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Anatomy & Physiology II Unit Six. Major Atmospheric Gases. Nitrogen - N 2 - 78%. Oxygen - O 2 - 21%. Carbon dioxide - CO 2 - 0.04%. Dalton’s Law. The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures that each of the gases in the mixture would exert independently. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Anatomy & Anatomy & Physiology IIPhysiology II
Unit SixUnit Six
Major Atmospheric Major Atmospheric GasesGases
Nitrogen - NNitrogen - N22 - 78% - 78%
Oxygen - OOxygen - O22 - 21% - 21%
Carbon dioxide - COCarbon dioxide - CO22 - 0.04% - 0.04%
Dalton’s LawDalton’s Law
The total pressure of a gas The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the mixture is the sum of the partial pressures that each of partial pressures that each of the gases in the mixture the gases in the mixture would exert independentlywould exert independently
RespirationRespiration
Respiration is divided into Respiration is divided into three phases:three phases: + ventilation+ ventilation + external respiration+ external respiration + internal respiration+ internal respiration
Blood Gas TransportationBlood Gas Transportation
Oxygen transport:Oxygen transport: * hemoglobin on RBCs - * hemoglobin on RBCs - 98.5%98.5% * dissolved in plasma - 1.5%* dissolved in plasma - 1.5%Carbon dioxide transport:Carbon dioxide transport: * hemoglobin on RBCs - 20%* hemoglobin on RBCs - 20% * dissolved in plasma - 10%* dissolved in plasma - 10% * converted to HCO* converted to HCO33
-- - 70% - 70%
HHb + OHHb + O22 HbO HbO2 2 + H+ H++
Formation of oxyhemoglobinFormation of oxyhemoglobin
COCO2 2 + Hb HbCO+ Hb HbCO22
Carbaminohemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin formationformation
The Oxyhemoglobin The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation CurveDissociation Curve
Oxyhemoglobin and Oxyhemoglobin and the Unloading Oxygenthe Unloading Oxygen
pH and temperature will affect the pH and temperature will affect the rate and amount of HbOrate and amount of HbO22
dissociationdissociation
The Bohr effect - the increase in The Bohr effect - the increase in HbOHbO22 dissociation in response to dissociation in response to
low pHlow pH
Oxyhemoglobin and Oxyhemoglobin and the Unloading Oxygenthe Unloading Oxygen
The decrease in pH is the result of The decrease in pH is the result of glucose metabolism in cellsglucose metabolism in cells
The metabolism results in HThe metabolism results in H++ and and COCO22 being passed into the being passed into the
capillaries, decreasing the pH and capillaries, decreasing the pH and increasing the Pcoincreasing the Pco22
Oxyhemoglobin and Oxyhemoglobin and the Unloading Oxygenthe Unloading Oxygen
HbOHbO22 is induced to give off O is induced to give off O22 for for
four reasons:four reasons: ► ► ambient Poambient Po22
► ► temperature increasetemperature increase ► ► pH decreasepH decrease ► ► BPG (biphosphoglycerate)BPG (biphosphoglycerate)
The Effects of The Effects of Temperature Temperature
and pHand pH
The The OxyhemoglobiOxyhemoglobi
n n Dissociation Dissociation
CurveCurve
Neural Neural Control of Control of
RespirationRespiration
Pontine Pontine respiratory respiratory
centercenter
Dorsal Dorsal respiratory respiratory
groupgroupVentral Ventral respiratory respiratory
groupgroup
Neural Control of Neural Control of RespirationRespiration
Neural Neural Control of Control of RespiratioRespiratio
nn
Neural Control of Neural Control of RespirationRespiration
Since OSince O22 is carried in such high is carried in such high reserves and saturation, it has reserves and saturation, it has little effect on the rate of little effect on the rate of ventilationventilationCOCO22 concentration and pH do concentration and pH do significantly change and have significantly change and have an immediate effect on an immediate effect on ventilationventilation
Neural Control of Neural Control of RespirationRespiration
Therefore, ventilation functions Therefore, ventilation functions to maintain Pcoto maintain Pco2 2 within its within its homeostatic rangehomeostatic range