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Analysis of Geologic Parameters on Recirculating Well Technology, Using 3-DNumerical Modeling: Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod
by
Tina L. LinS.B., Environmental Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996
Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERINGIN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYJune 1997
@ 1997 Tina LinAll rights reserved
The author hereby grants to MI T permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paperand electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part
Signature of the AuthorDepartment of Civiland Environmental Engineering
May 9, 1997
Certified byDr. Peter Shanahan
Lecturer ofCivil and Environmental Engineering
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by
MASSACHUSETTS INST ITUTEOF TECHNOLOGY
- Protessor Joseph SussmanChairman, Department Committee on Graduate Studies
JUN 2 4 1997
LIBRARIES
Analysis of Geologic Parameters on Recirculating Well Technology,Using 3-D Numerical Modeling: Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod
byTina L. Lin
Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringOn May 9, 1997
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofMaster Of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering
ABSTRACT
Recirculating Well Technology is an in-situ groundwater and soil treatment system thatremediates volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and petroleum hydrocarbons. By using acombination of physical and biological processes, recirculating wells can effectively strip VOCsfrom the groundwater while enhancing aerobic bioremediation as well. This study focused onthe effect of geological conditions on Recirculating Well performance, using the Chemical Spill-10 (CS-10) groundwater contaminant plume located at the Massachusetts Military Reservation(MMR) as the base case.
According to past studies, anisotropy ratios seem to be the largest limiting hydrogeologicalparameter in recirculating well efficiency; therefore, a range of anisotropy ratios were consideredin this study. By using the DYNSYSTEM software, developed by Camp Dresser & McKee, thehydraulics of the recirculating well technology as well as the hydrogeological and geologicalconditions of the CS-10 area were simulated. Currently, there are two recirculating well designsthat are being considered for use at CS-10; therefore, two corresponding 3-D finite elementgroundwater flow models were developed: one to represent a design by IEG Technologies, Inc.and the other to simulate a design by EG&G Environmental. Once the base case models wereestablished, hydraulic conductivity parameters were varied to represent different anisotropyratios while various performance measures were evaluated. More specifically, various particletracking investigations were conducted to determine general trends concerning the effects ofanisotropy ratios on capture width, cross-sectional capture zone area, radius of influence, andpercent recirculation.
The overall trends revealed a direct relationship between anisotropy ratios and correspondingcapture widths, capture areas, and radius of influences, while an inverse relationship existsbetween anisotropy and percent recirculation. Consequently, Recirculating Well Technology canbe more effective at some sites than others due to favorable hydrogeological conditions.
Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Peter Shanahan
Title: Lecturer of Civil and Environmental Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would first like to thank my family and friends for all their support and encouragement. I
would not have been able to make it through these past 5 years at MIT without them. Secondly, I
would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Peter Shanahan, for all his guidance and advice. His
expertise coupled with his good-nature made him really enjoyable to work with. I would also
like to thank my fellow Recirculating Well Technology group members for making our project a
successful and fulfilling experience. In addition, my thanks go out to Bruce Jacobs and Enrique
Lopez-Calva for all their support with my modeling efforts. Their help certainly spared me from
countless hours of computational grief. Finally, Dr. David Marks and Shawn Morrissey have
been extremely supportive both in and out of the classroom. I cannot thank them enough for all
their academic and career-related advice.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A B S T R A C T ..................................................................................................................................... 2
A CKN OW LED GM EN TS ....................................................................................................... 3
LIST OF FIGURES ............................ ..................................................... 6
LIST OF TABLES ................................................. ...... 7
INTRODUCTION........................................................................ ............................................ 81.1 PROBLEM D EFINITION ............................... ...... ......................................................................... 81.2 OBJECTIVES AND M ETHODOLOGY ........................................................................................
2. BACKGROUND AND SITE DESCRIPTION ..................................................................... 102.1 M MR BACKGROUND AND SITE DESCRIPTION ............................................ ........................... 10
2.1.1 Location ... 102 1 2 History of Operation ..... 132.1 3 Surrounding Land Use . .......... . . 132 1 4 Climate ................... ........ .... 142.1 5 Geology and Geography .. .. .................. 142 1.6 Hydrogeology ..... . ........ ......... .............. ...... 16
2.2 CS-10 BACKGROUND AND SITE DESCRIPTION ...... ................................. 182 2 1 Location and Land Use . .... 182.2 2 History of Operation. . ...... .......... . 182.2.3 Nature and Extent of the CS-10 Plume . 21
3. RECIRCULATING WELL TECHNOLOGY ................................................................ 243.1 ADVANTAGES OF RECIRCULATING W ELLS .............................................. .................. 26
3 1 1 Advantage over Pump and Treat Systems .. ..... .. .263 1 2 Advantage over Air Sparging ....... ............... ... .. ..... 273 1 3 Lack of Case History . .......... .................... ... ........ 273 1 4 Performance Limitations .. ........ 29
3.2 D ESIGN AND U SE AT M M R ....................................................................... ...................... 303 2 1 IEG Technologies Corporation .... .303 2 2 EG&G Environmental ........ .. ... ...... .. .. 33
4. NUMERICAL MODELING APPROACH .......................................... ........ 364.1 IN TROD U CTION ............................................................................ .................................... 364.2 DESCRIPTION OF M ODELING SYSTEM ........................................................................... 36
4.2.1 DYNFLOW . ................................................. . .......... ........ . .374.2.2 DYNPLOT.......... ... .......... . ........ . . ..... 374 2.3 DYNTRACK ......... ........... ...... .. ................... .37
5. GEOLOGICAL PARAMETER MODEL ................................................... 395.1 CON CEPTU A L M O D EL................................................... ............................................ 39
5 1.1 Geometric Boundaries .... . 395.1.2 Hydraulic Boundaries ........ ....... 41
5.1 3 Grid Generation and Discretization ... . .. ... . . . 415.2 D ESIGN PARAM ETERS ............................................................. ........... ..... ............. ............... 46
5.2 1 Pumping Rates ..... . .. ..................... .............. ........... 465.2.2 Screened Intervals . ............... . 46
5.3 A QUIFER PARA M ETERS ....................................................................................................... 475 3 1 Aquifer Thickness .................. 475 3 2 Hydraulic Conductivity ... . ... ................. ....... 475 3 3 Hydraulic Gradient. ........... .. .......... ... .. 475 3 4 Recharge...... .. ...... ............ ....... ........................ . 485.3 5 Other Parameters ............. .. ...... ..... ...... .......... 48
5.4 CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT M ODEL.....................................................................................495.4.1 CS-IO Plume Dimension and Location ......... ... 495.4 2 Capture Width ...... ... . ........... ..... ..495 4 3 Capture Width at Various Anisotropy Ratios ......... .. ... . 49
5.5 PARTICLE TRACKING SIMULATIONS ................................................................. 545 5 1 Cross-Sectional Area of Capture Zone.... . ......... ....... . . 545 5 2 Cross-Sectional Area of Capture Zone at Various Anisotropy Ratios ........ 575.5.3 Radius ofInfluence . . ................. .......... .......... .. 605.5.4 Radius of lnfluence at Various Anisotropy Ratios ................. . . .645 5 5 Percent Recirculation .. . ... 655.5.6 Percent Recirculation at Various Anisotropy Ratios .. .......... 65
5.6 D ISCU SSIO N ............................................. ........................................................................ 68
6. CO N CLU SIO N ................................................................................... ............................... 69
REFEREN CES ..................................................................................... ................................. 70
APPENDIX A:APPENDIX Al:APPENDIX A2:APPENDIX A3:APPENDIX A4:
APPENDIX A5:APPENDIX A6:APPENDIX A7:
APPENDIX B:APPENDIX B 1:APPENDIX B2:APPENDIX B3:APPENDIX B4:APPENDIX B5:
APPENDIX B6:APPENDIX B7:
APPENDIX C:
COMMAND FILES FOR IEG MODEL SIMULATIONS.............73SAMPLE DYNFLOW COMMAND FILE ......................................... ............ 73CAPTURE WIDTH AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES- VELOCITY VECTOR PROFILES ....... 75
SAMPLE DYNTRACK COMMAND FILE- CAPTURE AREA ........................................ 78CAPTURE AREA AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES- PARTICLE PLACEMENTS ........... 88
SAMPLE DYNTRACK COMMAND FILE- RADIUS OF INFLUENCE/RECIRCULATION ...91
RADIUS OF INFLUENCE AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES- PARTICLE TRACKS .............. 98
PERCENT RECIRCULATION AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES- PARTICLE TRACKS ....... 101
COMMAND FILES FOR EG&G MODEL SIMULATIONS .................. 104SAMPLE DYNFLOW COMMAND FILE ............................. .................................. 104
CAPTURE WIDTH AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES- VELOCITY VECTOR PROFILES......106
SAMPLE DYNTRACK COMMAND FILE- CAPTURE AREA .................................... 109
CAPTURE AREA AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES- PARTICLE PLACEMENTS ............... 119SAMPLE DYNTRACK COMMAND FILE- RADIUS OF INFLUENCE/RECIRCULATION.. 122RADIUS OF INFLUENCE AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES- PARTICLE TRACKS........... 127PERCENT RECIRCULATION AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES- PARTICLE TRACKS ....... 130
CS-10 DYNTRACK PROPERTY FILE ...................................................... 133
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Site Location M ap ................................................................................................... 11Figure 2-2: M M R Site M ap .................................................................................................... 12Figure 2-3: Upper Cape Cod Geologic Map.................................................... 15Figure 2-4: Upper Cape Cod Water Table Contour Map.................... .. ...... 17Figure 2-5: MMR Groundwater Plumes Map................................. ................ 19Figure 2-6: Extent of C S-10 Plum e .................................................................... .................... 23Figure 3-1: Recirculating Well Technology Conceptual Flow Diagram .................. ........ 25Figure 3-2: IEG Recirculating Well Technology Conceptual Flow Diagram ........................... 31Figure 3-3: EG&G Recirculating Well Technology Conceptual Flow Diagram.......................34Figure 5-1: Half-Space Grid Configuration ..................................................... 40Figure 5-2: Vertical Extent of CS-10 Model .................................................... 42Figure 5-3: IEG V ertical D iscretization ..................................................................................... 44Figure 5-4: EG&G Vertical Discretization ...................................................... 45Figure 5-5: IEG C apture W idth ........................................................................ ...................... 50Figure 5-6: EG & G C apture W idth................................................................... ....................... 51Figure 5-7: Capture Width vs. Anisotropy Ratio............................... ...... ................. 52Figure 5-8: Capture W idth Theory ..................................................................... .................... 53Figure 5-9: IEG Starting and Captured Points .................................................... 55Figure 5-10: EG&G Starting and Captured Points ................................................ 56Figure 5-11: Cross-Sectional Area of Capture Zone vs. Anisotropy Ratio ............................... 58Figure 5-12: Capture A rea Theory................................................ .......................................... 59Figure 5-13: Plan View - Radial Placement of Particles .......................................... ..... 61Figure 5-14: IEG Particle Tracks - Horizontal Cross-Section .................... .... 62Figure 5-15: EG&G Particle Tracks - Horizontal Cross-Section ........................................ 63Figure 5-16: Radius of Influence vs. Anisotropy Ratio .............................................. 64Figure 5-17: Percent Recirculation vs. Anisotropy Ratio ............................................................. 65Figure 5-18: IEG Particle Tracks - Vertical Cross-Section ........................................................ 66Figure 5-19: EG&G Particle Tracks - Vertical Cross-Section...............................................67
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1: IEG Installation Sum m ary............................................. ........................................ 28Table 3-2: EG&G Installation Summary ........................................................ 28Table 3-3: IEG Circulation Cell Dimensions..............................................32Table 3-4: EG&G Circulation Cell Dimensions .................................................. 35Table 5-1: Thickness Distributions ....... ........................................................................ 43Table 5-2: CS-10 Hydraulic Conductivities ...................................................... 47
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Definition
The Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR), located in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, was
placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989 under the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). CERCLA, created in 1980, provides
guidelines for the remediation of hazardous constituents released from federal facilities. The
Installation Restoration Program (IRP) at the MMR includes a number of remediation
investigations and has initiated treatment of several of the groundwater plumes on site.
