia anksaiaLr mindtq daiktavardi: The pen is too blg, g ve me a sma ler e!e.a lsidAm6kile. one praleid:iamas:

1. po skaidiLt: three pounds or iye,2. palyginirnuose po:ymimojo ariikelio: The younger boys piayed better than the qbEJ,3. po auks6iausiojo laipsnio bildvard:iqi His son was the bravesi4. po own: Thal is my book, lake your atry!,5. nusakant priedybes: the righl hand and the lqt!.

prieveiksmis sakinyje aiskina veiksmar".r,r:'r:t"t"",.";5,Tlf,rieveir<smius roi daiktavardzius.

L Daryba. Bldvardis + ly = prieveiksmis: brave bravely

Basybos ypatumai:a) dviskiemeniq k daugiaskiemeniq btdvard:iq galine y po priebalsds keidiama i i: happy happily, easy

eas!y,b) vienskiemeniq btdvardiiq galin6 -y rasoma dvejopai: dryly ir drily, bet gay gaiLy,c) galin6 -€ iskrenta :odiiuose irue iruy, whole wholly, due duy, noble nobly,d) fu I iully.

a lsid6m6kite. Konstrukcijoje in a... manner way rasomi btdvard:lai sugaline-y: in a fr end y manner.

Venodos badvardzio ir prieveiksmio formos: laiko priev€lksmiai su -ly: eary, daly, weekly, monthly yearybet bidvardis ir prieveiksmis gali biiti !€rcrbsjolrc, tadiau tur6ti ski{inoq reik6me.

Bldvardis Prieveiksmispreity - gra:us gana; beveikonly - vienintelis tikslll - tylus, ramus dar, vis darvery - tikras labai

. lsldemdklte. Very ,, aba " reikSme eina ir p eS bldvardi, ir pries prieveiksmi: vqy good, vqy badly,o veiksmazodis nusakomas prieveiksmiu very much: I thank you verv much.

a lsidemekite. Bldvardrs, o ne prieveiksmis, vartoiamas posakiuose: to work hard, to go slow, to talk loud(low), to spel right (wrong), to fee happy, lo stop short.

a lsid6m6kito. Dainai lietuviq kalbos priovsiksmius anglq kalboje atitinka veiksma:odiniai posakiai:

toliau - to go on loturbit - | supposegaila I am sorry

pvz.: I happened to meet him. As atsitiktinai sutikau ji.

ll. Laipsniavimasa) Alaljlailbqdaq, Visi prieveiksmiai su ly laipsni!ojami analitiniu btdu:

brghrly .nore b rgtrrly no:l brgl- 1,.

b) Sintelinis budas. Pdeveiksmiai be ly laipsniuojami sintetiniu bidu:soon soonef soonest often oltener ottenesl eany €arlier - earlesi.

c) Netaisvk ingas laiosniavimas: gerai well beiter bestblogai badly - worse - worstmazai little less - leastdaug much more mostvdlai late iater - lastarti near nearer - nearest (next)toli far farther (fufther) - farthest (iurthest).

lll. Vieta sakinyiePagrindine taisvkle: prieveiksmiai niekada neina tarp veiksma:od:io ir papildinio.Kitos taisvkles:a) Kir6iLroti prieveiksnriai (vietos, apibreilo laiko ir bido) eina sakinio prad:ioje arba pabaigoje, pvz.: n 1960

we went to London. (vietos); I met h m vesterdav. (apibre:to laiko); We thanked hinr heartilv. (biido);b) Ne kirdiuoti pr eveiksmiai (neapibrdtto laiko ir bEdo) pagasluosilose veiksma:od:io laikuose eina prieS veiks

maiodi, c!.dillCsc-vellslnazedzi.a-lailglgrnase - po pirmojo pagalbinio veiksmazod:io, pvz.: she has a!WelS heard the child cry. I have q[9! been in America. (neapibr6:to laiko); I d d nol qqltC undersland you.

The pupils have orompilv obey€d their teacher (bildo).

alsitiktinai - io happen totikriausiai - io be lkely totikrai to be sure toveraiau - to like belter lo, lo prefer to

6. Skaitvardisl. KiekiniaiSkaitvardiiai nuo 21 ki 29, nuo 31 iki 39 irt. l. rasomi su braksneliu: iortvlhree.Tarp Simtq ir takstandiq pries desimtis ir vienetus rasomas jungtukas aleL: three hundred arc! lwenty lve.. lsid€m6kit6. 100 e hundred (p-[e hundred), 1000 - q thousand (q!q ihousand).

ll. KelintiniaiKiekinis + th = kelintnis: the hundredlh. lSmtvsr first, second, thrd (lst,2nd,3rd).Atkreipkile demesi ikai kuriq skaitvard:it1 rasybos pakilimus: lve fitth, erght eghth, nine ninth, twelve

twelfth. twentv twentieth etc.Datos: He was born O! July l4th arba Qlt the 23rd of Ju y. Valdovq vardair Elzabeth ll (skaityk: Elizabelh lheSecond).

lll. Kiekiniai prieveiksmiaiEies: phmiausia ... paskui - firsi ... then: Ei6t he lived at home, thg! he went to England.Kontrasto: i5 pradziq... veliau, galiausiai atlrst...al ast, at length:At firsi lbelieved him, but at last lbecamedistrustful.Vardijimo: pima lirsty arba in the frsi place, tredia thifdly arba in ihe third place,

antra secondy arba in the second place, ketvirta lourthly arba in the iourth place,nuo penkiq sakoma tik in the fifth place, etc.

kiek kartq? - how many tirnes?kartais - somet mesdar kartq - once more

keturgubai - iourfold, etc.Simtedopai a (one) hundredfo d

daugeriopai manifold

Pasikartoiimo: kartq - oncedukart - lwicetriskart - three tmes (ihrice)keturis kartljs - four iimes etc.Simtqkart a hundred t mes

Dauginimo: dvigubai - doubletrigubai - treble, threelold

7. Asmeniniai, savybiniai ir sangrE:iniai ivardZiai

(veiksnio funkcija)Asm. iv (papildi-

nio funkcija)Savyb. jv (oina

pa:yminiu)Savyb. iv.

