ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-flashcards

8/7/2019 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-flashcards

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYQuestion Answer

Which radiographicprocedure has the ability tomake images in multipleplanes?

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)uses radio frequency radiation asits source of energy -- it affordssuperior soft tissue contrast, hasthe ability to image in multipleplanes and lacks ionizing radiationhazards

epistaxis can be defined as

bleeding from the nose caused bylocal irritation of mucousmembranes, violent sneezing anda variety of reasons

a ganglion is acollection of nerve endings -- knotor knot like mass; nerve cell bodiescollected in groups

the lungs are covered in aserous membranous saccalled the

visceral pleura -- each lung isenveloped in a sac of serousmembrane called the pleura --thechestcavity is lined with theparietal pleura -- the lung coveringis called the visceral pleura

the passageway for foodsand liquids into thedigestive system and forair into the respiratorysystem is the

pharynx -- muscular pharynxserves as a passageway for foodand liquids into the digestive tract -- path for air into the respiratorysystem -- throat runs from thenares and runs partway down the
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neck, where it opens into theesophagus (posterior) and thetrachea

the vocal cords are locatedin the

larynx -- vocal cords lie in theupper end of the larynx --responsible for voice production

the function of the tracheais to

conduct air to and from the lungs --tubular passageway locatedanterior to the esophagus -- furtherdivides into the right and left

bronchi

the nasal cavity is dividedinto two portions by the

septum -- nasal cavity is a hollowbehind the nose -- divided intoright and left portions by the nasalseptum -- anterior septum is madeof cartilage

the bones of the palm of

the hand are referred to asmetacarpals

the muscles important inrespiration are

intercostal muscles are inserted inthe spaces between the ribs -- areparticularly important in respiration-- serve to enlarge the thoraciccavity upon inspiration

the thick, fan shapedmuscle that lies on the anteriorchest is the

pectoralis major -- thick, fan-

shaped muscle located in theupper chest -- its fibers extendfrom the center of the thoraxthrough the armpits to thehumerus


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the triangular muscle of theshoulder that abducts thearm is the

deltoid -- thick, triangular musclethat covers the shoulder joint -- itresponsible for the roundness of

the shoulder

which of the abdominalmuscles originates at thepubic bone and ends in theribs

rectus abdominis -- on the anteriorportion of the abdominal wall --forms a strap like mass of muscle -- runs from the pubic bone at thefloor of the abdominal cavitystraight up to the xiphoid processof the sternum and the lower

margins of the rib cage

the gastrocnemius is thechief muscle of the

calf of theleg-- gastrocnemius isthe chief muscle of the calf of theleg -- large muscle on the posteriorpart of the leg -- extends the footand helps to flex the kneeuponthe thigh

a connective tissue bandthat holds bones togetheris called

ligament -- band or sheet of strongfibrous tissue connecting thearticular ends of bones -- serves tobind them together and facilitate orlimit motion -- cord-like structure

the two bones that form theside walls and the roof ofthe cranium are the

parietal bone -- one parietal boneis located on each side of the skull

just posterior to the frontal bone --they form the bulging sides andthe roof of the cranium

the sternocleidomastoid along the side of the neck --
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muscle is located sometimes referred to as thesternomastoid -- arises from thesternum and the inner part of the

clavicle

the medial bone of theforearm, which is locatedon the small-finger side ofthe hand

ulna -- on the proximal end is theolecranon process which forms theprominence of the elbow

the bones that is shapedlike a butterfly and formsthe anterior portion of thebase of the cranium is the

sphenoid bone is a large wedge-shaped bone at the base of the

cranium -- bone in the lower part ofthe skull between the parietal andthe temporal bones

the bone that forms theposterior portion of theskull is the

occipitalbone formsthe posteriorpart and a good portion of thebase of the cranium -- bone in thelower part of the skull between theparietal and the temporal bones

the lower jawbone is themandible is the lower jawbone --only movable bone in the skull --horse-shoe shaped

the bone located in theneck between themandible and the larynx,which supports the tongueand provides attachmentfor some of its muscles isthe

hyoid bone -- supports the tongueand provides an attachment for its

muscles -- does not articulate withany other bone

the adult vertebral column 26 bones


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has

how many cervical

vertebrae are there

7

the bone in the axialskeleton that does notarticulate with any otherbone is the

hyoid -- supports the tongueproviding attachment sites formuscles of the tongue, neck andpharynx