Although in January 1996 Operational Technologies (OpTech) prepared a 60 percent design of a
pump and treat containment system for the MMR, residents of Cape Cod feared that the resulting
drawdown of the groundwater table would cause ecological damage to the nearby Ashumet Pond
(OpTech 1996b). As a result, an investigation began to re-evaluate the pump and treat option
and to investigate other containment strategies.
The Technical Review and Evaluation Team (TRET) concurred with the residents and deemed
pump and treat technology unacceptable for the MMR due to the potential ecological damage.
As an alternative, TRET recommended the evaluation of recirculating well technology.
Consequently, a pilot test was initiated at Chemical Spill Area-10 (CS-10) with the purpose of
evaluating the potential use of this technology. TRET has acknowledged the advantages of
recirculating wells as being capable of in-situ remediation by stripping volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) from the groundwater without the need and expense of pumping the
groundwater to the surface for treatment. Also, the environmental impact associated with
drawdown is eliminated since recirculating wells operate without the need to withdrawal large
amounts of groundwater.
1.2 Objectives and Methodology
Recirculating well technology is a new method of in-situ remediation of VOCs in groundwater.
Although this technology shows much promise, as cited by TRET, it is still not clearly
understood nor is it very predictable. Therefore, it is meaningful to evaluate the many factors
that could affect the overall performance and feasibility of recirculating wells. This study
focused on the effect that geological characteristics of a particular site have on this technology.
Given that the effectiveness of recirculating wells rests on the ability to create large circulation
cells within the saturated zone of an aquifer, the anisotropy of a particular site can clearly
enhance or limit this capability. Therefore, in order to better understand the relationship between
anisotropy ratios and recirculating well performance, various computer simulations were
conducted using the DYNSYSTEM groundwater flow software. More specifically, two finite
element models were developed to portray the recirculating well designs of IEG Technologies
and EG&G Environmental. Once accomplished, particle tracking simulations were executed at
various anisotropy ratios to analyze performance criteria such as capture width, capture zone
area, radius of influence, and percent recirculation.
In general, velocity vector profiles were generated by simulated heads in DYNFLOW and were
used to determine capture widths. In order to conduct particle tracking simulations, efforts were
shifted toward DYNTRACK applications. First, a "gate" of contaminant particles were seeded
upstream of the recirculating well in order to track which of the particles were ultimately
captured by the system. After determining the placement of these particles, the associated areas
surrounding these particles were totaled to determine the cross-sectional capture zone area.
Secondly, particles were seeded radially about the injection screened intervals of the wells to
track the recirculating path of the captured particles. These particle tracks were not only used to
estimate the radius of influence that a well could achieve, but they were also utilized to
determine the percent of particles that were actually recirculated. From these simulations,
performance trends were established to display the effects that anisotropy has on recirculating
well technology.
2. BACKGROUND AND SITE DESCRIPTION
This chapter includes background information and site descriptions of the MMR and CS-10
specifically. Before investigating recirculating well technology for use at the MMR, it is
essential to have an understanding of the location, history, and physical and environmental
conditions of the area of concern.
2.1 MMR Background and Site Description
This section describes the physical and environmental conditions of the MMR. The focus of this
section includes location, history of operation, surrounding land use, climate, geography,
geology, and hydrogeology of the MMR site.
2.1.1 Location
The MMR lies in the upper western portion of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It occupies
approximately 22,000 acres (35 square miles) within the towns of Bourne, Sandwich, Mashpee,
and Falmouth in Barnstable County (see Figure 2-1).
The MMR is divided into four principal areas (see Figure 2-2):
1. Maneuver Range and Impact Area - 14,000-acre site occupying the northern 70 percent of
the MMR. This area is used for training and maneuvers.
2. Cantonment Area - 5,000-acre area located in the southern portion of the MMR. This area
includes administration, operation, maintenance, housing, and support facilities for the base.
3. Airfield - 4,000-acre area located along the southeastern edge of the MMR. This area
contains runways and support facilities for aircraft.
4. Massachusetts National Cemetery - 750-acre area located along the western edge of the
MMR. This area contains the Veterans Administration (VA) cemetery and support facilities.
Inset
Cape CodBay
Cape Cod- Canal
Nantucket Sound5
SCALE IN
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r OTHER USE
I 00 FEE
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I__ _ ·/ _
2.1.2 History of Operation
Although military activity at the MMR began in 1911, most of the military operations occurred
after 1935 by the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy (USN), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), U.S. Air Force
(USAF), Massachusetts Army National Guard (ARNG), U.S. Air National Guard (ANG), and
the Veterans Administration (VA). The level of activity at the MMR has varied over its history.
The most intensive U.S. Army activity occurred during World War II (WWII) and the
demobilization period after WWII. During this period, the Cantonment Area housed thousands
of troops and operated a large motor pool. The USN carried on advances in naval aviation flight
training during the last two years of WWII. Also, the USAF maintained an intensive airborne
surveillance operation from 1955 to 1970 (CDM Federal, 1993).
Currently, the ARNG and U.S. Army Reserve are conducting a variety of training activities at the
MMR. The USCG air station at the MMR provides medium-range search and recovery support
of the 1st Coast Guard District and Atlantic Area. The ANG air station at MMR operates and
maintains a squadron of F-15 fighter aircraft to protect the northeastern United States from armed
attack. The USAF operates the Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry - Phase Array Warning
System (PAVE-PAWS) for missile and space vehicle tracking. The Veterans Administration
also maintains the Massachusetts National Cemetery at the MMR (CDM Federal, 1993).
2.1.3 Surrounding Land Use
Land uses in the area surrounding the MMR include a variety of recreational activities ranging
from golfing to hunting. Two adjacent ponds, John's Pond and Ashumet Pond, support
swimming, fishing, boating and water skiing. The Shawme Crowell State Forest and Crane
Wildlife Management Area support camping, fishing, hiking and mountain biking. Camp Good
News, a summer camp for children, is located on Snake Pond.
Besides recreational usage, the land surrounding MMR is also used for agricultural purposes.
Most of the agricultural land is used for the cultivation of cranberries. The remaining land is
used for the residential, commercial and industrial sector (CDM Federal, 1993).
2.1.4 Climate
The climate at MMR is classified as humid continental. The Atlantic Ocean moderates the
temperature; therefore, Cape Cod undergoes warmer winters and cooler summers than inland
areas in Massachusetts (CDM Federal, 1993). Also, precipitation is fairly evenly distributed
throughout the year, with an average annual rainfall of 46 inches (NCDC, 1990).
2.1.5 Geology and Geography
Western Cape Cod is composed of glacial sediments deposited during the retreat of the
Wisconsinan glacier 7,000 and 85,000 years ago. The geology is dominated by three
sedimentary units: Buzzards Bay moraine, Sandwich moraine, and Mashpee pitted plain. The
Buzzards Bay and Sandwich moraines are located along the north and western edge of Cape Cod,
with the Mashpee pitted plain located to the south-east (see Figure 2-3). The Buzzards Bay and
Sandwich moraines are composed of ablation glacial till, which is unsorted material ranging from
clay to boulder-size rocks, deposited at the leading edge of two lobes of the Wisconsinan glacier.
The Mashpee pitted plain is a glacial outwash plain composed of poorly sorted fine to coarse-
grained sands. This plain is underlain by fine-grained glaciolacustrine sediments and base till
(CDM Federal, 1993).
The MMR is located on two types of geographic terrain. The Cantonment Area lies on a
southward sloping outwash plain with elevations ranging from 100 to 140 feet above sea level.
The area north and west of the Cantonment Area lies in the southern portion of the Wisconsinan
Age terminal moraines. The presence of irregular hills within this area causes the elevation to
range from 100 to 250 feet above sea level, while kettle hole ponds and depressions are found
over the entire site (CDM Federal, 1993).