{savarankiSkas)Sangr jv.

I

youhesheit

they

hmherit

ihemyourtheir

your

herits

hrs

ils (own)

the rs

mygcll (kirtis anl self)yourserhimseltherseltitselfourgglygsyourse vesthemselves

lslaldmekite. Asmeniniai jvard:ai, einantys netresioginiu pap ldiniu, pries tiesiogini papild nj vartoiami bC_&(Give me the book.), o po tiesioginio papildinio s! to (Glve ihe book _tp-lu-e.).lvardis t vartojamasl1. kaipformalus veiksnys beasmeniuose sak niuose: Lyja. - lt is ra ning. Dabar septinta valanda, - ll s seven

2. rodomojo ivard:io ,,tai" reiksme: Who is knocking? - !! is the postman.3. anksdiau pasakylai mindiai nurodyti: What about going 1o the cinema? lls not a bad idea.

lsiddmdkiie. Sangrqiiniq ivard:iq nereiketq painioti su saviiarpiniais ivafd:iais.sangrEZiniair The children look at themselves in ihe rnirror - Vaikai :iori isave veidrodyje.savitarpiniai: The children look at eAO[dheI (kai kalbama apie du asmenis), one another (kai

kalbama apie daugiau negu du asmenis). Vaikai apziirineja vienas kitq.

8. Rodomieii ivardZiaiArtimi objektai Nutole objektai

VienaskaitaDaugiskaita

thisthese

thatthose

Vienaskaita. Daiktavardi6kai th s ir thai vartoiami nurodant asmenis ne:ymimuoiu ivardiiu onei I know this one.rnar one.Daugiskaita. DaiktavardiSkai ir bldvardidkai - nurodant asmenis k daiktus: Wh ch girls play better, UheSC or thpsC?

9. Klausiamieii ivard:iai1. daiktavard i6kas variojimas 2. b[dvardiskas vartoiimas

DaiklaiAsmenys ir daiktai

(isskyrimas, ruSiavimas)linksnj

N.

ln.

Whose book is this?

to whom? - kam?To whom did yougive t?whom? - kE?Whom did you call?

ot whom - apie kq?Ol whom do you speak?

to whom? - su kuo?To whom d d you speak?

what? - kas?

To what do you as-cribe your success?

Of what didyou speak?

telet?

which? - kuris?Which of you is il ?

of which?

There are two ieams,to which do you belong?

betler, lea or collee?of which?There were iwo accidents.Of which did you hear?

what (which) boy?

. lsldamOklte. Klausimuose su klausiamaisiais ivardziais prlelinksniai daZniausiai eina po veiksma:od;iq:Whom are you speaking ql? yyhqt is he laughing a!? l{hq! are yo! talking abau!?

o Posakiai: Whal do you ca | (lhls game)? (Kaip vadinasi ...?); Whal is the malter wjth him? (Kas jam nutiko?)

10. santykiniai ivard:iaiAtitinka liet. k. linksni Daiktai Asmenys ir daiktai

K.N,

ln.

to whomof which (whose)10 which

thal(rhat - o0(1hat - to)that

(that to)

(.

N,

ln.

(.N.

ln.

My friend ydp made a trip to London.The girl y4bAse lalher I know (Whose visada eina prie6 juo nusakomq daiktavardi.)The house whose walls are grey. (lvardiiu whose neretai nurodomi ir asmenys, ir daiktai;prielinksninis junginys of which ne toks populiarus.)The pupil tq]4hg!! he gave the book.The man whom I asked.The boy ol whorn we spoke.The girl to whom Tom is ta king.

The train which (thatl affived.The house the windows of wh ch ...The c ub to which we be ong.The things which (lhau we found.The address 10 which you wrote.The house in which I lived as a child.

a lsld6mdklte. Prielinksniai, vartojami su saniykiniais ivardZiais, dazniausiai eina po veiksmaiodiio:the man yahala was waiting lq, ihe house thq! I ived L!.

lvardis lhat! vartojahas1. vietoj who, which: Who was the man !ha! you were ta king of? This is the bird lthau he caught.2. po apibendrinamqjq, ne2yrnimqjq ir kiekybiniq ivardziq all, everything, somelh ng, any.lhing, much, itlle,

nothing, the samei All that you do. That is everything fXaU I know.3. po il is ..., it was ... ka nors pabre:iant: lt was the storm tia! destroved ihe hoLrse.4. kai ivardiiu nurodomi asmenys ar daiktai: They talk€d aboul the nalivils and p ants (lhat) they had foundinteresting.

a lsidemekite, Prielinksnis niekada neina pries that, o nLrkeliamas po veiksmazod:io: The train that I waitedial arrived.

. Atkreipkite d€mesi. Santykjniai ivard:iai who (whom), which ir that gali blti praleidZiami, jei Salutinis pa-:yminio sakinys turi atskirq veiksnir This is the boy (whom) | like best. The house (1ha1) we ive in.

wns

to whom!!harooI wnomlo whom

wniphof whlchto whichw!q!to whichin which

(visada €ina p pazymimojo Zodzio).

11. Neiymimieii ivardUiaisome - kai kas, kai kuris, Siek tiek, mazdaug (vartojamas su skaitvardZiais)

1. Zymi neapibreZtq kieki ar skaidiq.2. Vartojamas teigiamuosiuose sakiniuose pasakojant: n the evening we had 9-9]Ic tea.

any kaZkas, bet kuris, Siek tiekI ADibendrinamori reikSmd.2. Nurodo liksliai ne:inomq, neapibre:tq daiktq, asmeni ar ypatybe: You may come at e!.y time.3, Vartojamas a) klauslamuosiuose sakiniuose: Do you see 4!y m stakes?

b) neigiamuosiLrose sakiniuose: No, I do nol see alI rnisiakes.c) sqlygos sakiniuoser lf you see any misiakes . .

