Anatomy presentation ho 6(circulation)

8/14/2019 Anatomy presentation ho 6(circulation)

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rcu a ory sys em The circulatory system transports fluids throughout the body;

it consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

The heart and blood vessels form the blood transportation network,

the CVS

The function of the circulation

to transport nutrients to the body tissues,

to transport waste products away,

to conduct hormones from one part of the body to another

Cardiovascular System

is a series of tubes (the blood vessels) filled with fluid (blood) and

connected to a pump (the heart). Refers to the heart and blood vessels

The heart pumps blood through the body's vast system of vessels.

The blood carries nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from

cells. Blood flows through a network of blood vessels that extend between

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Those blood vessels can be subdivided into

pulmonary circuit

which carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of

the lungs, and systemic circuit

which transports blood to and from the rest of the body.

Each circuit begins and ends at the heart and blood travels through

these circuits in sequence.

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Blood Vessels: The VascularBlood Vessels: The VascularSystemSystem

Slide

Taking blood to the tissues and back

ArteriesArterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins


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The Vascular SystemThe Vascular System

Slide

Figure 11.8b


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Blood Vessels: AnatomyBlood Vessels: Anatomy

Slide

Three layers (tunics)Tunic intima

Endothelium

Tunic media

Smooth muscle

Controlled by sympathetic nervous

system

Tunic externa

Mostly fibrous connective tissue


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Differences Between Blood VesselDifferences Between Blood VesselTypesTypes

Slide

Walls of arteries are the thickest

Lumens of veins are larger

Skeletal muscle milks blood in veinstoward the heart

Walls of capillaries are only one celllayer thick to allow for exchangesbetween blood and tissue


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Movement of Blood ThroughMovement of Blood ThroughVesselsVessels

Slide

Most arterial blood is

pumped by the heart Veins use the milking

action of muscles to

help move blood

Figure 11.9


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Capillary BedsCapillary Beds

Slide

Capillary bedsconsist of two

types of vessels

Vascular shunt directly connects an

arteriole to a venule

Figure 11.10


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Capillary BedsCapillary Beds

Slide

True capillaries exchange vessels

Oxygen andnutrients cross tocells

Carbon dioxide

and metabolicwaste productscross into blood

Figure 11.10


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Diffusion at Capillary BedsDiffusion at Capillary Beds

Slide

Figure 11.20


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Vital SignsVital Signs

Arterial pulseArterial pulse

Blood pressureBlood pressure

Repiratory RateRepiratory Rate

Body TemperatureBody Temperature

All indicate the efficiency of theAll indicate the efficiency of thesystemsystem


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PulsePulse

Slide

Pulse pressure wave

of blood Monitored at

pressure

points wherepulse is easilypalpated

Figure 11.16


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Blood PressureBlood Pressure

Slide

Measurements by health professionalsare made on the pressure in largearteries

Systolic pressure at the peak ofventricular contraction

Diastolic pressure when ventricles relax

Pressure in blood vessels decreases asthe distance away from the heartincreases


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Measuring Arterial Blood PressureMeasuring Arterial Blood Pressure

Slide

Figure 11.18


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Blood Pressure: Effects of FactorsBlood Pressure: Effects of Factors

Slide

Neural factors

Autonomic nervous system adjustments

(sympathetic division) Renal factors

Regulation by altering blood volume

Renin hormonal control


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Blood Pressure: Effects of FactorsBlood Pressure: Effects of Factors

Slide

Temperature

Heat has a vasodilation effect

Cold has a vasoconstricting effect

Chemicals

Various substances can cause increases ordecreases

Diet


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Variations in Blood PressureVariations in Blood Pressure

Slide

Human normal range is variableNormal

140110 mm Hg systolic

8075 mm Hg diastolic

Hypotension

Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)

Often associated with illness

Hypertension

High systolic (above 140 mm HG)

Can be dangerous if it is chronic


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The lymphatic system

Includes: lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes,

tonsils, the spleen, and the thymus.

The major functions of the lymphatic system include

fluid balance,

fat absorption, and

defense.

Recall that as blood flows thru systemic capillaries, a small net amount of fluid is exuded

into the interstitial space.

While this fluid loss from the capillaries is necessary to maintain the presence and

composition of tissue fluid (and thus intracellular fluid as well), too much fluid loss is not a

good thing.

Luckily, we have lymphatic vessels, whose main function is to return this fluid to the

vascular system.