~CAPEC •~ COD~BAY
>. . •:::::~:::::·::::·:
)II u a
N '~~
VIEAD ON
2.1.6 Hydrogeology
The aquifer system in western Cape Cod is unconfined and recharged by infiltration from
precipitation. The high point of the water table occurs as a groundwater mound beneath the
northern portion of MMR with groundwater flowing radially outward from the mound peak (see
Figure 2-4). The aquifer is bounded by the ocean on three sides, with groundwater discharging
into Cape Cod Bay on the north, Buzzards Bay on the west, and Nantucket Sound on the south.
Groundwater also discharges into the Bass River in Yarmouth, which forms the eastern lateral
aquifer boundary (CDM Federal, 1995).
Surface water at the MMR includes streams and kettle hole ponds in the Mashpee pitted plain. A
kettle hole pond is created when buried glacial ice melts and thus creates a local depression.
Kettle ponds intersect the water table but cause only local impact on the slope and direction of
groundwater flow (CDM Federal, 1995).
The major geology of western Cape Cod is Mashpee pitted plain, which consists of coarse-
grained sand and gravel outwash sediment underlain by finer-grained sediments. The hydraulic
conductivity of the outwash sediment measures up to 380 ft/day with a hydraulic gradient range
of 0.0014 to 0.0018 ft/ft (E.C. Jordan, 1989) and a net annual recharge of 21 inches (LeBlanc,
1982). The hydraulic conductivity of the underlying fine grained sediment is only 10 percent of
the outwash; therefore, the bulk of the regional groundwater is transmitted through the upper
outwash layer where the horizontal flow velocities range from 1 to 3.4 ft/day (CDM Federal,
1995).
SCAPE COD BAY
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Figure 2-4Upper Cape Cod Water Table
Contour MapI
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2.2 CS-10 Background and Site Description
This chapter describes the physical and environmental conditions of Chemical Spill-10.
Location and site history are also detailed in this section.
2.2.1 Location and Land Use
The CS-10 area of contamination is located adjacent to the northeastern boundary of MMR (see
Figure 2-5), within the town of Sandwich, Massachusetts. This plume occupies approximately
38 acres and is currently used for maintenance and storage of vehicles for the ARNG.
Approximately 25 ARNG personnel currently work at CS-10 as part of the Unit Training
Equipment Site (UTES) operations (CDM Federal, 1993).
The nearest MMR housing is located approximately 19,000 ft southwest of CS-10. The nearest
housing area outside of the MMR boundary is located in the Town of Sandwich, with the closest
home approximately 650 ft from the eastern fence line. Approximately 75 households are
located within a half mile of the CS-10 site in Sandwich. The residences to the east of CS-10 are
all served by private wells (CDM Federal, 1993). Residents with drinking water wells in the
immediate path of the plume have been placed on public water supply, while other owners of
private wells have the option to have their wells tested by the IRP for contamination.
2.2.2 History of Operation
Before 1956, the CS-10 location was occupied by a rifle range. In 1958, the Army Corps of
Engineers began constructing the Boeing Michigan Aerospace Research Center (BOMARC)
missile facility for the USAF. The BOMARC facility was operated by the USAF from 1960
until it was decommissioned in 1973. In 1973, the facility was transferred from the USAF to the
ARNG. In 1978, UTES began their activities at the site (CDM Federal, 1993). The following
passages briefly describe the activities that occurred under the two operational periods.
Primary Roadolvent Groundwater Plume77-- Greater Than MCL Pond
- River/Stream
- -- - MMR Boundar0 5000 10,000
SCALE IN FEET
2.000 4,000
y
SCALE IN METERS
S
n1 I L . I r r
- · - · · -·
{%
BOMARC Activities:
In December 1960, the 26th USAF Air Defense Missile Squadron began operating the BOMARC
site at the MMR under Strategic Air Command control. Between 1960 and 1973, the USAF
maintained 56 BOMARC ground-to-air missile and launcher systems on site (CDM Federal,
1993).
Two models of BOMARC missiles were maintained at the MMR. The BOMARC-A missile, a
nuclear-warhead-capable missile, was powered by both a liquid-fuel rocket booster and a ramjet
engine. This missile was stationed at MMR beginning in 1960 and then phased out and replaced
by BOMARC-B. The BOMARC-B was also a nuclear-warhead-capable missile but used a solid-
fuel rocket booster. The BOMARC-B model was operational from 1962 to 1972. Because of the
classified nature of the site activities, little public information exists regarding system operations
and maintenance activities, but existing building design plans provide good indication of past
actions. The operations that seemed to generate the most hazardous waste at the BOMARC
facility were missile guidance system maintenance, engine maintenance, and fueling and
defueling operations (CDM Federal, 1993).
The maintenance of the guidance system would have required the use of halogenated solvents.
Common solvents used by the military during this time period would most likely have been
methylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), trichloroethene (TCE), and tetrachloroethene
(PCE). It is possible that the military switched to a freon-type solvent like chlorofluoromethane
in the last few years of the BOMARC facility activities (CDM Federal, 1993).
The BOMARC-A missile ramjet engine used JP-4 jet fuel. JP-4 contains benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, xylene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene and other hydrocarbons. JP-4 waste
was generated as a result of refueling and maintenance and was disposed of by means of a
leaching field. The BOMARC-A missile also used liquid fuel to boost the missile to its cruising
speed before the ramjet engine would take over and propel the missile to its target. This liquid
fuel, Aerozine 50, reacted with a strong oxidizing agent, red-fuming nitric acid (RFNA), to
produce the force needed to propel the rocket. Aerozine 50 consists of a 50:50 mixture of
hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH). Waste RFNA was disposed in a
neutralization pit containing crushed limestone. Waste hydrazine and UDMH were pumped into
a waste fuel tank and released at a slow rate into a spill pit to allow complete auto-oxidation to
occur (CDM Federal, 1993).
Other potential sources of site contamination at CS-10 from BOMARC activities include vehicle
fueling, vehicle maintenance and power plant operation. While these activities are likely sources
of contamination, no documents exist to indicate the amount of waste produced or if any fuel
spills occurred (CDM Federal, 1993).
UTES Activities:
The UTES maintenance shop began operating at the BOMARC site in 1978. UTES is
responsible for the maintenance of 300 to 350 armored and wheeled vehicles used for the ARNG
training activities at MMR. Waste generated by UTES activities include waste oil, halogenated
solvents, petroleum distillate solvents, battery electrodes, paints, and paint removal solvents.
Over the years the stored waste has been transferred and transported many times and has
consequently caused the contamination of approximately 25 cubic feet of soil. After the
decommissioning of the main 500 gallon storage trailer in 1985, the contaminated soil was
removed. Currently, UTES collects its waste in 55 gallon drums and stores them at the Camp
Edwards Temporary Hazardous Waste Storage Facility before they are shipped to an off-site
disposal area (CDM Federal, 1993).
2.2.3 Nature and Extent of the CS-10 Plume
The current understanding of the overall nature of the CS-10 groundwater plume is documented
in the Remedial Investigation (RI) report for the UTES/BOMARC and BOMARC Area Fuel
Spill AOC CS-10 Groundwater Operable Unit (CDM Federal, 1995). TCE, PCE, and 1,2-DCE
were the primary chlorinated organic contaminants detected in the field work that was conducted
in 1993. Other organic contaminants detected included 1,1-DCE, trans-1,2,-DCE, and
trimethylbenzene. When the RI was conducted, total contaminant concentrations were detected,
with TCE being the main contaminant having a maximum concentration of 3,200 ug/L. The
maximum concentration of the next single contaminant was PCE at 500 ug/L.
The TCE "hot spot" was tracked downgradient of the well that measured 3,200 ug/L, but
screened auger sampling did not detect TCE or any other chlorinated VOCs at those wells. Deep
TCE contamination, however, was encountered during drilling at depths in excess of 105 feet
below the water table (-55 feet mean sea level (MSL)). The extent of the deeper portions of the
plume are still being defined through data gap field efforts.
The CS-10 plume is migrating primarily through the unconfined Mashpee Pitted Plain glacial
outwash sand and gravel aquifer. The top of the plume is approximately at sea level and the base
of the plume is at or within the underlying fine-grained glaciolacustrine sediments that form the
base of the Mashpee Pitted Plain. Based upon TCE concentrations greater than 5 ug/L, the
plume is currently estimated to be approximately 16,500 feet long, with a maximum width of
4,200 feet, and a thickness of about 120 feet (see Figure 2-6). The CS-10 plume includes an
eastern lobe, whose leading edge has migrated underneath Ashumet Pond, and a western lobe
that appears to be migrating in a south-southwesterly direction.
Solvent Groundwater PlumeI- Greater Than MCL
~ Prtmary Road
O Pond
~ River/Stream
- - - MMR Boundo~
0 2.500 5000
SCKE rn rrn
3. RECIRCULATING WELL TECHNOLOGY
Recirculating well technology is a new method for in-situ remediation of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). The treatment system primarily removes VOCs from groundwater by the
physical process of air stripping. The basic recirculating well relies on pressurized air to lift
water through the well and promote the transfer of VOCs from the liquid phase to the vapor
phase (see Figure 3-1). Groundwater enters the well through the extraction screened opening and
is lifted upward by the pressurized air. The diffused air bubbles strip the VOCs from the
groundwater. The vapor phase is then collected and treated aboveground while the groundwater
is returned to the aquifer through the injection screened opening. In addition to air stripping, the
aeration of groundwater stimulates aerobic biodegradation (Jacobs Engineering, 1996).
The following sections discuss the advantages of this technology, the history, and the specific
designs of the two recirculating wells being considered for the MMR: IEG Technologies and
EG&G Environmental.