the number of pairs of ribs

12 -- one pair attached to each ofthe 12 thoracic vertebrae -- each

rib articulates posteriorly with itscorresponding thoracic vertebrae

a slender, rod like bonethat is located at the baseof the neck and runshorizontally is the

clavicle are slender, rod like boneswith elongated "s" shapes --located at the base of the neckand run horizontally between thesternum and the shoulders --another name is the collarbone

the upper, flaring portion ofhipbone is the

ilium -- superior border is the iliaccrest -- the internal surface is theiliac fossa

a large opening at the baseof the skull through which

the spinal cord passes isthe

foramen magnum -- large hole inthe inferior part of the bone(occipital) through which the

medulla oblongata and itsmembranes, the accessory nerve(XI) and the vertebral and spinalarteries pass

the larger, weight-bearing tibia -- larger medial bone of the


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bone of the lower leg is the lower leg -- bears the major portionof the weight on the leg

the bone that fits into theacetabulum, forming a jointis the

femur -- head of the femur fits intoa lateral depression in the oscoxae (the acetabulum), forming a

joint -- held in place by a ligamentand by a tough fibrous capsulesurrounding the joint

another name for thekneecap is

patella -- small, triangular boneanterior to the knee joint -- a lens-

shaped sesamoid bone situated infront of the knee in the tendon ofthe quadriceps femoris muscle

the membranes that lineclosed cavities within thebody are called

serous membrane -- are twocategories of membranes;epithelial and connective tissue --epithelial is further divided into themucous membrane, which linestubes and other spaces that opento the outside of the body and theserous membrane which linesclose to the organs

the longest bone in thebody is the

femur

a rounded protuberancefound at a point ofarticulation with anotherbone is

condyle -- distal end of the femuras large condyles -- thesecondyles articulate with the tibia atthe knee joint

aninfectionof the bone is osteomyelitis -- infection of bone


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cause by bacteria that may reachthe bone from outside the body,from other sites of infection and

from adjacent structures

the epiphyses are the

ends of long bone -- have asomewhat bulbous shape, whichprovides roomy areas for muscleattachments and gives stability tothe joints

oil glands of the skin arecalled

sebaceous -- several kinds of

exocrine glands are associatedwith the skin -- sebaceous (oil)glands, sudoriferous (sweat)glands, ceruminous glands andmammary glands

the periosteum is

the membrane that covers bone --fibrous vascular membranecovering bones, except at theextremities

a transparent structure thatpermits the eye to focusrays to form an image onthe retina is the

lens -- transparent, colorlessstructure in the eye that isbiconvex in shape -- is enclosed ina capsule -- capable of focusingrays so that they form a perfectimage on the retina

the purpose of the iris is to

regulate the amount of lightentering the eye -- pupil is thecontractile opening in the center ofthe eye


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the structure that is seenfrom the outside as thecolored portion of the eye

is the

iris -- a thin, muscular diaphragmthat is seen form the outside asthe colored portion of the eye

the nerve that carriesvisual impulses to the brainis the

optic nerve -- carries visualimpulses received by the rods andcones in the retina to the brain --second cranial nerve

the white outer layer of theeyeball is the

sclera -- eyeball has threeseparate coats or tunics --

outermost layer is called the scleraand is made of firm, toughconnective tissue -- known as thewhite of the eye

a jelly-like substance in the

eye's posterior cavity iscalled

vitreous humor -- aqueous humoris watery, transparent fluid found inthe anterior and posteriorchambers of the eye -- helpsmaintain the eye's conical shapeand assists in focusing light rays --the posterior cavity lies betweenthe lens and the retina

the structure that connectsthe middle ear and the

throat, allowing theeardrum to vibrate freely isthe

eustachian tube -- normally the airpressure on the two sides of theeardrum is equalized by means of

the eustachian tube -- connectsthe middle ear cavity and thethroat this allows the eardrum tovibrate freely with the incomingsound waves


