Ancient History 10

Barter: A means of trade in early human society, before the advent of money. Goods were exchanged on a necessity basis, and the value was based on supply and demand.

Started around 2 million years ago and ended around 8000 B.C.E

Nomadic = moving from place to place hunting and gathering

Hominids = Any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.

Paleolithic Society: Also known as the Old Stone Age, this is a period in which humans developed complex and integrated social patterns such as marriage, alliances, a social hierarchy, religious rituals, and artistic sophistication.

8000 B.C.E to 6000 B.C.E. Climate grew warmer = grasslands &

forests Improved weapons & tools 1st pottery, which was used to store food

& water Besides fishhooks & harpoons, they

weaved nets & used canoes for fishing and travel

Domesticated dogs for hunting & protection

6000 B.C.E. to 3500 B.C.E. Planted seeds & started farming Farming is known as the

Neolithic Revolution

Kept herds of animals (cattle & sheep), which added meat to the diet

Used cattle & oxen to pull plows

Built sturdy houses & villages started to form Decorative pottery, dishes & ornaments Weaved cloth from plant fiber & animal hair Polished stone Invention of the wheel & axels and later simple

carts

Neolithic Revolution: Also known as the New Stone Age, it refers to a period after 9000 B.C.E. Humans began to use more-sophisticated tools and began to abandon their nomadic lifestyle for a sedentary one.

Specialization of labour = Separation and assignment of jobs according to the skills of individuals

Markets and trading Economy, $, class system More leisure time There was a form of government, which regulated customs

and rules for protection Culture developed Stonehenge was built

4000 B.C.E. Copper ended the New Stone Age Bronze was made from copper & tin Bronze was 1st found in the Middle East

= beginning of a metals industry Stronger weapons, tools, swords, shields

Bronze improved productivity in farming: Digging sticks, plows, tools of irrigation and sickles

The potter’s wheel invented Simple sailing and navigation = trade with

distant places Development of specialization = urbanization Urbanization = Growth of cities due to migration

of people to them

Centralized Government

Occupational Specialization

Agricultural Intensification

State Religion

Class Structure

Development of Writing & Science

Merchants & Trade

Civilizations relied on rivers for:Steady source of waterFertile soilFish to supplement their dietTransportationCommunication throughTrade and

Exchange of ideas

Society: A system of human organizations that generates distinctive cultural patterns and usually provides protection, security, and continuity for its members.

Urban Revolution: Characterized by large, densely packed urban centers that have a recognized hierarchy and a diverse economy. This is recognized as the era in which society became civilized and is one of the seven characteristics of a civilization.