Air Inlection CO, Addition for Scaling Control (If require
Recharge Afrom Blowe
VadoseZone
Clean
SaturatedZone
VOCContaminated Water - I' 1
ExtractedVapor
)d)
- BubbleDiffuse
Figure 3-1Lower Recirculating Well TechnologyExtraction Screen I Conceptual Flow Diagram
L-
IUl 93" I '1risen ~lr
'
3.1 Advantages of Recirculating Wells
Recirculating wells have many advantages over the traditional pump and treat systems and air
sparging systems. The advantage derives from the means in which VOCs are treated. As stated
in the previous section, the recirculating well technology is an in-situ method of treating VOCs
whereby contaminated groundwater is extracted from one screened interval, treated within the
well, and re-injected at another screened interval in the same well. However, unlike recirculating
well technology, pump and treat systems extract contaminated groundwater, bring the
groundwater to the surface, treat it, then re-inject the treated groundwater at another location at
the site. In addition, air sparging is dissimilar in that it treats contaminants without physically
capturing any groundwater. The following sections detail more specifically the advantages of
recirculating wells.
3.1.1 Advantage over Pump and Treat Systems
Recirculating wells have numerous physical and cost advantages over pump and treat systems.
First of all, since recirculating wells strip VOCs without extracting large amounts of
groundwater, the environmental impact associated with drawdown is eliminated. This is quite
favorable since water table drawdown can impact wetlands, water resources, saltwater intrusion
and foundation settlement. Secondly, creating local groundwater recirculation is another key
advantage of recirculating wells. The induced vertical flow effectively flushes out larger areas
since it can overcome horizontal heterogeneities. As a result, time and cost of remediation may
be reduced. In addition, biodegradation is enhanced because the groundwater that is recirculated
in the aquifer is saturated with dissolved oxygen. Consequently, biodegradation can reduce the
time and cost associated with remediation. Also, recirculating well technology does not require
groundwater to be pumped to the surface; therefore, the cost associated with permitting and
monitoring of groundwater extraction and reinjection is reduced. Finally, because recirculating
wells extract and inject within the same well, the capital cost is greatly reduced compared to a
standard pump and treat system that requires separate extraction and injection wells (Metcalf and
Eddy, 1996).
3.1.2 Advantage over Air Sparging
Recirculating wells have many physical and cost advantages over air sparging systems as well.
Because recirculating wells remove groundwater from the surrounding media, the air is able to
contact the groundwater without the interference caused by the soil particles. The greatest
limitation of an air sparging system is the phenomenon know as air channeling. When air travels
through soil, it chooses the path of least resistance. Once the path is established, air will tend to
travel though this channel. By removing groundwater from the soil media, air channeling is
reduced; therefore, recirculating wells are more reliable than air sparging systems (Metcalf and
Eddy, 1996).
Another advantage of recirculating wells is its ability to induce groundwater to travel
horizontally and vertically; therefore, contaminant plumes can be contained. Air sparging
systems cannot accomplish this type of containment. Also, the horizontal component of the flow
gradient is effective in flushing a greater horizontal extent than air sparging. As a result, time
and cost of remediation may be reduced. In addition, recirculating wells are cheaper to install
since extraction and injection are performed in one well, compared to a two-well air sparging
system. Air sparging requires an air injection well and a soil vapor extraction well, thus resulting
in a larger capital cost (Metcalf and Eddy, 1996).
Finally, recirculating wells can be installed in deep aquifers, whereas sir sparging systems
cannot. Air sparging systems are limited to the vadose zone or to plumes near the phreatic
surface of an aquifer. Recirculating wells, on the other hand, can be installed to remediate the
vadose zone as well as deep plumes in both phreatic and confined aquifers (Metcalf and Eddy,
1996).
3.1.3 Lack of Case History
Currently, only two companies in the world, IEG Technologies Corporation and EG&G
Environmental, hold patents on recirculating well designs. Recirculating wells have been used in
Germany for ten years, whereas in the United States use is still very limited (see Tables 3-1 and
3-2 for list of installations and dates if available). Due to the lack of pilot test studies conducted
in the U.S., MMR is proceeding with this technology with caution and thereby conducting a pilot
test of both IEG and EG&G's equipment to allow the best design for CS-10 to emerge.
Table 3-1: IEG Installation Summary
Date Location Type of Geology Contaminant Horizontal TotalSystem - Hydraulic Depth
Conductivity(cm/See) > (Feet)
1992 Gas Station UVB 400 Saprolite Gasoline 1 0 x 10-4 41Troutman, NC Single Pump Clayey Silt with
Sand1993 USAF UVB 400 Alluvial Fan Chlorinated 7 5 x 10-3 81 7
Riverside, CA Single Pump Silty Sand Hydrocarbons
1993 Confidential UVB 400 Saprolite Chlorinated 1 8 x 10-3 133 5Charlotte, NC 3-Screens Silty Sand with Hydrocarbons
Single Pump Clay1994 W R Grace UVB 400 Saprolite Gasoline 1 0 x 10-4 49
Chester, SC Single Pump Silty Clay withClay
1995 U S Navy UVB 400 Fine to Medium Creosote 1 0 x 10-3 25Gainesville, FL Single Pump Sand
1995 New York State UVB 400 Fine to Med Sand BTEX 8 8 x 10-3 30Yonkers, NY Single Pump to Sandy Gravel
Table 3-2: EG&G Installation Summary
L)Location ,Type of G eology Contam inant Horizon'tal Total.S System Hydraulic Depth
C'on d uctivity_ __ (cm fsee) (ft)
TM 3Edwards AFB NoVOC Fine Sand, Silty Sand TCE 2 0 x 10- 50California Clay Lenses 100 - 300 ppb
Fairchild AFB NoVOC T M Medium Sand TPH 8 0 x 10- 2 14W ashington with Silt 10,000 ppb
Oceana NAS NoVOC T M Find Sand/Sandy Silt, DCE 1 0 x 10 -3 20Virginia Silt 10,000 ppb
Industrial Client NoVOC Sand with Silt and TCE 5 0 x 10- 3 220Idaho Clay Lenses 900 ppb
USMC AS NoVOCTM Fine Sand TCE 1 0 x 10 - 3 92Arizona 10 - 20 ppb
Landfill Site NoVOCTM Medium Sand 100 ppb TCE 2 0 x 10-2 230Arizona 500 ppb PCE
3.1.4 Performance Limitations
Physical and chemical properties of contaminants, as well as site characteristics, may enhance or
limit the performance of recirculating well technology.
Contaminant Properties:
Air stripping is the dominant process by which the recirculating well system removes organic
contaminants from the groundwater. Therefore, it is important for the contaminants of concern
to be sufficiently volatile so that they may partition into the air stream and be removed by the
vacuum extraction to achieve successful remediation. Since BTEX compounds are relatively
volatile, this technology works well for gasoline and other hydrocarbon contaminants. The
recirculating well system also removes non-volatile contaminants that undergo biologically
mediated transformations under aerobic conditions. Overall, the volatility and the
biodegradation of the individual compounds must be considered as part of the recirculating well
design to ensure that appropriate remediation is achieved (Jacobs Engineering, 1996).
Hydrogeologic Setting:
Successful operation of the recirculating well depends on the hydrogeologic conditions of the
site. Site-specific properties, such as contaminated aquifer thickness, stratigraphic uniformity,
hydraulic conductivities, and groundwater velocity, will influence the performance of the
recirculating well.
The thickness of the contaminated plume will affect the size and placement of many of the
design features. The recirculating well is designed to draw water from the base of the plume and
discharge it at the surface of the plume. Circulation is most effective when the soil beneath the
recirculating cell is relatively impermeable. Also, flow rates through the well must be sufficient
to ensure that a portion of the discharged water from the upper screen recirculates back through
the lower screen. In addition, the recirculating well system is designed to operate through
relatively homogeneous aquifer layers. Therefore, the presence of stratigraphic heterogeneities
between the upper and lower screened intervals may restrict the recirculation pattern.
3.2 Design and Use at MMR
The following sections describe IEG Technologies' recirculating well design features, then detail
the aspects of EG&G Environmental's design.
3.2.1 IEG Technologies Corporation
SPB Technology, Inc., a licensed representative of IEG Technologies Corporation, has installed
two UVB (German acronym for vacuum-vaporized well) systems for the CS-10 groundwater
contaminated plume at the MMR site. The UVB system used at the MMR incorporates a
specially adapted groundwater well that utilizes three screened casing sections, a groundwater
stripping reactor, an aboveground blower, and a contaminant vapor collection system (see Figure
3-2). The centrifugal blower at the ground level provides negative pressure for the system and is
used to remove the contaminated air from the well vault. The negative pressure causes
atmospheric air to enter the well through the air pipe. The fresh air pipe is connected to a
stripping reactor which forms air bubbles as it jets through the pin hole plate and mixes with
influent groundwater. There is a mass transfer of contaminants from the water phase to the air
phase as bubbles expand and release the VOCs in "the upper portion of the well. The
contaminated vapor is then transported by air flow to an aboveground carbon absorption
treatment system (Jacobs Engineering, 1996).
Because of the three-screen casing design, two types of circulation cells are developed: a
standard (clockwise) circulation cell on top of a reverse (counter-clockwise) circulation cell. The
middle screen is installed in the vertical center of the plume. A pump is positioned in the center
of the six-foot screen and packed off from the remaining well casing to create a reduced
hydraulic head zone. The water is pumped to the UVB air stripping system, located near the
ground surface within the well vault, where VOCs are removed from the groundwater. After air
stripping, the water is split into two streams and each stream falls back down to either the upper
or lower well screen. Because there are two areas of increased head and one area of reduced
head, water flows horizontally and vertically into the center of the well and creates two
circulation cells (Jacobs Engineering, 1996).
UVB
Figure 3-2lEG Recirculating Well Technology
Conceptual Flow Diagram
LAND SURFACE
UVB LABYRINTH-
PUMPS
GRAVEL PACK
IEG Technologies estimated the circulation cell dimensions using the well design and the aquifer
parameters. The capture zone bottom width BB, and top width BT, are estimated at an upstream
distance from the UVB system of five times the height of the plume. The distance, S, is the
stagnation point upstream and downstream of the UVB system and is used as the maximum
expansion of the sphere of influence of the UVB system. Models developed by Herrling are used
to estimate the size of the capture, treatment, and release zones, the stagnation point, and time of
particle travel (Herrling, 1991). The calculations for the CS-10 pilot study were performed using
a proprietary software program. The estimated cell dimensions for the two IEG wells installed at
MMR are shown in Table 3-3 (Jacobs Engineering, 1996).