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the conjunctiva is the

covering of the anterior globeexcept the cornea -- conjunctiva isthe mucous membrane that lines

the eyelids and covers the anteriorsurface of the globe, except for thecornea -- it is reflected onto theeyeball

the number of pairs ofspinal nerves is

31 -- each nerve is attached to thespinal cord by two roots, the dorsalroot and the ventral root -- by pairsthere are eight cervical, twelve

thoracic, five lumbar, five sacraland one cocygeal

the great sensory nerve ofthe face and head is the

trigeminal -- great sensory nerve ofthe face and head -- has threebranches that carry general senseimpulses -- the third branch is

joined by motor fibers to the

muscles of chewing (mastication)

the cranial nerve thatcontains special sensefibers for hearing as wellas for balance is

VIII -- acoustic nerve containsspecial sense fibers for hearing aswell as balance from thesemicircular canal of the internalear -- also called thevestibulocochlear


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the part of the brainresponsible formaintenance of balance

and muscle tone, as wellas coordination ofvoluntary muscle is the

cerebellum aids in coordinating thevoluntary muscles, helps maintainbalance in standing, walking andsitting and aids in maintainingmuscle tone

the frontal, temporal,parietal and occipital lobesare divisions of the

cerebrum -- the lobes of thecerebral hemispheres are namedafter the skull bones that theyunderlie -- they are the frontal,parietal, temporal and occipital

lobes

the area of the brain thatcontrols the respiratorycenter is the

medulla oblongata -- within themedulla are three vital reflexcenters of the reticular system --cardiac center regulates heartbeat,the respiratory center adjusts therate and depth of breathing and

the vasoconstrictor centerregulates the diameter of t

the largest part of the brainis the

cerebrum -- largest part of thebrain is the cerebrum, which isdivided into the two cerebralhemispheres (a right and left side)-- is supported by the brain stem

the outermost covering ofthe brain and the spinalcord is the

dura mater -- the meninges arethree layers of connective tissuethat surround the brain and thespinal cord to form a completeenclosure -- outermost layer of


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these membranes is called thedura matter -- second layer aroundthe brain and spinal cord is t

cerebrospinal fluidcirculates freely in the

subarachnoid space -- betweenthe arachnoid and the pia mater --this is where the cerebral fluidcirculates

the brain contains fourfluid-filled spaces calledthe

ventricles -- within the brain arefour fluid-filled spaces called theventricles -- cavities that

communicate with each other, withthe central canal of the spinal cordand with the subarachnoid space

which structure transmitssound vibrations to theinner ear

tympanic membrane (eardrum)transmits sound vibrations to theinternal ear by means of theauditory ossicles

winding, cone-shaped tubeof the inner ear is the

cochlea looks like a small spiral-shaped shell -- is a tube coiled forabout two and a half turns into aspiral, around a central axis of thebone

this is not a auditory

ossicle

cochlea -- expanding across themiddle ear area are threeexceedingly small bones called theauditory ossicles; the malleus, theincus and the stapes

cross matching of blooddetermines suitability of donor bymixing donor RBC's with recipient


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serum -- in cross-match of blood,the donor RBC's are mixed withthe recipients serum if

agglutination does not occur, therecipients does not haveantibodies that will attack thedonor

highly specialized bloodcell whose function isoxygen transportation

red blood cell contain oxygencarrying protein hemoglobin -- arecalled RBC's or erythrocytes

differential count providesan estimate of

The percentage of each type ofwhite cell -- the differential whitecount (an estimate of thepercentage of each type of whitecell) is done using a stained bloodslide. some blood diseases andinflammatory conditions can berecognized this way

mixing of incompatiblebloods may result in

Agglutination -- incompatibility ofblood transfusions may beattributable to either the plasma orred cells of the donor's blood. Thered cells of the donor's blood maybecome clumped or held togetherin bunches. This process is calledagglutination


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platelets are essential for

coagulation of blood -- plateletsare formed by the red bonemarrow and are essential for the

coagulation of blood and inmaintenance of hemostasis

in the normal adult, theaverage number ofleukocytes per cubicmillimeter of circulatingblood is