4. Teigiamuosiuose sakiniuose vartojamas reiksme ,,bet koks", ,,bet kuris": Give me any book.

Su ivardziais so!!e ir aly sudaromi sudurtiniai ivardtiai:

every ki€kvienas(visi)Vartojamas tik b0dvardiskai: Elely house has a rool.

Sudurtiniai ivardiiai su glcry: everyone, everybody - kiekvienas, visi; everything - viskas-

someone J - kas nors. ka:kassomeoooy J

someihing - kaikassomewhere - kazkut

each kiekvisnas(atskirai)a) bildvardiSkai: Egq[ player did his besl.

a Posakiai: every day kiekvienq dienq

. lsidemdkile. e iher ornellner nornor - either Jnoi - eilher J

anvone I-, I oer Kuns

anything bet kas, viskasanywhere bet kur, visur

b) daiktavardiSkai: Each ol lherr drd l_is besl.

every forlnighl - kas dvi savaitdsevery other day - kas antrq dienE every now and th€n - retkardiais

all visas, visi, viskasa) bodvardiskai - all men,b) daiktavardiikai - all ol them,c) prieveiksmiskaj - He was qLl dirty.

whole - visas (rei$kia nedalomq visumq, siipresnis u: a l)r the whole town, the ytqE of Europe.

a Posakiai; al the betler - luo geriau lirsl ol allkartq (visiems laikams)

not at al - visai ne: nd kiek all of us - mss visiall at once - staiga all ihe day, th€ whole day - vise dienqalier all - pagaliau on the whole - apskrilai

either - neithera) bldvardiskai: either - vienas ir kitas, abu: On qilhq side of ihe river,

nether - n6 vienas: Neither way is righl.b) daiktavardiskai: either - arba vienas, arba kitas: Ellltgl one or the olher must eave.

neither - ne vienas: Neiiher of us could he p him.

at al - iS viso; apskritai once lor all

- arca ... aroa- net ... nel

I cannoL swim. nor mv brolher either.' taro oat ne lcd,lror 'wim, he calrcl swim Cilhe.

?AS!AoA. lvarclZiai each, every, all, whole it eithet kai kuiose gramatikose vadinami apibend namaisiais, neithelptiskjiamas neigiamqjq ivadtq grupei.

otheta) bldvardiskai (kitas, -a): the alber girl,b) daiktavardiskai {kiti): The qthgrg stayed at home.

a Posakiai:the other day - pries kelias disnas some day or olher kada norsthe other morning kitq rytq some time or other - kada norsevery other day kas antrq dienq on the other hand - antra vertusone after another vienas paskui kitq anolher (cup of lea) - dar vjenq (puodeti arbatos)

E?Sbb?. lvadliai other ir another kai ku ose gamatikose vadinami skiiamaisiais.Daugiskaitamany daug, daugelisMany iamilles live there.Daugiskaitafew - nedaugI saw only tc!! boys.per daug.per mazal

Vienaskaitamuch - oaugll takes loo mlgh time.

Vienaskaitalltlle - ma:aiI have ItUg hope.a Posaklai: one too much

one too 1ew

. lsid6m6kitelmany a - daugybe

. lsidemdkite-a little - truputia few - keletas

very much, a great deal of labaivery many, a greai many - daugybd

a gfeat deal of - dauga gooo many - gana oaugmany a - daugyben J€w words - trumpai, keliais :odiiais

Pastaba. lvadiiai many, much, few ir liftle kai kuriose ghmatikose vadinami kiekybiniais.

12. VeiksmaZodisPagrindiniai taisyklingojo veiksmaZod:io to open (atidaMi) laikai:

Teigiamasissakrnys

Neigiamasis Klausiamasis Klausiamasisneiqiamasis sakinvs

Esam.papr l.Esam.

papr. l.Btt.

Esam,a|ikt. L

Bnt.a ikt. L

Tariam.

Liepiam.nuos.Esam. L

dalyvisBit. L

dalwis

r arn openrng

I was openrng

I shall open,you will operlshould open,

let me open! openl

opening

opened

I am not opening

I did not op€n

i was not opening

I have not opened

I had not opened

I shall nol open,you will not openI shou d not open,you would not opendo not let me open!do nol open!

do I open?

anr lopening?

did I open?

was lopening?

had I opened?

shall lopen?

should lopen?should (would) you op-"n?

do I not open?does he not open?am I not opening?

did I nol open?

was I not opening?

have I not opened?

had I not opened?

shall I noi open?

should I not open?should (would)you not open?

a Atkreipkile ddmesi i bisimojo laiko k tariamosios nuosakos vartojime po iungnikq when, il white, as soon as:I shal go out when Lq[ ready. He woud do it if he coL]td.

13. Pagalbiniai veiksmaiod2iaito have (turdti)

a) padeda sudaMi sudetinrus laikus: He has comeb) + papildinys + bltojo laiko dalyvis: I blve my hair qutc) + objektinis linksnis + bendratis: The ieacher wtt hAve the boys lrqt! by hearl.d) + bend€lis su dalelyte to (prjvaleti): He hqs much to_!h.e) vieloj have daznai vartojama torma have got: Have you (got) a new house? Ktausiamojj ir neigiamoji

formos kartais gali b[tisudaromos su pagalbiniais veiksma:od:iais do/does: Do you have a new house?

to be (buti)

a) vartojamas neveikiamajai rtsiai sudaryti: The story wec totd by Faiherb) vartojamas sudarant lestinius laikus: lt !s raining.c) + bendratis su ie (turdti) (kieno nors noru arddl lemties): He was to d e in Air ca.d) + neveikiamosios r[Sies bendralis (pivaldti): The tesson is tq be finished.e) savarankiskas veiksmatodis: To be or not to be lhat is the quesiion."

