ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Definitions: Human anatomy deals with the structure of the human body at the gross, cellular, and subcellular levels

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Definitions:

Human anatomy deals with the structure of the

human body at the gross, cellular, and subcellular levels.


Definitions:

Physiology is the study of the functions of healthy

living organisms and the changes which occur during

activity.

-It continues beyond the study of anatomy into:

• Why???

• What they do???

• How parts work???


Body systems comprise of many organs which are

interdependent & function as a team to keep the body

healthy and functional.

Example: the respiratory system needs the circulatory

system to distribute the blood & O2.


Body Systems

There are 10 body systems

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Cardiovascular

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Endocrine

• Urinary + Reproductive

• Immune system

• Integumentary (Skin)

Locomotor System:

The locomotor system or muscloskeletal system

copmrises the skeletal elements, copmpsed principally

of bone and cartillage, the joints between them, and

the muscles which move the joints


Bone:

- The greatest popular misconception about bone is that it is static and unchanging. This is NOT so.

- It has blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It grows, remodel, breaks, and is subject to diseases.


Bone:

- Human body comprises of 206 bones.

Classification of bone

i- Axial skeleton (80 bones)

ii- Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)


I-Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones

• Skull

• Vertebral column

• Ribs (Thoracic cage)

• Sternum


II-Appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones

• Upper extremities & shoulder girdle

• Lower extremities & pelvic girdle


Functions of bone

1. It forms a supporting framework for the body and provides the levers to which the muscles are attached.

2. It protects internal organs.

3. It acts a Calcium and Phosphorous store.

4. Many bones are hollow and contain marrow cavities

- formation of blood cells (red marrow), fatty tissues (yellow marrow).


Types of bones:

1. Compact bone or Cortical bone

2. Cancellous bone or Spongy bone


Types of bones:

1. Compact bone or Cortical bone which is strong,

hard, heavy, and forms the continuous outer layer or

Cortex of all bones


Types of bones:

2. Cancellous bone or Spongy bone which consists of

a network of spicules or trabeculae; it is lighter and

less strong than the compact bone and is found in

the ends of long bones and in the irregular bones



Cartilage is much softer than bone, because it has less minerals, BUT more elastic than bone.

• Cartilage is found on the ends of the bones, where they join together. Also found in ears & nose.

• It allows the bones to move easily over each other.

• non-vascular.




Joints

Wherever two bones meet each other, a joint is formed.

Types:

1. Fibrous.

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial


Types of joints:

1. Fibrous as in the skull, immovable. The joints are

called sutures.e.g, skull suture.

2. Cartilaginous joints as in-between vertebrae,

allows slight movement.

3. Synovial joints are found where two bones need to

move freely.

- there are 6 types of synovial joints.



Skull Suture- Fibrous Joint


Vertebrae

Cartilaginous Joint


Types of synovial joints:

1. Ball & socket joint: The globular head of one bone articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another. This joint allows for the most freedom in movement than any other joint. It permits movement in all planes and rotational movement around a central axis. Examples: Hip, Shoulder


2. Hinge joints: The

convex surface of one

bone fits into the

concave surface of

another. It permits

movement in one plane

only. Examples:

Elbow, Phalanges


3. Gliding joints: The

articulating surfaces are

flat or nearly curved.

This joint allows sliding

or back-and-forth motion

and twisting movements,

however, it does not

allow great distance in

movement. Examples:

Wrist, Ankle, Vertebra


4. Pivotal joints: The

cylindrical surface of

one bone rotates

within a ring of bone

and fibrous tissue of a

ligament. This joint

permits rotational

movement only.

Examples: Radius to

Ulna, Atlas to Axis


5- Saddle joints In this joint, both bones have articulating concave and convex regions. One bone fits the complementary surface of the other. This permits a variety of movements, particularly intwo planes. Examples: Carpal and Metacarpal of the Thumb


6- Ellipsoidal joints or Condyloid joints The ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another. This joint allows a variety of movements in different planes, but not rotational movement. Examples: Metacarpals to Phalanges, Mandible to Temporal bone

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Definitions: Human anatomy deals with the structure of the human body at the gross, cellular, and subcellular levels