5000-10,000 -- a normal adult hasan average of 5000 to 10,000leukocytes per cubic millimeter ofcirculating blood or about 1leukocyte to 700 erythrocytes. Ahigh white blood count is indicative

of infection

a large superficial vein inthe lower extremity, whichbegins in the foot andextends up the medial sideof the leg, the knee and thethigh is called the

greater saphenous vein --saphenous is the longest vein inthe body -- the greater saphenousvein, which is superficial, extendsup the medial side of the leg, theknee and the thigh -- at the groin, it

empties into the femoral vein

the artery at the back ofthe is the

Popliteal -- the external iliac arterychanges to the femoral in thethigh. This vessel branches off inthe thigh and then becomes thepopliteal artery at the back of theknee joint. It subdivides below the

knee. The popliteal vein is alsobehind the knee

the superior and inferiormesenteric arteries supplythe

intestines -- the superiormesenteric artery, which is thelargest branch on the abdominal


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aorta, carries blood to most of thesmall intestine as well as to thefirst half of the large intestine. The

much smaller inferior mesentericartery is located inferiorly.

the veins of the head andneck are drained by the

Jugular veins -- blood from theface, scalp and superficial regionsof the neck is drained by theinternal and external jugular vein.The internal jugulars flow into the

superior vena cava. The externaljugulars flow into the subclavianveins.

which arteries supplytheheart

Coronary -- blood is supplied tothe heart by the right and leftcoronary arteries. Branches ofthese two arteries encircle theheart and supply all the parts ofthe myocardium. Branches lead tothe atrial and ventricularmyocardium.

the atrioventricular (A-V)

node causes

Ventricular contraction -- Impulsesthat start at the sinoatrial nodespread through the atrial musclefibers, producing atrial

contractions. When the impulsesreach the A-V node they arerelayed to the ventricles via thebundle of His and the Purkinje fi

Why would an aspirated the right bronchus is more vertical,


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foreign body be more likelyto enter the right bronchusrather than the left

bronchus?

shorter and wider than the left -- asa result, foreign objects in the airpassageways are more likely to

enter it than the left and frequentlylodge in it

the spleen filters

Blood -- the spleen is an organcontaining lymphoid tissuedesigned to filter blood. It isfrequently damaged in abdominaltrauma, causing it to rupture. Thiscauses severe hemorrhage, which

requires prompt splenectomy

Which artery supplies thehead and neck

Carotid -- the left and right carotidarteries supply the head and neck.The external carotid supplies theright side of the thyroid, tongue,throat, face, ear, scapl and thedura mater

the circle of Willis islocated

At the base of the brain -- theposterior cerebral arteries help toform an arterial circle at the baseof the brain called the circle ofWillis, which creates a connectionbetween the vertebral artery andinternal carotid artery systems. Itequalizes blood distribution

the branch of the externaliliac artery that is located inthe thigh is called the

Femoral artery -- the external iliacarteries continue into the thigh,where the name of these tubes ischanged to femoral. Both femorals


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go to the genitals and abdominalwall. Other branches run to thethigh and become the popliteal

(back of the knee)

the descending aortaterminates at the level ofthe fourth lumbar vertebra,dividing into

Two common iliac arteries -- thedescending aorta travels throughthe thorax, branching off to supplythe thoracic organs and structure.It then passes through thediaphragm into the abdomen,supplying the abdominal organs

via numerous branches.

the contractions of theheart are synchronized andregulated by thepacemaker of the heart,called the

Sinoatrial node -- contractions ofthe heart are synchronized andtheir rate is controlled by speciallymodified muscular tissue. Thesinoatrial node, the pacemaker isfound in the right atrial wall near

the opening of the superior venacava

tiny blood vessels thatpermeate and nourishtissue are called

Capillaries -- the arterioles leadinto a vast network of very fineblood vessels, the capillaries.These are the blood vessels thatpermeate the tissues and servicethe body cells directly. They play a

key role in regulating blood flowfrom arteries to c

the wall of partition dividingthe heart into right and left

Septum -- the human heart is adouble pump. The two sides are


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sides is called the completely separated from eachother by a partition called theseptum

the heart valve that closesat the time the rightventricle begins pumping,preventing blood fromreturning to the right atriumin the