. Posakiai: I am warm. - Man silta. I am right. - AS teisus. How are yoL? - Kaip gyvuoiate?I am cold. Illan salta. I arn wrong. AS ktystu_ Let me be. - Palik mane ramybdje.

lo do (daryti)vartojamas a) klausimarns sudaMi, kai tarinys - savarankiakas veiksmaZodis: qA you ike it? Dtd he come?

Klausimas be to do sudaromas:1) kai jis pradedamas kitu pagalbiniu veiksmazod:iu: Wil he come?2) kai klausiama apie veiksni: Who (which bov) knows thai? Bet jei toks klausimas neigiamas,

vartojamas to do: who (wh ch boy) lbes not know that?

b) neigiamajai formai sudaMi: We do not torget itNeigiamoji forma sudaroma be to do:1) kai vartojamas kiias pagalbinis velksma:odis: She cannol swim.a kaivartojamas ne not, o kitas neiginys (never, nothing, etc.): You ItElqt can ie t. We saw nothing.3) kai not paneigia ne veiksma:odi, o visq sakini: ts she it? No, I suppose !q!.

. lsidemekite. Neigiama liepiamoji forma visada sudaroma su to do, net jei vartojamas pagatbin;s veiksmazodisto have ir to be: Do noi have a ook at ill Dq! be soryl

c) pried tai einandiam veiksma:odziui sustiprinti:1) lyginant: He knows rnore than i !h.2) pabre:iant yes ir no: Do you |sten to the music? Yes, we dg. No, we do no:t.3) verdiant ,,(aS) taip pat" -,,(a5) taip pat ne": He reads much. - So dq l. She does not road

much. Nor dO we.4) verdiant ,,ar n€?' Kai sakinys teigiamas, pagatbinio klausimo veiksma:odis noigiamas: you

leel beiief, lbtrl you? Kai sakinys neigiamas, pagalbinio ktausimo veiksma:odis ieigiamas:He didn't say so, Cljd he? (bet jei prieg tai einan6iame sakinyje jau yra pagatbinis veiksma-:odis, jis pakartojamas: You ale noi glad, aIC you?)

d) kaip savarankiikas veiksmaiodis (su to do klausjant k neigiant): He elid his best. How 4q you do?

Vartojimas

14. Modaliniai veiksmaiod:iai

1. fizinis oeb6i'mas:

2. qebeiimas. mok6iimas:

to be able to{neig.) to be unable lo(tik 2.): lo know (how to)

to be to1. atsilieoimas ikilo asmens liepima:

What arr] | io do?2. lcnotlg:

His death was to decide her fate.3. pdelaida:

to b€ said lo be supposed to:He is_s-aid (slppase4 to be ilt.

1. noras to want, to wish, to likel| ryq!! to see him. He wishesto be a salor. Do as you Li!e.

2. ketinimas ir netolima ateitis:going to, to mean to, to intend to,ro propose ro

3. paslaugumas to be willing to:He is willing to do al .

4. sunkiai iwkdomas norasto wish - would + tariamoji nuosakal| !4ish I W€rg dead. | !.!p!b! theoay wctg over

5. klaidinoas tvirtinimas to pretend:He getcrds to be ill.

to be allowed to I _ r.,.ti-""to be permifled to J

-I hqVg not been a lowed to smoke.They will not Le_pe{qittcd to p ay.

il is possible - oalimvbe

to have to: I halll9 stay at home.to be forced lo: He was forcedto leave his couniry.to be obliged tor She was oblioqdlo earn her living.to be compelled to: They wereqo._[pql]g!L lo work hard.

I shal lshould

He cou d translale.3. galimvbe:

Can I heip you?shal ti€sioginis lieoimas:

You shal not siea I

should1. netiesiogindie kalboje:

The ieacher said we should work.2. tafiamaiai nuosakai rciksti,

pAlgiga: You should te I th€ truth.

will valia, noras:I will gei on in my life.

1. stiorus noras (da:nai nsigiamas):He would not go abroad.

2. su tariamaia nuosaka:I wou d I were ai home.

3. lgO|js.:taisykle (da:niausiai,Paprastai): Boys will be boys.She would play every day.

may1. galjEybe: This may be true.2. lgiClima!: You may come.3. avelnus draudimas (may not):

You may not Lrse ihis book.4- neigiamas noras (may not)l

Ivlay you never be unhappyl

mighl vartojamas sqlygos sakiniuosegalihybei reik6ti: fe mighl havemissed ihe lrain

musl1, b[llinumas. neisv€noiamumas:

All nren must die.2, draudimas (must not, need nol):

You must not tell a lie3. bitinumo nebuvimas (need not)l

I need noi te I you thls story.moralinis lsipareigoiimas (l ought to):I ouqht 10 oo to church.

lwould

lmay lmighl

lmust (l must)

I ought lo

. lsldAmekile, Veiksma:odiiai (1o) need (reikdri) n (to) dare (dristi) gati boti ir modatiniai, ir savarankiskj:He deCs not need 1q come. k He !€ed not come.He lkL nol dare t9 go out. ir He lbrqd noi go out.

