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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM 23 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Urinary System PART 1

Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

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Page 1: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon,

University of Alabama, Birmingham

HUMAN ANATOMY

fifth edition

MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM

23

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Urinary System

PART 1

Page 2: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Urinary System

Important functions of the kidneys Maintain the chemical consistency of blood Filter many liters of fluid from blood Send toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess water

out of the bodyMain waste products

UreaUric acidCreatinine

Page 3: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organs of the Urinary System

Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

Figure 23.1a

Page 4: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Location and External Anatomy of Kidneys

Located retroperitoneally

Lateral to T12–L3 vertebrae

Average kidney 12 cm tall, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick

Hilus On concave surface Vessels and nerves enter and exit

Renal capsule surrounds the kidney

Page 5: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Relationship of the Kidneys to Vertebra and Ribs

Figure 23.1b

Page 6: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Position of the Kidneys with in the Posterior Abdominal Wall

Figure 23.2a

Page 7: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Internal Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys

Frontal section through the kidney Renal cortex Renal pyramids Renal pelvis

Major caliciesMinor calicies

Gross vasculature Renal arteries

Branch into segmental arteries

Page 8: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary of Blood Vessels Supplying the Kidney

Figure 23.3c

Page 9: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Internal Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys

Nerve supply – renal plexus A network of autonomic fibers An offshoot of the celiac plexus

Page 10: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys

Figure 23.3b

Page 11: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys

Uriniferous tubules Composed of

Nephron Renal corpuscle plus renal tubules

Collecting duct Involved in concentrating urine

PLAYPLAY Nephron

Page 12: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Mechanisms of Urine Production

Filtration Filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries

Reabsorption Most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed

Secretion Active process of removing undesirable molecules

Page 13: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Basic Kidney Functions

Figure 23.4

Page 14: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon,

University of Alabama, Birmingham

HUMAN ANATOMY

fifth edition

MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM

23

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Urinary System

PART 2

Page 15: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Uriniferous Tubule

Figure 23.5a

Page 16: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Nephron

Renal corpuscle Glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Glomerulus – tuft of capillariesCapillaries of glomerulus are fenestrated

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Parietal layer – simple squamous epitheliumVisceral layer – consists of podocytes

Page 17: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Renal Corpuscle and the Filtration Membrane

Figure 23.6a

Page 18: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Renal Corpuscle and the Filtration Membrane

Figure 23.6c

Page 19: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tubular Section of Nephron

Filtrate proceeds to renal tubules from glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle

Descending limbThin segmentThick segment

Distal convoluted tubule

Page 20: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Micrograph through the Renal Medulla

Figure 23.7

Page 21: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classes of Nephron

Cortical nephrons 85% of nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons 15% of nephrons

Page 22: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.8

Collecting Tubules (Collecting ducts)

Collecting tubules Receive urine from distal convoluted tubules

Page 23: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

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Classes of Nephron

Figure 23.9a

Page 24: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Blood Vessels

Nephrons associated with two types of capillary beds (a portal system) Glomerulus

Fed and drained by arteriolesAfferent and efferent arterioles

Peritubular capillariesArise from efferent arteriolesLow-pressure, porous capillariesAbsorb solutes

Page 25: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Blood Vessels

Vasa recta Thin-walled looping vessels Part of the kidney’s urine-concentrating

mechanism

Page 26: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon,

University of Alabama, Birmingham

HUMAN ANATOMY

fifth edition

MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM

23

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Urinary System

PART 3

Page 27: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney

Juxtaglomerular apparatus Functions in the regulation of blood pressure Juxtaglomerular cells – secrete renin

Macula densa A portion of distal convoluted tubule

Tall, closely packed epithelial cellsAct as chemoreceptors

Page 28: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Figure 23.10

Page 29: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ureters

Carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of urine

Histology of ureter Mucosa – transitional epithelium Muscularis – two layers

Inner longitudinal layerOuter circular layer

Adventitia – typical connective tissue

Page 30: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Structure of the Ureter

Figure 23.12

Page 31: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

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Urinary Bladder

A collapsible muscular sac

Stores and expels urine Full bladder – spherical

Expands into the abdominal cavity

Empty bladder – lies entirely within the pelvis

Figure 23.13

Page 32: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.14

Urinary Bladder

Urachus – closed remnant of the allantois

Prostate gland In males

Lies directly inferior to the bladder

Surrounds the urethra

Page 33: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Urinary Bladder

Wall of bladder Mucosa

Transitional epithelium

Muscular layerDetrus or muscle

Adventitia

Page 34: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Histology of the Urinary Bladder

Figure 23.15a, b

Page 35: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of the Urinary Bladder and Urethra

Figure 23.16a

Page 36: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of the Urinary Bladder and Urethra

Figure 23.16b

Page 37: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Urethra

Epithelium of urethra Transitional epithelium

At the proximal end (near the bladder)

Stratified and pseudostratified columnar – mid urethra (in males)

Stratified squamous epitheliumAt the distal end (near the urethral opening)

Page 38: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Urethra

Internal urethral sphincter Involuntary smooth muscle

External urethral sphincter Voluntarily inhibits urination Relaxes when one urinates

Page 39: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Urethra

In females Length of 3–4 cm

In males – 20 cm in length – three named regions Prostatic urethra

Passes through the prostate gland Membranous urethra

Through the urogenital diaphragm Spongy (penile) urethra

Passes through the length of the penis

Page 40: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Micturition

Figure 23.17

Page 41: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

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Disorders of the Urinary System

Urinary tract infections More common in females Burning sensation during micturition

Renal calculi Kidney stones

Bladder cancer 3% of cancers – more common in men

Kidney cancer Arises from epithelial cells of uriniferous tubules

Page 42: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Urinary System Throughout Life

Embryo develops three pairs of kidneys Pronephros Mesonephros Metanephros

Only metanephros persists to become the adult kidneys

Metanephric kidney produces urine by fetal month three

Contributes to the volume of amniotic fluid

Page 43: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Development of the Urinary Organs

Figure 23.18a,b

Page 44: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Development of the Urinary Organs

Figure 23.18c, d

Page 45: Human Human Anatomy Urinary System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Urinary System Throughout Life

Kidney and bladder function declines with advancing age Nephrons decrease in size and number Tubules less efficient at secretion and reabsorption Filtration declines Recognition of desire to urinate is delayed Loss of muscle tone in the bladder