Table 3-3: IEG Circulation Cell Dimensions
Internal Pumping Rate 20 m 3/hr (88 gpm)
Internal Pumping Rate for Each Cell 10 m 3/hr (44 gpm)
Downstream and Upstream Stagnation Point (S) 16.4 m (54 ft)from the UVB System for Each Cell
Top of the Capture Zone Width (BT) 2.1 m (6.9 ft)for Each Cell
Bottom of the Capture Zone Width (BB) 34.1 m (112 ft)
for Each Cell
The Separation Distance Between UVB 27.4 m (90 ft)Perpendicular to the Groundwater Flow (D)
Natural Groundwater Entering Each 8.04 m 3/hr (35.4 gpm)Circulation Cell (Qo)
I
3.2.2 EG&G Environmental
Metcalf and Eddy, a licensed representative of EG&G Environmental, has installed two EG&G
NoVOCsTM systems for the CS-10 groundwater contaminated plume at the MMR site. The
NoVOCsTM system used at the MMR incorporates a dual casing design with two screened
intervals, a diffuser, an aboveground blower, and a contaminant vapor collection and treatment
system (see Figure 3-3). The aboveground blower is used to remove the contaminated air from
the recirculating well so the air can be treated by a carbon absorption system. Once the air is
treated, it is then injected back into the NoVOCsTM system. It is this treated air that is used to
strip the VOCs from the groundwater. The treated air pipe is connected to a diffuser which
forms air bubbles and mixes with influent groundwater. There is a mass transfer of contaminants
from the water phase to the air phase as bubbles expand and release the VOCs in the upper
portion of the NoVOCsTM well (Jacobs Engineering, 1996).
Because of the two-screened-interval design, a clockwise circulation cell develops. The bottom
screen is installed near the bottom of the plume. A pump is positioned in the center of the
bottom screen to create a reduced hydraulic head zone. The water is then pumped through the
inner 6-inch casing, to the top of the NoVOCsTM well, where VOCs are removed from the
groundwater. After air stripping, the treated groundwater falls out of the inner 6-inch casing into
the outer 10-inch casing where it travels down to the upper screen. This significant hydraulic
pressure forces the water horizontally into the aquifer through the upper screen, and owing to
areas of increased and reduced head, water flows horizontally and vertically into the bottom
screen and creates the circulation cell (Jacobs Engineering, 1996).
CLEAN AIR FROM 8LO•R
VOC-CONTAMINATED AIR
TREATED WATER
STRIPPING ZONE.AIR-WATER MIXTURE
~~ UNCONTAMINATE~DAIR OR WATER
A OR WATER
-- ~-- AIR-WATER MIXTURE
Figure 3-3EG&G Recirculating Well Technology
Conceptual Flow Diagram
g
EG&G Environmental calculated the circulation cell dimensions based on the aquifer parameters.
The radius of influence is the maximum horizontal distance the recirculating well affects the
groundwater flow. The distance Su is the stagnation point upstream, and the distance SD is the
stagnation point downstream of the NoVOCsTM system. The determination of the size of the
radius of influence is based on dimensionless curves developed by MODFLOW, a numerical
groundwater flow model. Table 3-4 shows the estimated circulation cell dimensions for each of
the EG&G Environmental NoVOCsTM systems installed at the MMR (Jacobs Engineering,
1996).
Table 3-4: EG&G Circulation Cell Dimensions
Circulation Cell Dimen;sons
Internal Pumping Rate 45.5 m 3/hr (200 gpm)
Upstream Stagnation Point (Su) 45.7 m (150 ft)
Downstream Stagnation Point (SD) 42.7 m (140 ft)
Radius of Influence 51.8 m (170 ft)
The Separation Distance Between NoVOCs TM 30.5 m (100 ft)Perpendicular to the Groundwater Flow (D)
I
4. NUMERICAL MODELING APPROACH
4.1 Introduction
In order to predict the effectiveness of recirculating well technology at CS-10, groundwater flow
modeling was performed. Computer modeling is an effective and cost-efficient means to
anticipate the performance as well as determine the conditions in which this technology would
most efficiently perform. Hydrogeological conditions can enhance or limit a recirculating well's
capability; therefore, by coupling numerical models with particle tracking simulations, favorable
hydrogeologic parameters can be determined for recirculating well use at a particular
contaminated site.
The interaction of hydrogeologic conditions affecting the hydraulics of the recirculating well
technology was investigated in this study. Since two recirculating well designs are being
considered for use at CS-10, two corresponding 3-D finite element groundwater flow models
were developed: one to represent IEG Technologies, Inc. and the other to simulate EG&G
Environmental.
4.2 Description of Modeling System
Groundwater flow in the Chemical Spill-10 vicinity of the MMR was simulated using the three-
dimensional, finite element DYNSYSTEM software. Camp, Dresser & McKee developed this
dynamic groundwater flow simulation model as a tool for analyzing a variety of groundwater
flow applications, such as coal strip mine dewatering projects, regional groundwater supply
studies, pump test evaluations, vertical consolidation estimates, analyses of flow in fractured
rock, and hazardous waste remediation studies (CDM Inc., 1994). For the case of CS-10,
DYNSYSTEM was used to simulate the hydraulics of recirculating well technology to determine
the effectiveness of contaminant particle capture and recirculation.
The DYNSYSTEM is composed of three sets of code, DYNFLOW, DYNPLOT, and
DYNTRACK, as discussed in the following sections.
4.2.1 DYNFLOW
DYNFLOW is a computer program coded in the FORTRAN language that uses the Galerkin
finite element formulation to simulate three-dimensional groundwater flow. Based on
conventional flow equations in porous media, DYNFLOW can simulate equilibrium or transient
responses of groundwater flow systems to various types of stresses. These stresses include
induced infiltration from streams, artificial and natural recharge or discharge, pumping and
evapotranspiration. This program uses linear finite elements and solves both linear (confined)
and non-linear (unconfined) aquifer flow equations. DYNFLOW uses a trapezoidal time
stepping scheme with both lumped and distributed storage term options. The program handles
multi-level pumpage using one-dimensional elements, and can treat general anisotropy in terms
of hydraulic conductivity (CDM Inc., 1994).
4.2.2 DYNPLOT
DYNPLOT serves as a graphic interface and geographic information system for the
DYNSYSTEM groundwater models. It is a graphical pre- and post-processor that supports the
groundwater flow and contaminant transport models DYNFLOW and DYNTRACK (CDM Inc.,
1994). DYNPLOT creates displays in plan and cross-sectional views of various forms of data,
such as measured field data, model input data, and results from previous simulations.
In building the numerical model for CS-10, DYNPLOT was first used to generate a grid by
utilizing its automated grid generation and grid editing capabilities. Also, after each DYNFLOW
and DYNTRACK simulation was conducted, DYNPLOT was used to graphically present the
output of the run.
4.2.3 DYNTRACK
DYNTRACK is a companion mass transport program that simulates the spread of contaminants
in the saturated zone using flow fields generated by DYNFLOW. DYNTRACK utilizes the
same three-dimensional finite element grid representation of aquifer geometry, flow field, and
stratigraphy used for the DYNFLOW model (CDM Inc., 1984). The particle tracking function is
used in this model to follow the path of the conservative constituents. This enables
DYNTRACK to determine an expected location of the contamination as well as an estimated
time of travel.
5. GEOLOGICAL PARAMETER MODEL
5.1 CONCEPTUAL MODEL
Since the conceptual model dictates the shape that the DYNFLOW data and commands must
follow, it is essential that it is clearly defined. The main motivation behind the grid design for
the geologic parameter model was to simulate and predict the CS-10 pilot test results. However,
the pilot test data were not available, so only initial head values were incorporated into the
model, while more sophisticated model calibrations were unable to be conducted. Nevertheless,
running the model with the pilot test configuration still provided significant understanding of
recirculating well operations. More specifically, it generated general trends concerning capture
widths, cross-sectional areas of capture zones, radius of influences, and recirculation efficiencies
under various anisotropy ratio schemes.
The following parameters were specified in the conceptual model.
5.1.1 Geometric Boundaries
Horizontal limits of a grid must be set at points sufficiently far from the area of interest or at
boundaries where the head or flux conditions are known. This is to ensure that the boundary
conditions do not affect or limit the activity range within the region of interest. Currently at the
CS-10 pilot test site, two different recirculating well technologies are being tested side by side
(IEG and EG&G) with two wells of each design being tested. Since each vendor's proposal
differs significantly from the other, the vertical discretization was modified for each design.
In order to simplify each model, a "half-space" grid was generated. In other words, only half the
area of interest was specifically modeled taking advantage of the symmetry created by a two-well
system (see Figure 5-1). The first horizontal limit was chosen at the no flow boundary that lies
directly between the two wells. IEG and EG&G each installed their two wells approximately 90
feet apart; therefore, a lateral no-flow boundary of the model was set at 45 feet from the well.
Next, since it is anticipated that the circulation cell radius, or radius of influence, of each
____ 1
I - 0I - 20 10-F0O( -'100 -:100 -0(0 - IOU0 0
Groundwater Flow
4,
I I Modeled Region
L I
No-Flow Boundary
- Specified Head
10(0 21)SI-
700F E E'
<- 2•q '-
300 1-
200
0()
100 I-
:100
.. . . ..- . . . 7
I .. . .- 1 _- .I .. - 1 .
W1O 1001 50011 60()O
operating well, subjected to the natural conditions of the site, will be between 50 and 100 feet,
the opposite lateral limit was set at 200 feet from the well to allow sufficient room for the well
activity. Finally, the horizontal boundaries upgradient and downgradient from the well were set
400 feet away from the recirculating well to allow for ample transitional space from uniform
regional to local radial groundwater flow to occur in the modeled region.
Vertical limits of a grid depend both on the horizontal limits as well as on the site stratigraphy.