10

15. LaikaiAnglq, kajp ir lietuviq kalboje, esamasis paprastasis laikas (Present Simp e) rei$kia nuolat pasikartojanti veiksmq.Esamasis tqstinis laikas (Present Cont nuous) reiskia besitesianti nebaigtq veiksmq, kuris vyksla kalbejimo mo-menlu, Vartojamas su now, at preseni, at the momenta The children are sleeping now lam reading nowEsamasis atliktinis laikas (Present Perfect) rei6kia pra€ityje prasid6jusj h tebevykstantj veiksmq. Vartojamas sutoday, just, now, since, this morning, etc. ... these..i I have been waitng for you tigs€ 10 m nules. He basbcq! dead Jor 2 years (... jau mnes).Bttasis paprastasis laikas (Past Sinrple) rei$kia praeiiyje pasibaigusi veiksmq. Vartojamas su yesterday, lasl,once, ago, formerly, in (the year): Yestefday lt rained. He digd 2 years qgq.Bitasis lestinis laikas (Past Coniinuous) reiskia besitesianii veiksmq, vykusi praeityje. Varlojamas su then, at lhattime, at (six), on (Sunday), when {you come): When Torn came we were olavina. lt was rainino ihen.Batasis atliktinis laikas (Past Perfect) nurodo visiskq veiksmo baigti praeityje: He had learned so much that ...Busimasis laikas (Fulure Simp e) vartojamas ateilyje numanom ems arba spdlam ems veiksmams reikSt. At€itisnurodoma aplinkybemis tomorfow, soon, etc.: He !{ill come loetr. (Jis greitaialqis.) ir veiksmaiod:iais to hope,to suppose, to sxpect, etc.: I h!!g that we shall meet again. (... kad mes vel susitiksime.)Artimiausiq ateiti nurodo to be going to, to be about io + bendratis: He is qoj[q (about) 10 sing. (Jis rengiasidainuoti.)Sqlygos sakiniai rei3kia nerealq arba su iam tikra sqlyga vyksianti veiksmq.a lsldamdklte. Sqlygos sakiniuose po if eina bitasis papraslasis arba bitasis atliktinis laikas: He would

have earned more money, f he had worked hard. Palyginkite su 17.3,

16. Laiku derinimasa) netiesiogineje kalboje:

Pagrindinis sakinysEsamasis papraslasis /!e L'lo$rs hrsLo'y weEsamasis teslinis (He is waiting tor Ann.)Esamasis atliktinis (He has just gone oul.)Bltasis paprastasis (He knew history well.)Eutasis teslinis (The sun was rislng.)Bltasis atliktinis (He had lost his key.)Btsimasis paprastasis (He wil wrile a letlertomorrow)Bisimasis testinis (He'll be workingafter elghi.)Bisimasis atliktinis (8y tonrorfow he willhave wr tten his essay.)

Salutinis sakinys-r Bltasis paraslasis (l said he knew h story we l.)-r Bilasis teslinis (l said he was waiiing for Ann.)+ B[tasis atliktinis (l sad he had gone out.)-r Botasis atliktinis (l said he had known hislory well.)+ Butasis atliktinis testinis (l said the sun had been rising.)+ Bltasis atliklinis (l said he had osl his key.)-J Praeities busimasis (l said he wou d write a lettef the next

oay )r Praeities blsimasis t9slinis (l said he would be work ng

after eiqht.)-+ Praeities biisimasis alliklinis {l sad he would have writlen

h s essay by the nexi day.)

a Bet kai nusakomas veiksmas, roiskiantis b€ndras liesas bsi d6snius, arba kai tiesiogineje kalboie aprasyliivykiai tesiasi kalbos metu, Salutinio sakinio laikas nekinta: He to d us that Stratford llq! on the Avon. Heslated that the earth iq round.

b) sakiniuose, prasidedandiuose if (sqlygos sakiniuose) (ir 17.3).

a lsiddm6kit€. Kei6iant tiesiogine kalbq netiesiogine, keidiasi:Jihai

these -+ihosetoday +ihai dayyesterday -+the day before a year agothe day betore yesterday -+two days belore nowtomorrow -+the next day/the here

lollowlng day

this the day atter tomorrow J in two clays time-r the Jollowing week/year+the previous week/yearJa year belore/lhe previous year

1. TlesloglnA2. Liepiamoii3. Tariamoii

Formos

17. Nuosakos

1, Senosios:a) galines -s nukritimas nuo esam. l. 3-io asmensr he have - jis turi, he live - jis gyv€na,b) l, you, he, etc. bgr il that bg true,

L yoL, he. elc, were: I w:sl- we'p yoL.2. Atsargines may mighl: lwsh(ed) he may (!n&n9 win the gamei

should (neatsi:volgiant i laikq derinimo taisykl€s): lt ls mposslble thal he should know t.

1. Spdiimas. spdliolimas. pritarimas. neprilarimas su should, may, might po posakiq il is righl,wrong, natural, necessary, good (betler), impossible, time:li is nalural ihat she should marry him.su may (might) po it is possible, ii is probablo: li is possible that he may (mighu come.

Vartolimaa

11

2. Besqlvgj6kumas su (al)though, whatever, whoever, however:Whoever h€ !0qy be, we shall help him.

3. SElvga sakinyje su ii Esam. L Bit. papr. l. 8il. atl. l.o pagrindiniame sakinyje B0s. L Esam. L sqlygos tafiam. nuos. Bat. L sqlygos tariam. nuos.

a) Jei sqlyga tikra ir igyvendinarna, vartojama liesiogind nuosaka: li you ask me, I shall answer.b) Jei sqlyga nereali arba neigyvendinama, vaftojama tariamoji nuosaka.

Salutiniame sakinyje pagrindiniame sakinyjeTariam, nuos, birt. papr L Esam. l. sqlygos tariam. nuos. (Present Conditional)lJ I u€le in your place, I shou d go hom€.Tariam. nuos. bit. ail. l. - But. L sqlygos tarlam. nuos. (Past Conditional)ll I had been in your place I should have gone home.

4. lSgvvenimas, susiiaudinimas:a) Baime. Basimasis laikas ir sqlygos tariamoji nuosaka, kai btgBlavimai nukreipti i ateitit We are

airaid thal we qhall lose our money Kitais atvejais veiksmaiod:io tariamoii nuosaka vartojamasu may (might): She feared that she !!,iq[t be gravely ill.

b) D:iauosmas. skausmas. apqaileslavimas, nuoslaba. oyktis. Tanamoji nuosaka su should:10 be glad d:iaugtis, it is a pity - gaila; lt is a piry thar ihey should be so lazy.

c) llalaq. Jei noras nerealus, lariamoji nuosaka vartoiama b0tuojs paprastuoju arba bltuojuatliktiniu laiku: lwish I Wqg in England now. Jei nolas realus, vartojami may (might)r t\,4ayyou be rightl I wish€d that he dglt be righi.

d) Ketinimas. Ketinimo sakiniuose su that ir in order to vartojami may (might)r Speak loud !h4! |

loeY hear You

18. lprotis, pasikartoiimaswill + bendratis be to vartojama iprodiui arba iprastiniam pasikartojandiam veiksmui reiksti esamuoiu laiku: InApril ihe weather dll often change. (... kei6iasi oras, linkes keistis.)Praeitis su would + bendratis be to: I would go there. (AS ten eidavau.)

used to + bendratis: I Lrsed to lake a bus. (Vaiiuodavau autobusu.)