Tricuspid value (rightatrioventricular) closes at the timethe right ventricle begins pumpingin order to prevent blood fromgoing back into the right atrium. Ithas three flaps or cusps and isbetween the right atrium and theright ventricle

the inner lining of the heart,composed of smooth,delicate membrane iscalled the

Endocardium -- which lines theinner surface of the heart cavity --is a thin, delicate membranecomposed of endothelial cells. Itcovers the values, surrounds thechordae tendineae, and iscontinuous with the lining

membrane of the large bloodvessels

the spleen is located

In the left hypochondriac region --normally protected by the rib cage.It is between fundus of thestomach and the diaphragm

the serous membrane thatcovers the heart is the

Pericardium forms the outermost

layer of the heart wall. It also linesthe pericardial sac. It is a loose-fitting membrane. Pericarditis is aninflammation of the lining

which is not a part of the Thyroid -- lymph, lymph vessels,


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lymphatic system lymph nodes, tonsils, the thymusand the spleen make up thelymphatic system. Its function is to

drain protein-containing fluid thatescapes from the blood capillariesfrom the tissue spaces. It alsotransports fats.

the s-shaped bend in the

lower colon is called the

Sigmoid -- the s-shaped bendwhere the colon crosses the brimof the pelvis and enters the pelviccavity (where it becomes the

rectum) is the sigmoid colon. Itbegins at the left iliac crest,projects toward the midline andterminates at the rectum

the reabsorption of waterand electrolytes is the main

function of the

large intestine has little or nodigestive function -- serves toabsorb water and electrolytes --

forms and stores feces untildefecation occurs

the terminal portion of thelarge intestine is the

anal canal -- narrow, distal part ofthe large intestine -- the rectum isthe last 8 inches of thegastrointestinal tract -- terminal 2inches is the anal canal

which structure liesretroperitoneally

kidney -- some organs lie on theposterior abdominal wall and arecovered by peritoneum on theanterior surface only -- suchorgans, including the kidney and


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pancreas are said to beretroperitoneal

the first portion of the largeintestine is the

cecum -- beginning (proximal)portion of the large intestine --hangs below the ileocecal valve --blind pouch 2.5 inches long

the appendix is attached tothe

cecum -- to the cecum is attacheda small blind tube known as theappendix -- twisted, coiled tube 3inches in length

the primary function of thegallbladder is

storage of bile -- gallbladder storesbile between meals and releases itwhen stimulated by gastric juice,fatty foods and the hormonecholecystokinin -- bile is producedin the liver

when the gallbladdercontracts, bile is ejectedinto the

duodenum -- when the gallbladder

contracts, it ejects concentratedbile into the duodenum -- bile isforced into the common bile ductwhen it is needed

the common bile duct isthe union of the

Cystic duct and hepatic duct -- thehepatic duct joins the slendercystic duct from the gallbladder to

form the common bile duct. thecommon bile duct and thepancreatic duct enter theduodenum in a common duct, thehepatopancreatic


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the yellow tinge in the skinsymptomatic of obstructive

jaundice is caused by theaccumulation of whatsubstance in the blood andtissue

Bilirubin -- bile pigments, bilirubinand biliverdin are products of redblood cell breakdown and are

normally excreted in bile. If theirexcretion is prevented, theyaccumulate in the blood andtissues, causing a yellowish tingeto the skin and other tis

the head of the pancreas islocated

In the curve of the duodenum --pancreas is an oblong, fish-shapedgland that consists of head, tail

and body. The head rests in thecurve of the duodenum and its tailtouches the spleen. It is linked tothe small intestine by a series ofducts

the sphincter at thejunction of the small and

large intestines is the

ileocecal sphincter or valve joinsthe large intestine to the small

intestine

the portion of the smallintestine that receivessecretions from thepancreas and the liver isthe

Duodenum receives secretionsfrom the pancreas and the liver.The duodenum originates at thepyloric sphincter and extends 10inches, where it merges with the

jejunum

the region of the stomachthat connects to theduodenum is the

pylorus is the region of thestomach that connects to theduodenum

the mesentery isa broad fan-shaped fold ofperitoneum suspending the


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jejunum and the ileum from thedorsal wall of the abdomen is themesentery

the large central portion ofthe stomach is called the

Body -- the stomach has four mainregions; the cardia, fundus bodyand pylorus. The large centralportion is the body

the muscle serving as avalve to preventregurgitation of food fromthe intestine back into thestomach is known as the

Pyloric sphincter -- at the end ofthe pyloric canal, the muscular wallis thickened, forming a circular

muscle called the pyloric sphincter.Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing ofthe pyloric sphincter, whichprevents food from passingthrough

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-flashcards