The upper vertical limit was set at ground surface elevation, while the lower boundary was
specified at the impervious bedrock (see Figure 5-2). The thickness of the modeled region is 270
vertical feet, which includes the 120 ft. thick contaminant CS-10 plume as well as the remaining
sediments overlying it. Overall, the dimensions of the model are 800 feet long by 245 feet wide
by 270 feet high, resulting in a total bulk volume of 53 million cubic feet.
5.1.2 Hydraulic Boundaries
The ground surface in the model is represented by a "rising" boundary condition. Setting a rising
head condition at the surface stops the head from rising above this elevation and effectively
allows surface discharge at that node (CDM Inc., 1994). Also, as noted in Figure 5-1, the
boundaries parallel to the groundwater flow are designated as no flow, while the boundaries
perpendicular to the regional flow are assigned fixed heads, which are based on the natural
hydraulic gradient of the area.
5.1.3 Grid Generation and Discretization
The finite element grid for the numerical model consists of radially spaced nodes about the
recirculating well. The grid spacing ranges from tens of feet at the boundaries of the model to
fractions of feet near the well to allow for greater detail about the area of interest. In all models,
areas of interest require more discretization to account for the rapidly changing conditions that
occur at these areas, both in the horizontal and vertical directions. Figure 5-1 graphically
displays the plan view of the grid created.
Modeled ThicknessGround Surface
35dse Zone--- _ Vadose Zone
Water Table
Saturated Sediments
Plume Thickness
I// // / / / / // /// //i//////////////BedrockBedrock
105'
270'
120'
r
The model consists of 18 layers and 19 levels. The defined levels extend from bedrock to the
ground surface. Again, more detail is desired in the areas of interest, which are the screened
sections of the vertical well. Therefore, a range between 5 and 15 foot intervals was initially
defined along the well, where screened sections were discretized into 5 foot intervals and areas
between the screens up to 15 foot intervals. Not much activity was anticipated in the saturated
area between the top of the well and the water table level, so much thicker layers were defined in
that section of the vertical extent. However, once the DYNFLOW command files were executed,
the head values were checked along the well node and the level elevations were adjusted in the
areas of rapidly changing head. A cross-sectional view of the IEG and EG&G model grids
displaying the discretization is shown in Figures 5-3 and 5-4, respectively.
The specific thickness distributions of the two recirculating well designs are detailed in Table 5-
1. Note that levels start at bedrock up to the ground surface, and all elevations are relative to
mean sea level.
Table 5-1: Thickness Distributions
IEG Level Elevation (ft)19 8018 4517 0
Injection 16 -60Screened 15 -65Interval 14 -70
13 -8012 -9011 -105
Extraction 10 -110Screened 9 -115Interval 8 -120
7 -1256 -1405 -155
Injection 4 -170Screened 3 -175Interval 2 -180
1 -190
EG&G Level Elevation (ft)19 8018 3017 016 -6515 -75
Injection 14 -80,Screened 13 -85 .........Interval 12 -90
11 -9510 -1009 -117.58 -135
Extraction 7 -140Screened 6 -145Interval 5 -150
4 -1553 -1602 -1801 -190
GO
- 0 - • "-_ Injection Interval-
O- -1- 0--GO-
-- -- Injection Interval
S_ Extraction nterval . .
- .O .... .. .- r- . ..... .InJection Interval
0 100 ;200 300 --40 0 500 000 700 BC
TFEET
Recirculating Well
CROSS SECTION AA
a80
40 0
200 ---- -- - - - - - -
320
-s 0
-Injection Interval==
-- 20 1-10 S_- 0Extraction Interval_,0- I---- __ -L_ -------- -- r__4- -
0 100 200 300 400 500 D00 700 a0
/E, F7ETr
Recirculating Well
CROSS SECTION 4A
3
---- ~-------
5.2 Design Parameters
5.2.1 Pumping Rates
Each recirculating well design calls for different pumping rates with different numbers of
screened intervals. For instance, IEG's well design develops two circulation cells operating at 44
gallons per minute (gpm) each. On the other hand, EG&G's design creates only one circulation
cell and it is pumped at a maximum of 200 gpm. For either case, the nodes corresponding to the
extraction and injection sections of the vertical circulation well were assigned negative and
positive pumping values, respectively.
In addition, one-dimensional elements, with high conductivity values, were defined at the
screened intervals of the wells so that significant head differences would not occur across these
areas. As a result, a more accurate simulation of injection and extraction was achieved.
5.2.2 Screened Intervals
IEG's recirculating well design utilizes four, 10-ft. screened intervals, while the EG&G well only
has two, 15-ft. screens. The number of circulation cells developed by each design impacts the
radius of influence that each recirculating well can achieve (see Figures 3-2 and 3-3).
5.3 Aquifer Parameters
5.3.1 Aquifer Thickness
The unconfined aquifer underlying CS-10 is 270 feet in total thickness. The model extends
throughout the thickness of the aquifer and therefore incorporates the entire interval that lies
between bedrock and the ground surface (see Figure 5-2).
5.3.2 Hydraulic Conductivity
The hydraulic conductivities in the CS-10 area were defined as shown in Table 5-2.
Table 5-2: CS-10 Hydraulic Conductivities
3-D ElementsKx 297 ft/dayKy 297 ft/dayKz 59.5 ft/day
Note that for the screened areas of the wells, 1-D elements were
conductivities of 10 million ft/day. This conductivity value was set at
eliminate significant head differences across each screen.
defined with very large
this high level in order to
The anisotropy ratio between the horizontal and vertical directions is approximately 5:1 in this
region, according to the CS-10 Final Report. As proven later, the anisotropy of a site strongly
influences the effectiveness of recirculating well operations.
In addition, since the aquifer associated with CS-10 consists of a homogeneous distribution of
fine to coarse grained sand, only this one type of material was defined in the model. Therefore,
the hydraulic conductivity values above represent the entire extent of the modeled aquifer.
5.3.3 Hydraulic Gradient
Since the natural head drop of the CS-10 area is understood to be approximately 1 ft/day, or more
specifically to have a hydraulic gradient of 0.0014 ft/ft, the overall head drop across the 800 ft.
extent of the grid is 1.13 feet. The boundaries upstream and downstream of the recirculating well
were assigned fixed head values. Given that the initial head value assigned to all nodes in the
model was 35 feet, the upgradient boundary was defined at a head value of 35.56 feet, while the
boundary downgradient of the well was set at 34.33 feet.
5.3.4 Recharge
Hydraulic parameters such as recharge rates must be defined to specific nodes in a model. In the
CS-10 vicinity, infiltration from the surface is evenly distributed over the area at approximately
1.6 feet per year. Therefore, in the model, recharge was set at a constant 0.0044 ft/yr for all
elements.
5.3.5 Other Parameters
In addition to the above-mentioned conditions, it is necessary to define the following parameters
in order to accurately represent the characteristics of the CS-10 region.
3-D ElementsPorosity 0.35Retardation 1.00
Dispersion values were not taken into consideration in this model since the modeled region is
dominated by advective transport. The extent of the grid is small; therefore, dispersion simply
cannot exert much influence on the recirculating well operation. Also, since only steady-state
simulations were conducted, it was not necessary to define storage characteristics.
Appendix Al and B1 contain sample DYNFLOW command files that were written to develop
the IEG and EG&G Recirculating Well models, respectively. Note that all command files
included in the Appendix are samples representing CS-10 simulations. Therefore, the anisotropy
ratio of 5:1 was incorporated into each command file attached.
5.4 Contaminant Transport Model
5.4.1 CS-10 Plume Dimension and Location
The CS-10 plume is located at the eastern edge of the MMR property line. It is approximately
12,500 feet long, up to 3,600 feet wide, up to 135 feet thick, and 140 feet below ground surface
at the toe.
5.4.2 Capture Width
Before conducting particle tracking simulations, velocity vector profiles were generated based on
heads simulated in DYNFLOW. By isolating in plan view a layer where extraction occurs (layer
8 for IEG and layer 5 for EG&G) and by following the streamlines of these velocity vectors, an
approximate capture width can be established for the existing two well operation.
Figures 5-5 and 5-6 represent the velocity vector profiles from which capture widths were
approximated. By doubling the measured width on the "half-space" grid, a total capture width
can be determined. The estimated capture widths for the two designs are:
IEG: 340 feet
EG&G: 350 feet
5.4.3 Capture Width at Various Anisotropy Ratios
Since anisotropy ratios directly and significantly affect a recirculating well's capture and
recirculation of a given contaminant plume, a range of potential anisotropy ratios was simulated
in the above-mentioned manner. The anisotropy ratios were changed by varying the vertical
conductivities, since these conductivity values are the most difficult to measure in the field and
therefore are the most uncertain. Figure 5-7 graphically represents the trend of capture width vs.
anisotropy ratio of both the IEG and EG&G systems.
VELOCITY VECTORSNOT SCALED
LAYER 8VECTORS
-=N.T
Figure 5-5lEG Capture Width
Figure 5-6EG&G Capture Width
Capture Width vs. Anisotropy Ratios
Figure 5-7: Capture Width vs. Anisotropy Ratio
It is clear from the above graph that with increasing anisotropy ratio, an increasing capture width
can be achieved. The tendency for particles to travel laterally intensifies with increasing
anisotropy ratio and thus results in a smaller capture thickness (see Figure 5-8). Given the
relationship that well pumpage (Qw) equals the product of capture thickness (b), capture width
(w), and specific discharge (qa):
Qw = b * w * qa (Hemond and Fechner, 1994)
and given that Qw and qa are fixed, it is clear that as b decreases (when anisotropies increase), w
increases. However, the capture width levels off above an anisotropy ratio of about 10:1;
therefore, anisotropy ratios above 10:1 are optimal for capture width.
Appendix A2 and B2 display the velocity vector profiles for the other anisotropy ratios
considered in this study, for both the IEG and EG&G systems.