19. Neveikiamoii rUsisto be + biltojo laiko dalyvis {$nekamojoje kalboje vietoj io be paprastai vartojamas to ger.lEsamasis l.: The master punishes John. - John is punished by ihe master. yra baudziamasBttasis paprastasis l.: Did the master punish John? - Was John punished by the master? buvo nubaustasBosimasis l.: The master wil not punish John. - John will not be punished by the master. nebus nubaustasEsamasis tqstinis l.: They are looking al John. John is being looked al by them. yra apiilrinejamasDviguba konstrukcija: l/other giv€s John a book. John is given a book by tr/other.

. lsldem€kite. Neveikiamoji r[6is i lietuvir.l kalbq ver6iama ivairiai: Englsh (is) spoken here. {Cia kalbamaangli$kai.) The lown is seen lrom ihe hill. (Nuo kalvos malyti miestas.)

20. Bendratis be tovartojama: 1. po modaliniq veiksma:od:iq ir to do: I qhall go home. We rlg not -c|Ij]][.

2. po to make, io let, to bid veikiam4a rtsimi: llct hirn qanc.3. po jutimq reiskiandiq veiksma:odziqr I hear him sing (arba singing).4. po posakiq: I had rather, I had better, lcannot but, lhad as good.

21. Bendratis su tovartojama, kaiji eina l.veiksniu a) pries veiksma.:odi: Always to help is not easy.

b) prie6 beasmenios posakius: lt is better to stav here.2. vardine tarinio dalimi: He seemed io be angry.3. tiesioginiu papildiniu: tlg pfomised to corne.4. pa:yminiu a) po veiksma:od:io: We heloed him to translate lhe letter.

b) po bndvardzior Be slow 10 oromise.c) po daiktavard:io: I have the oleasure to know him.d) po kelintiniq skaitvard:iq: He was the firsi lo sw m.

5. aplinkybe a) tikslo ar pridaslies: I huffied to letch a doctor.b) passkmds: He was ioo tired to learn.

t2

22. Aprasomoii bendratisvarlojama su a) how to (kaip) po mokymo, mokymosi ir supratimo veiksmaiod:iq: He learns how to ride

a b ke (kaip vaziuoti dviradiu).b)what to (kq), where to (kur): He did not know what io sav. I showed hirn where to buv the

oooKs.c) as to sutrumpiniuose pasekmds sakiniuose po SO ir F.lSlt (pag ndinio ir Salutinio sakinio vei-

k6jas tas pats): You were s!q!t a foolas to be ieve him. (fu buvaitoks kvailas, kadjuo palikejai.)d) in order to (kadJ: He nrade h m com€ in order io punish him (..., kad ji nubaustq).

lsldemekite, Verdiant sakinius su bendratimi i lietuviq kalbq labiau pais-oma sakinio prasmds, o ne jo formos:a) N4any inleresting th ngs are to be seen n this lown. (Siame mieste yra daug idomiq dalykq.)b)lt was 10 be exoecied ihat he was late lhat night. (Buvo gatima tikdtis/tikdtagi, ... .)

Nepaisant to, iog roiksmd neveikiamosios rusies, veikiamoii rtiis vartoiama:1) po badvardZiq, kai galima suprasti dviprasmiskai: Th s apple is goocl to eal.2) po there is, there are: There is nothing 10 sav.3) su to Jet, 10 blamet Rooms lqlgt; You are to blame.

23. Papildinys + bendratisbelo 1. po fizini suvokimq reigkiandiq veiksmaiod:iq to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe: I saw

nrTa comq.2. po iirt ieidimq bei isakymq rsiskiandiU veiksma:od:iq:

a) to make, to have (to bid): You make me lauoh.b) 10 let: Let lhe bov returnl

!!& 1. po noro, ketinimo vejksmaiodiiq: to want, to wish, to like: I wish her to learr2. po daugumos leidimo ir jsakymo veiksmatodiirl:

a) 10 cause, tO order, to command: We caused hirn to send ior a doclor,b) to al ow, to permit, to suffer: We a lowed the girls to come ln

3. po kai kuril.l kalbejimq bei mqslymq rei6kian6iq vsiksma:odiiq to declare, to deny, to expect,to believe, to think, to suppose, to remember: England expecis everv man io do his duiy.(Nelson)

. lsiddm6klte. Snekamojoje kalboje da:niau vartojami Salutiniai sakiniai su that.

. lsld6maklte. Po to say, to tell, to answer, to reply, to hope, to fear eina Saluiinis sakinys su that: He hooedtiqt she would come.

24. Vardininkas + bendratigSakiniai su konstrukcija ,,papildinys + bendratis" h veikiafiosios rlsies veiksmarod:iu gali biti pavercti sakiniaissu konstrukcija ,,veiksnys + bendratis" be! neveikiamosios rosies veiksma:odiiu (ir atvirk6aiai): l've never knownhim io tel a lie. Lle has never been known !qt!q!l a lie.

a Prie bodvardzio jungiama bendratis su for: The town is too distani for me to be seen.

