Anatomy & Physiology 2

Anatomy & Physiology 2Study of the Bodys Systems

1Are you in the right class? Anatomy and Physiology 2Tues 9:00 am 1:00 pmCailin Lawler, LMT860-508-3336balancemt@hotmail.comwww.BalanceMassageCT.comLogisticsCome prepared to classMemmlersCourse ManualCompleted weeks readingCompleted weeks feedback sheet

BE ON TIME!!BE ON TIME!! (yes, its listed twice)Follow dress codeWEAR YOUR SHIRTSNo food/drink in classroomNO CELL PHONES!!!!!Trust me, no cell phones

You MUST contact me. By text, by voice mail, by phone, by smoke signal, by carrier pigeon, by Morse Code, by whatever means necessary.

Best alternative is sitting in with another section. Coordinate with Nancy in Student Services.

Get the notes and handouts that you missed. Do this ASAP. DO NOT wait until it gets closer to the exam.

It is HIGHLY recommended that you do NOT miss a class, but if you MUST.Speaking of Exams.This class has 3 exams, structured mostly as multiple choice, T/F, matching, and some short answer.Dates:_2/12, 3/12, 4/9___________

Class 1Homeostasis

Body Cavities and Membranes

Introduction to the Nervous System

6and what the heck do we need to know the systems of the body for?!Knowing human anatomy will help you understand how the body reacts to the massage you will administer to your client.

It will help you prepare for Pathology class, which will allow you to alter your massage to accommodate your clients special needs and maximize the benefits of massage.And so..the Systems of the Body

HomeostasisHomeostasis is one of the fundamental characteristics of living things. Maintenance of the internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.

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HomeostasisThe Body is all about balance. In balance = runs perfectly. Out of balance = Dis-ease.

Bodies are constantly fine tuning , releasing and inhibiting things, all to keep balance with the internal environment.

11The main process that our bodies use to achieve this is something thats called:Negative Feedback

A feedback in which the system responds in an opposite direction of the current biological reaction. It is a self-regulatory system where the goal is to re-establish equilibrium, or homeostasis within the system.Example of Negative FeedbackBody Temperature RegulationNegative Feedback

Ex) Blood Sugar Levels14Positive FeedbackA feedback in which the system responds in the same direction of the current biological reaction. It is a self-regulatory system where the goal is to amplify the reaction to create a bigger change.

Ex) Blood Clot, Uterine Contractions, Allergic Reactions, Lactation

Example of Positive FeedbackUterine ContractionsBody Cavities

17Thoracic Cavity MembranesPleural membranes

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Pericardial membranes19

Peritoneal Membranes20The Communication System

Endocrine System Nervous system (hormones)

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord) (Spinal & Cranial Nerves)

Sensory/Afferent Division Motor/Efferent Division(Impulses from receptors to CNS) (Impulses from CNS toward effector organ)

Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System(Voluntary, skeletal muscles) (Involuntary, glands/cardiac muscle/smooth muscle)

Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division (fight & flight) (rest & digest)Cells of the Nervous System

The NeuronNeuroglial Cells

23Schwann cells wrap around the axon, creating a myelin coating.

(B) The outermost layer of the Schwann cell forms the neurilemma.

Space between each myelin sheath is the nodes (of Ranvier).

Formation of a Myelin Sheath24

SensoryMotorGeneral Functions of the Nervous SystemReceiving the information (sensory/afferent)Coordinating the information (Integrate)Respond to information (motor/efferent)

Sensory Receptors hear phone ringSensory neurons transmit impulse toward spinal cord & brainInterneurons process informationBrain interprets soundMotor neurons transmit impulse to effector organArm/hand picks up ringing phone28Neuron Impulses

29Resting Membrane Potential----------------K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+Notes:The sodium pump, during RMP, pumps sodium out and pulls potassium in. Potassium can flow back and forth, but sodium is too big to diffuse back inside. Large negative ions (usually proteins) are too large to diffuse, so the overall charge is negative inside (-70mv); this is called polarized.Notes:

Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Outside the CellInside the Cell30Depolarization----------------K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+Notes:When another neuron stimulates this neuron enough to bring its charge from -70mv to -40mv, it reaches its Threshold Potential.At that time, the sodium gates open up, allowing sodium to rush IN (remember SIN).This swings the overall inside charge from negative to positive (+30mv).Notes:

Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Outside the CellInside the Cell31Repolarization----------------K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+K+Notes:When the neurons charge reaches +30mv, the sodium gates swing closed and the potassium gates swing open.This causes the potassium ions to rush out (remember POUT).This brings the overall charge of the neuron more negative (just below -70mv).The time directly after these events (Action Potential) is called the Refractory Period and the neuron can not be stimulated again until the sodium pump gets the charge back to -70mv.Notes:

Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Outside the CellInside the CellK+K+K+K+32-70mv-40mv0mv+30mvResting Membrane Potential (Polarized)Resting Membrane Potential (Polarized)Ready to accept another stimulationSub-threshold StimulationThreshold PotentialSodium gates open, sodium rushes INSodium gates closePotassium gates open, potassium rushes OUTDepolarizationRepolarizationPotassium gates closeRefractory PeriodAction Potential = 1/1000 sec33

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Neural Synapse

Junction between two neurons35Synapse

Convergencefrom many to one

Divergencefrom one to manyAmplifies Impulse Ex) creating a stronger muscle contractionAllows nervous system to collect a variety of information, process it, and respond to it in a special way.37Acetylcholine - voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles (via the sympathetic pathways) and movement of the viscera (via the parasympathetic pathways) EXCITATORY & INHIBITORYNorepinephrine - wakefulness or arousal - via the sympathetic pathways EXCITATORYEpinephrine - similar to nor-epinephrine. Large amounts of it are produced and are released by the adrenal glands. Also called adrenaline. EXCITATORYDopamine - voluntary movement and motivation, "wanting", pleasure, associated with addiction and love EXCITATORYSerotonin - memory, emotion, wakefulness, sleep and temperature regulation EXCITATORYGlutamate - the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system EXCITATORY GABA - the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. INHIBITORYGlycine - spinal reflexes and motor behavour INHIBITORYNeurotransmittersJust a few.

38Thank goodness!!!