DUU
450
400
350
- 300
250
200
150100
50
0
IEG-M- EG&G
0 5 10 15 20
Anisotropy Ratio Kh:Kv, (x:l)
cnrr
? Width
Capture Thickness: Low Aniso
bt = Low Anisotropy Capture Thickness
-> -~C
-~ -~ -a,
Capture Thickness: High Anisotropy
bH = High Anisotropy Capture Thickness
- / -- J -)
Figure 5-8Capture Width Theory
Plan View: Capture Width
/
Cro,is-Section A-A'
K,i
--J;7- i 7
Figure
5-8
Capture
Width Theory
5.5 Particle Tracking Simulations
DYNTRACK has the capability to simulate the spread of contaminants in the saturated zone. By
seeding a group of particles in strategic areas of the model, the particle tracking application will
follow the path of conservative constituents. When seeding particles, each one must be specified
at a particular coordinate and thus the exact location of each particle can be tracked. This
provides a means to develop a 3-D description of the capture zone as well as an estimated time of
travel. Since the desire was to determine the capture zone area, the radius of influence of each
well, and each well's efficiency of recirculating the contaminated water, various particle seeding
schemes were developed to address these issues. The idea behind wanting to recirculate the
water several times is to have the contaminated water pass through the system more than once,
since with each pass through the well more VOCs are stripped.
5.5.1 Cross-Sectional Area of Capture Zone
Of the captured width of the plume, only a portion of the contaminated particles are actually
captured by the recirculating well. By seeding a "gate" of particles upstream of the well,
DYNTRACK can simulate which of the seeded particles are actually pumped through the
system. The particles were seeded at 10 ft. intervals from each other on all levels corresponding
to the depths of the recirculating well. In addition, in order to determine whether or not particles
above the well would be captured, two extra levels of particles were seeded 15 and 30 feet above
the top of the plume. However, in all the IEG and EG&G simulations, these above-seeded
particles were not captured by the system; thus, the extra levels of particles were removed from
all the simulation results. Figures 5-9 and 5-10 are cross sections of the grid showing the relative
spacing of the starting points of the seeded particles (open squares) as well as the starting points
that were eventually pumped by the IEG and EG&G systems (shaded squares.)
F IEET -
O 20I I I ---
180 200 220 24-0 2
FEE T
CROSS SE
RECIRCULATING WELLWITHIN 300 0 FT
GROUND SURFACE
TOP OF SCREEN
SBOTTOM OF SCREEN
4 0 630 80 100 120 14-0 1 0
U
WELL
I I I I - 1 1 F T
f
A total of 330 particles were ultimately specified 200 ft. upstream of the well. The "gate" of
particles extends 245 ft. in length, which is the entire horizontal extent of the grid, and 120 ft. in
height, which corresponds to the thickness of the plume as well as the height of the recirculating
well. The total duration of the simulation was set at 60 days with 3-hour time steps. This
specified duration time allowed for the particles to reach the well and move downgradient
without leaving the extent of the grid.
In the process of executing the DYNTRACK command file, an output file is also created that
tracks the locations of each particle at various time steps. Therefore, at the end of the simulation
duration, the number of particles captured by the well can be accounted for and the
corresponding cross-sectional areas surrounding the individual captured particles can be totaled.
By doubling this cross-sectional area, a total capture zone area was established. In the IEG as
well as the EG&G simulations, the total area captured amounted to approximately 35,000 square
feet.
Appendix C contains the CS-10 property file that was used for all IEG and EG&G particle
tracking simulations. Appendix A3 displays a sample DYNTRACK command file for the CS-10
capture area simulation using the IEG model, while Appendix B3 contains the file for the EG&G
model.
5.5.2 Cross-Sectional Area of Capture Zone at Various Anisotropy Ratios
Anisotropy ratios affect the cross-sectional area of the capture zone of a plume, so using the same
range of anisotropy ratios as before, capture area simulations were executed for each of the given
ratios. Figure 5-11 graphically portrays the trend of cross-sectional areas of capture zones vs.
anisotropy ratios of both IEG and EG&G systems.
Cross-sectional Area of Capture Zone vs.Anisotropy Ratio
-' rn nei 5UUUU -
- 40000 -
30000 -
( 20000 -0
"• 10000 -
0-
K~ - _ _
-+- IEG
+ EG&G
0 5 10 15 20
Anisotropy Ratio Kh:Kv, (x:1)
Figure 5-11: Cross-Sectional Area of Capture Zone vs. Anisotropy Ratio
Similar to the capture width results, the cross-sectional area of the capture zone increases with
anisotropy ratios. Although it may seem that capture areas should remain approximately
constant regardless of anisotropy ratios, this is not the case due to recirculating effects of the
well. In other words, as anisotropy increases, recirculation becomes more difficult (since
particles will tend to travel laterally), and thus the flow being pumped into the system is pumped
out and away from the well (see Figure 5-12). Therefore, the flow going through the system is
entirely untreated water, and as a result a large capture zone area is achieved. Conversely, only a
fraction of flow is new when low anisotropies are encountered since recirculated water makes up
a portion of the total water extracted. Since recirculation of water is desired to insure maximum
VOC stripping, higher anisotropy ratios are not necessarily optimal even though they achieve a
larger capture area. A balance between retreatment of water and capture area must be determined
based on site and plume characteristics. Overall, concordant to capture widths, capture areas
seem to level off above the ratio 10:1.
Appendix A4 and B4 contain graphs of particle starting and captured points for the remaining
anisotropy ratios considered in this study, for both the IEG and EG&G systems.
BBBi~i-
IEG System: Low Anisotropy Ratio
-Y/y
Q-2Q -) Q
KQ = Total Extraction
---• -" )0 Q •
02
0---
2-
7 ~ / / / / 2-~
IEG System: High Anisotropy Ratio
YWI<
Q -- ->
2.
- -2 Q
/ /z /// / /'~/' / / / / / / 7/
/ i /
~ ~I _I
ýg.w,.
5.5.3 Radius of Influence
Once contaminated water is captured by a recirculating well, a circulation cell develops whereby
the extracted water is subjected to air stripping and then hydraulically forced back into the
aquifer, only to be drawn back into the well again after circulating through a certain extent of the
aquifer. This radius of influence, which is the furthest extent in the aquifer to which the
recirculating well exerts an influence on the regional groundwater flow, is important when trying
to determine the extent of recirculation as well as multiple well spacing.
To simulate recirculation effects, particles were seeded about the injection intervals of the wells.
Therefore, the particles could be tracked going back into the extraction sections of the well or
traveling downstream from the well. The tracks showing recirculation displayed the approximate
radius of influence for each well and were measured.
Particles were spaced radially about the well at each level corresponding to the injection screens.
These particles were seeded 2 feet away from the well and totaled 36 particles each screened
level (see Figure 5-13). The total duration of the simulation was set at 175 days with one-hour
time steps. This specified duration time allowed plenty of time for the particles to travel
horizontally as far out into the aquifer as they were able and back again to the well.
Figures 5-14 and 5-15 display cross-sections of particle tracks under designed operating
conditions for both IEG and EG&G systems. Looking at the IEG particle tracks, it is clear that
the bottom circulation cell has a larger radius of influence than the top cell. This perhaps relates
to the spacing of the screened intervals since there exists 35 ft. between the top two screens,
while the bottom two screens are designed 45 ft. away from each other. Screened interval
placement is an area in need of further research. In any case, the radius of influence for the top
cell is approximately 40 feet, while the bottom cells reaches about 50 feet. As for the EG&G
design, only one circulation cell is created, and the radius of influence is roughly 50 feet.
Appendix A5 and B5 contain sample DYNTRACK command files for CS-10 radius of influence
and recirculation simulations for the IEG and EG&G systems, respectively.
of Particles
2k
-1
-3 -
1 · I ( I I L I _~ I_ I I
WELLI
0 20 41-0 0 80 100 120 140L 160 180 20:0 220 24-0 2(
FEET
RECIRCULATING WELLWITHIN 30 0 FT
'T )rCT ITr C1• 'ITDT CT'lU 1 I 1 UN 1U l \ LC
TOP OF SCREEN
I30 0TT 0NM 0 F SCREEN
CROSS SECTION EE
E E o•f
4
Figure 5-14lEG Particle Tracks
Horizontal Cross-SectionI
WELL
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 60 S0 20 200 220 240 2(
FEET
CROSS SECTION BB
RECIRCULATING WELLWITHIN 30 0 FT
GROUND SURFACE
TOP OF SCREEN
BOTTOM OF SCREENFigure 5-15
EG&G Particle TracksHonzontal Cross-Section
I
5.5.4 Radius of Influence at Various Anisotropy Ratios
Anisotropy ratios affect the radius of influence a recirculating well can achieve. Therefore,
further recirculation simulations were executed using the same range of anisotropy ratios that
was considered before. Figure 5-16 displays the overall trend regarding the radius of influence
extent vs. anisotropy ratio of both IEG and EG&G systems.
Figure 5-16: Radius of Influence vs. Anisotropy Ratio
Of all the previous tracking measurements, radius of influence was the most difficult to measure
from the graphs. This difficulty rises from the inability of one cross-section to fully portray the
track of a particle from injection to extraction. However, in general there seems to be an increase
in radius of influence with anisotropy ratios. Note the similarity between the radius of influence
of EG&G and IEG's lower cell. Due to the shorter distance between the screened intervals in
IEG' s top circulation cell, the radius of influence for this area is accordingly smaller.
Appendix A6 and B6 contain graphs of particle tracks for the other anisotropy ratios considered
in this study, for both the IEG and EG&G systems.
Radius of Influence vs. Anisotropy Ratio
E -S500
20
10
0
-- IEGtop cell--M-EG Iower dell
--- EG&G
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Anisotropy Ratio (x 1)
....I... .I .....
cn
5.5.5 Percent Recirculation
Using the same simulation as above with radially placed particles about the vertical well, the
percent of particle recirculation was calculated by utilizing the DYNTRACK output file. The
number of particles that were recirculated were tracked and counted. Figures 5-18 and 5-19
display another cross-sectional view of IEG and EG&G particle tracks. It was determined that
106 out of the 216 particles that were initially seeded around the IEG well were recirculated,
resulting in a 49% overall recirculation rate. As for EG&G, 58 out of the 144 seeded particles
were recirculated, so a 40% recirculation rate was achieved. Again, 36 particles were seeded in
each screened level; therefore, since IEG's design incorporates more screened intervals than
EG&G's design, more particles were used for the IEG simulations.