25. GerundiiusGerundijus - veiksma:odiio fo.ma, turinli ir daiktavard2io, ir veiksmaZodzio savybiq. Sakinyje eina:

1. veiksniu: Swimming s healthy. (Plaukti sveika.)2. vardine tarinio dalimi: That is runnino a great rlsk (t.y. rizikuoti, pastatyti ant kortos).3. tiesioginiu papildiniu, ypad po laiko aplinkybiq alba simpatijq ff anlipatija reiikiandiq

veiksmaiodiirl.Gerundijus variojamas po:ro go on

to put olfto slopio linlsh

to grve up

I do not mind

Gerundijus gali bIh varlojamas po:

to excuse to preier

to liketo enjoy

to mindlo slarl

ro regrer

Go on reading. llike WelLilq. - llihe lo walk.

4. po prielinksniq, einan6iq po:a) verksrra2od:rq lo co-plain o' ro objed to

to depend on lo prevent iromto delight in to quarre abouito despalr of to succeed into insist (up)on to think of He succeeded in escaoing.

l3

b) daiktavardiiu to be in the habil ofto be on the point olto be in danger ofthe way ofa plan ior He was in danger of qettincl drowned.

c) b[dvard:iq fond ofproud oicapable old sappointed atkeen onfar fromaccustomed to She was fond of bqilg admired.

5. Salutiniais aplinkyb6s sakiniais:a)lailq, po before, atler, on, upon: O! eaving America ... (lsvykqs i5 Amedkos ...)b)plezagties, po for, tor the sake of, on account of (d6l): He was punished lqt having stolen.

(...nes pavogd, uZ vagyste.)c)bUds, po by, wiih, without, inslead of (vietoiko): By trying again and agaln you wil succeed.d)nuolaidos, po in spile of (nepaisant to, kad): In soite of beiog late you can hear the speech-

a lsid6makite. Vi€toj sLrdlrtiniq laiko formq dainai vartojamos paprastosios (ypaa po atler):after having finished - atter finishingfor havino sio en for stealing

26. DalyvisDalyvis - veiksmazod:io forma, tuinli ir b[dvardiio, ir veiksma:odiio savybiq. Dalyvio formosi esamojo laikodalyvis (Fres€nt Participle) h bntojo laiko dallvis (Past Participle).

I saw a boy beattq a dog. (Madiau berniukq, musanti Suni.)He was away helping his father. (... isvykqs padeti tevui.)There lived a ittle gir callqd Bed Riding Hood. (... vardu Raudonkepurail6.)

L Preseni Participle ir Past Participle sakinyje atlieka Sias funkcijas:1 . paZym inio: The American, visitilg our town, was very d el g hted.2. aplinkybes

a) laiko: Having done their work, they went home.b)prio:asti€s: (Being) tjled of wailing, I went olf.c) bodo: He entered the room carrving some books.d)sqlygos: This poem, ii careluly declaimed, will be impressive.

Prasm€i paaiSkinti gali btti pavartoti jungtukai (while, though, etc.).

ll. Rasytineie kalboie vartojama absoliuti dalyvind konslrukcija, kuri sakinyje atlieka Sias funkciias:a) laiko aplinkybds: If-iq. d!!9, we weni home.b)prioraslies aplinkybas: The task bqilg too hard, he gave up all hope

a lsiddmAklto. Kai kuri6 esamojo laiko dalyviai vartojami kaip posakiai:cons defing - atsi:velgiant i supposing - jeiguexcepting - isskyrus strictly speaking - tiksliau sakantincluding - iskaitant ir generally speaking - apskrilai kalbant

27. Veiksma:od:iq valdymasL Galininkiniai (tranzityviniai) veiksma:odziai reikalau,a ties'oginio papildinio: to thank He thanked hjs father.

We en oved the plav very much. She lrusts her parenis.

ll. Negalininkiniai (intranziiyviniai) veiksmaZodriai nevartojami su tiesioginiu papildiniu ir gali sudaryti sakini,jungdamiesi tik su veiksniu: His heart aches. The girl is crying.

Kai kurie v€iksmarodiiai gali blti k kanzityviniai, ir intranzilyviniai, priklausomai nuo konteksto:

intranzityviniai tranzityviniai

kristi to drop (nu)mest;sk sti to fly skraidintiaugti to grow augintigritti to return grq:intib6gti to run tuarkyti;valdytiskesti to sink skandintistoveti to stand staMi

I4

28. Prielinksniai

afteragainslasoalong

among

behlnd

butby

dunng

olfon (upon)

pastsincethrought ll, until

wrthout

ant; daugiau neguperpo, paskulpries; ii nuopriedi5ilgai, palejtarptarp (daugelio), iS

apie, aplinkprie; pas; i; p elapie viet4 laikE, krypti it LL)pnes, prrmal]Z; po; paskuiiemiau, posalia, prie, arti

tarp (dviejq)ui; vir6; potaaiau, bet, tik; jeigu ne

2emynmetu, perper; i; szi ddlidi nuo

pett po; i lapie vietq, lai-kq, bnd4 bnsenA, tiksle ir t.L)iarti, SaliaiE (apie medZiagA); nuolnuodant piezaqt n n.Salin; uZ; nuoant; priei apiei iiSi u:u2 lribtt)virs; po; per; apiepoi pro; uznuo; nuo to laikoper; proiki; ligil; pasi pfleikilink; j; api6po; zemiauaki

su; nuoviduje; per (metus)bg

l. Sujungiamieiilrolh... andas we asnor on y ,.. oul asoelther... orne lner ... nor

ll. Priiungiamieli

laiko

prieZastiessqlygosnuolaidostikslopasekmeslyginimoprie6ybesnetiesioginio klausimo

29. Jungtukai

tiek ... tiek, ir .. htaip pat, lygiai taipne lik ... bot iratDa ,., aroa

nepaisanl lo

when, afler, before, whie lil, unii whenever, as soon as, since, no sooneT...ihan, scarcely.., when

- asj because, since (kadangi)if, lnless, n case, on conditon (ihal) provided (thai)