Additionally, they play a huge role in detecting pathogens and activating the appropriate

immune response.


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Lymphatic vessels

return approximately 3L of fluid to the vascular system per day.

This ensures that blood volume is sufficient.

They also return any leaked plasma proteins back to the bloodstream.

Fluid within lymphatic vessels is known as lymph.

Lymph

is similar to plasma except it contains fewer proteins.

It contains water, nutrients, ions, gases, wastes, and hormones.

Lymphatic vessels are a 1-way system flowing toward the heart. There are several types of lymphatic vessels including: lymphatic capillaries,

lymphatic collecting vessels, lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic ducts.

Lymphatic capillaries

are blind capillaries found almost everywhere blood capillaries are found, i.e.,

everywhere tissue fluid is formed.

Areas w/o lymphatic capillaries include bones, teeth, and CNS.

Little ISF is found w/i bones and teeth.

CNS ISF drains into the cerebrospinal fluid.


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The simple squamous epithelial cells of the capillary wall overlap and are loosely

attached to another.

This makes the lymphatic capillaries quite permeable (much more so than blood

capillaries) and ensures that fluid is able to enter but not leave.

Fluid enters easily, as do proteins, WBCs, pathogens, and cancer cells.

Specialized lymphatic capillaries, known as lacteals, are present in the intestinal

mucosa where they assist in absorption of dietary fat.


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Lymphatic collecting vessels

receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries.

Theyre similar to veins (tunics with similar proportions) but contain more valves.

There exist both superficial and deep lymphatic collecting vessels.

They pass thru lymph nodes, where lymph is monitored and cleaned of pathogens

and cancer cells.

Lymphatic trunks

The union of the largest lymphatic vessels .

The jugular trunks drain the head and neck; the subclavian trunks drain the upper limbs, superficial thoracic wall, and mammary

glands;

the bronchomediastinal trunks drain thoracic organs and the deep thoracic wall;

the intestinal trunks drain the intestines, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and liver; and

the lumbar trunks drain the lower limbs, pelvic and abdominal walls, pelvic organs,

gonads, kidneys, and adrenal glands.

Lymphatic duct

The union of lymphatic trunks

There are 2 lymphatic ducts: the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.


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The right lymphatic duct

drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax.

It receives lymph from the right jugular, right subclavian, and right

bronchomediastinal trunks.

It then empties into the right internal jugular vein.

The thoracic duct

drains lymph from the rest of the body.

It receives lymph from the left jugular, left subclavian, left bronchomediastinal,

intestinal, and lumbar trunks. It empties into the left internal jugular vein.

Note that there is a large degree of variability in the formation and emptying of

the lymphatic ducts.


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LymphLymph

SlideCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Materials returned to the blood

WaterBlood cells

Proteins


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LymphLymph


Harmful materials that enter lymphvessels

Bacteria

Viruses

Cancer cells

Cell debris


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Lymph NodesLymph Nodes


Filter lymph before it is returned to theblood

Defense cells within lymph nodes

Macrophages engulf and destroy foreignsubstances

Lymphocytes provide immune response toantigens


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Lymph NodesLymph Nodes


Figure 12.3


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Lymph Node StructureLymph Node Structure


Figure 12.4


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Other Lymphoid OrgansOther Lymphoid Organs

Slide 12.9Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Several otherorgans contributeto lymphatic

functionSpleen

Thymus

Tonsils

Peyers patchesFigure 12.5


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The SpleenThe Spleen


Located on the left side of the abdomen

Filters blood

Destroys worn out blood cells

Forms blood cells in the fetus

Acts as a blood reservoir


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The ThymusThe Thymus


Located low in the throat, overlying theheart

Functions at peak levels only duringchildhood

Produces hormones (like thymosin) toprogram lymphocytes


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TonsilsTonsils


Small masses of lymphoid tissuearound the pharynx

Trap and remove bacteria and otherforeign materials

Tonsillitis is caused by congestion withbacteria


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Peyers PatchesPeyers Patches


Found in the wall of the small intestine

Resemble tonsils in structure

Capture and destroy bacteria in theintestine


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Mucosa-Associated LymphaticMucosa-Associated Lymphatic

Tissue (MALT)Tissue (MALT)

Slide

Includes:

Peyers patches

Tonsils

Other small accumulations of lymphoidtissue

Acts as a guard to protect respiratoryand digestive tracts

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Anatomy presentation ho 6(circulation)