- lhough a tholrgh- that, in order thai, esl

tl'rat, so that- as, than, as if (lhough)- whereas, whilst- if, wheth€r

30. Netaisyklingieii veiksma:odiiai

awake, awoke awoke, awakedDe, was/were oeenbear, bore, borne/born

Decome, oecame, Decomebegin, began, beg!n

bid, bade, biddenbind, bound, boundbte, bii bittenbleed, bled, bled

break, broke, broken

br ng broughl, brought

pasirodyti, iskiltipabustib0tinedti; pakehi; gimlimuStitapti, pavirstipra(sDd6tilenkti(s)liepti, isakyliOriStikqstikraujuotipistilauiytivoisti(s), dauginti(s)(at)nelti

build buit, builtburn, burnl, brrntbursl, bursl, burstbuy, bought, bought

caich, caught, caughlcnoose, cnose, cnosenclng, clung, ciungcom€j camej come

cut, cut, cutdeal, dea t, deallorg, oug oug

statl,,tidegtisprogtipirktimestlgaudyti, pagaulipasirinklilaikytis, kabintisateili, alvyktikainuotiSliau2ti; selintipjauti; kirslitur6ti rsikalqkastidarlti, veilditraukti; piesti

15

dream, dfeaml/dfeamed,dreamt/dfeamed

drink, drank, drunkdrve, drove, drivendwell, dwelt, dwe t

iall, fell, iallen

feel, felt, Ieltfight, fought, loughtfind, found, found

Jorbid, forbade, lorbiddenforgel, forgoi, forgoiteniorglve, lorgave, iorgivenlteeze,lroze,lrczenget, go1, gotgive, gave g vengo, went, gonegrow, grew, grownnang, nung, nunghave, had, hadhear, heard, heardh de, hid, hiddenhrt, hit, hithold, held, heldhLrn, hurt, hurtkeep, kept, keptkneel, knelt, kneltKnow Knewj Knownlay, laid, la dlead, led led

leap, leapt/leaped,leapvleaped

learn, learnl/learnedlearnVlearned

leave, leli, ieftlend, lent, lentlei, let, letlie, lay, lainlight, lit/lighied, lil/lighied

make, made, mademean, meanl, meantrneet, mel, metmisiake, mistook,

mistak,an

PaY, Paid, Paidpur, pur, pul

ride, rode, rlddenring, rang, rung

sapnuoti; svajotigortivaziuoti;vaMi(apsi)gyventivalgyti(nu)kristimaitinti, Sertijausli(s)kovoti(su)rastaskristi, l6kti(u:)draustiuZmhStiatleisti(ui)Saltigauti; pasiektiduotieili; vaiiuotiaugtikabeti; kabintituretigird6tisl6pti(s)karsti, suduotilaiMi(s)suieisti; iieisti(i5)laikyti; saugolikl0potiiinoti; paiinti(pa)detivadovauti; vestipalinkti; remtis

sokti, Sokinetj

mokytispaliktipaskolinlileistiguldtiuZ(si)degti

Pamesti, prarastidaMi, gamintireikstisu(sDtikti

suklysti(su)mok6ti(pa)detiskaiMijoti; vaziuotiskambintii skambdti

say, said, said

seek, sought, soughtsell, sold, sold

sei, set, selsew, sewed, sewn/sewedshake, shook, shakenshrne, shone, shoneshool, shol, sholshow, showed, shownshrink, shrank, shrunkshut, shut, shuising, sang, sungsink, sank, sunksil, sat, satsleep, slepi, sleptsmell, sme t, smeltspeaK, spoKe, spoxen

speno, spenr, spenispin, spun, spunsp rj sparj sparspoi , spo lt/spoiled,

spreao, spreao, spreaospring, sprang, sprungstand, stood, stoodsteal, stole, slolenstick, stuck, stucksting, stung, stungslrike, struck, struckswearj sworej swornsweep, sweplj sweprswim, swam, swumswing, swang, swltng

teach, taught, iaughttear, tore, lorntell, io d, toldth nk, thought, thoughtthrow, threw, thrownunderstand, !nderstood

wake, woke/waked

wr ng, wrung, wrungwate, wrote, written

keltis; (pa)kiltibegtisakylimatytiieskotipaduoti(pa)sir.lstipastatyti(su)siilikraMi(s)Sviesti(nu)Sauti(pa)rodytisumat6ti, susitrauktiuZdaMidainuoti(nu)skestisedetimiegoti(u:)uostikalbdtisaMi ar rasyti paraid:iui(iS)leistiverpti; suktispjau(dy)ti

gadintisklisti{pa)50ktistovetivogrlsmeigti; klijuotiigeltimu6ti, suduotiprisiekti; koiktisSluoti; l6ktiplauktisupti(s)(pri)imtimoMipldSytipasakoti; lieptigalvoti, manytimesti

suprasti

pabusti; zadintinesioti, devetiverKilaimatigrehi; gr+ytiraSyti

UDK 802.0,5 LANGENSCHEIDTSAn94 GBAI\,|I\,,IAIIKTAFEL

EnglischEine konzenlriert€und ubelsichtliche Darct€llungd€r Grammatik

ANGLQ KALAOS GBAMATIKOS LENTELESParcng€ dr. Emll Heckmann

Redakoe Ataiin a Matukevi'lena

Lietuviskqji leidima parcng€ ODETA VENCKIENE\l'5elis Vlado Orzekausko

E:iii"Jfj fiJ"f":" H""k'"nn li''..ooo "s..

Leid. Nr 15.042 uisgk Nr 2610.

rsBN s-46s.36i20.3 !:'"T!-*TT:1:T;*1,?i1;"i"j**El. p. mail@viesaltht€meto plslapis http://M-w€sa.lt

@ 196s Langenscheidr KG, Spausdino UAB "At Ballica, VsivoriLl 9 142 B, LT_46353 Kaunas.Bsdin und M0nchen El. p. kaunas@adbalica.n, intemeto pusapis http:/tdw.adbahica.tr

ISBN 5'4it0-03138,0 @ Lsidykta ,6viesa,, 2ooo suiartine kaina