5.5.6 Percent Recirculation at Various Anisotropy Ratios
Similar to other factors, anisotropy ratios affect the percent of recirculated contaminant particles.
Therefore, using the same range of anisotropy ratios as before, percent recirculation simulations
were executed for each of the given ratios. Figure 5-17 graphically portrays the trend of percent
recirculation vs. anisotropy ratio of both IEG and EG&G systems.
Percent Recirculation vs. Anisotropy Ratio
IUU.U7o
80.0% -., 60.0% -
40.0% -
20.0% -
S 0.0 %-
*+IEG
+EG&G
0 5 10 15 20
Anisotropy Ratio Kh:Kv, (x:1)
Figure 5-17: Percent Recirculation vs. Anisotropy Ratio
WELL
300 4- 00 500 600 700O
FEEIT
CROSS SECTION AA
RECIRCULATING WELLWITlHIN 80 0 FT
GROUND SURFACE
- TOP OF SCREEN
-I(OTTM OF SCREEN Figure 5-18lEG Particle Tracks
Vertical Cross-Section
1 00 200
F -:E- 1E - F
WELL
400 500 GO0 -700
F'EE7T1
CROSS SECTION AA
RECIRCUILATING WELLWBITHIN 80 0 FT
G;ROUND S'URFA\CE
TOP OF SCREEN
SBOTTOM, OF: SCREEN Figure 5-19EG&G Particle TracksVertical Cross-Section
8F' E ]E l-
GO~
- -1 0
1 -1- 01 00~1 80~
100 200 :300
Unlike the other parameters, percent recirculation of contaminated particles decreases with the
increase in anisotropy ratio. This result was to be expected since with decreasing vertical
conductivities, the ability for particles to recirculate back into the well also decreases.
Appendix A7 and B7 contain graphs of particle tracks for the remaining anisotropy ratios
considered in this study, for both the IEG and EG&G systems.
5.6 Discussion
Given the CS-10 pilot test grid configuration, simulations were conducted to determine the
effectiveness of recirculating well technology in various hydrogeological conditions. By testing
a range of potential anisotropy ratios, favorable ratios were determined to provide the maximum
capture width, capture zone area, radius of influence, and percent recirculation for the IEG and
EG&G systems. The trends established with varying anisotropy ratios are useful when trying to
predict the effectiveness of recirculating well technology use at a particular site given the extent
of contamination and site geology. Overall, there exists a direct relationship between increasing
anisotropy ratios and corresponding capture widths, capture areas, and radius of influences, while
an inverse relationship exists with percent of recirculation.
6. CONCLUSION
A qualitative evaluation of recirculating well technology demonstrated many potential benefits of
this technique. First of all, recirculating wells are capable of in-situ remediation by stripping
VOCs from the groundwater without the need and expense of pumping the groundwater to the
surface for treatment. This technology also prevents disturbance of the water table elevation and
regional flow patterns, which can have adverse affects on ecological systems in the groundwater
and nearby surface waters.
Although this technology has shown much promise, characteristics such as the geology of a
particular site have proven to either enhance or limit recirculating well performance. This study
focused on the effect that the hydrogeologic factor of anisotropy has on the hydraulics of this
technology. The numerical models and particle tracking investigations conducted proved to be
rather sensitive to anisotropy ratios. More specifically, the performance criteria of capture width,
capture area, and radius of influence were shown to increase with anisotropy, whereas percent
recirculation decreased with anisotropy.
Overall, future efforts to refine the recirculating well technology for the CS-10 site, given the
results of the pilot tests, could improve recirculating well performance at MMR. Calibrating the
models with the actual pilot test data would significantly increase the confidence and accuracy of
the predicted results. Therefore, recommendations could be made to improve the overall system
in a cost-effective manner.
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Groundwater and Soil Remediation Program (GASReP). 1992. Review of Six Technologies forIn Situ Bioremediation of Dissolved BTEX in Groundwater, Burlington EnvironmentalTechnology Office, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, March 1992.
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Herrling, B., J. Alesi, G. Bott-Breuning, and S. Diekmann. 1993. In Situ Aquifer Remediationfrom Volatile or Biodegradable Organic Compounds, Pesticides, and Nitrate Using theUVB Technique, Contaminated Soil, 1993, pp. 1093-1092.
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Herrling, B., J. Stamm, J. Alesi, P. Brinnel, F. Hirschberger, and M.R. Sick. 1991. In SituGroundwater Remediation of Strippable Contaminants by UVB- Operation of the Welland Report about Cleaned Industrial Sites, Third Forum on Innovative Hazardous WasteTreatment Technologies: Domestic and International, Dallas, Texas, June 11-13, 1991.
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APPENDIX Al: SAMPLE DYNFLOW COMMAND FILE
!IEG (SBP) MODEL'create output file of sessionOUTP SBP.OUT'read plan view finite element gridGRID READ GRID5.GRF FORM'set number of levelsLEVEL 19'set a rising head boundary condition for all nodes in level 19 (water tablelelev. to stop'the head from rising above this levelRISI LEVEL 19'set z-coordinates for each node/level (relative to mean sea level)ELEV -190. LEVEL 1ELEV -180. LEVEL 2ELEV -175. LEVEL 3ELEV -170. LEVEL 4ELEV -155. LEVEL 5ELEV -140. LEVEL 6ELEV -125. LEVEL 7ELEV -120. LEVEL 8ELEV -115. LEVEL 9ELEV -110. LEVEL 10ELEV -105. LEVEL 11ELEV -90. LEVEL 12ELEV -80. LEVEL 13ELEV -70. LEVEL 14ELEV -65. LEVEL 15ELEV -60. LEVEL 16ELEV 0. LEVEL 17ELEV 45. LEVEL 18ELEV 80. LEVEL 19'fix nodes upgradient and downgradient of wellFIX NODE 383 - 389 level allFIX NODE 476 - 482 level all'set initial head value for all nodes (water table elevation)INIT 35.'fix head boundaries upgradient and downgradient of well'hydraulic gradient 0.0014 ft/ft (about 1 ft/day) - overall 1.12 ft. head dropacross 800 ft. grid extent)INIT 34.44 NODE 476 - 482 level allINIT 35.56 NODE 383 - 389 level all'define materials from bottom of plume to water table elev. - here only 1'type, fine to coarse grained sandELEM 310 LAYER 1 - 18'specify pumping rate of well (total 88gpm, or 44gpm per cell)!note: need to divide flux by number of levelsFLUX 2824. NODE 1 LEVEL 2 - 4FLUX -3388. NODE 1 LEVEL 7 - 11FLUX 2824. NODE 1 LEVEL 14 - 16Idefine areas of 1-D elements/node (screened intervals)ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 2 3ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 3 4ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 7 8ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 8 9ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 9 10ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 10 11ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 14 15
ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 15 16'specify recharge rate (ft/d)RECH .0044 ELEM ALL'define following properties of 1-d elements: #, K, Ss, SyPROP20, 10000000.,0.,1.'define following properties of material: #, Kx (ft/d), Ky, Kz, Ss, SyPROP10, 297.2, 297.2, 59.53, .00001, .07iter 10goti'save to fileSAVE SBP.SAVXOUTXCFI
APPENDIX A2: CAPTURE WIDTH AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIES
Velocity Vector Profile 2:1
LAYER 8 VELOCITY VECTORSVECTORS NOT SCALED
Velocity Vector Profile 10:1
LAYER 8 VELOCITY VECTORSVECTORS NOT SCALED
Velocity Vector Profile 20:1
LAYER 8 VELOCITY VECTORSVECTORS NOT SCALED
APPENDIX A3: SAMPLE DYNTRACK COMMAND FILE- Capture AreaICOMMAND FILE TO IEG (SBP)PARTICLE TRACKINGIrestore Dynflow fileREST SBP.SAV'create an output fileOUTP SAVE SBPcap.OUT FORM'read transport property fileDPRO READ PROP.DPR'specify dispersion simulation only (turn off dispersion)XDISP'set radius of capture for wellRADI 10'set particle weightWEIGH 1000.'set starting simulation time (units. days)TIME 0.Itime step- set for 3 hoursDT 0.125Iprint property set and node summary tables to std output after each 40 time stepsPRAL 40'seed particles at Initial locationsPART-45,200,-180PART-45,200, -175PART-45,200,-170PART-45,200,-155PART-45,200, -140PART-45,200,-125PART-45,200,-120PART-45,200,-115PART-45,200,-110PART-45,200,-105PART-45,200,-90PART-45,200,-80PART-45,200,-70PART-45,200,-65PART-45,200,-60PART-35,200,-180PART-35,200,-175PART-35,200,-170PART-35,200,-155PART-35,200,-140PART-35,200,-125PART-35,200,-120PART-35,200,-115PART-35,200,-110PART-35,200,-105PART
-35,200,-90PART-35,200,-80PART-35,200,-70PART-35,200,-65PART-35,200,-60PART-25,200,-180PART-25,200,-175PART-25, 200, -170PART-25,200,-155PART-25,200,-140PART-25,200,-125PART-25,200,-120PART-25,200,-115PART-25,200,-110PART-25,200, -105PART-25,200,-90PART-25,200, -80PART-25,200,-70PART-25,200,-65PART-25,200,-60PART-15,200,-180PART-15,200,-175PART-15,200,-170PART-15,200,-155PART-15,200,-140PART-15,200,-125PART-15,200,-120PART-15,200,-115PART-15,200,-110PART-15,200,-105PART-15,200,-90PART-15,200,-80PART-15,200,-70PART-15,200,-65PART-15,200,-60PART-5,200,-180PART-5,200,-175PART-5,200,-170PART
-5,200, -155PART-5,200,-140PART-5,200,-125PART-5,200,-120PART-5,200,-115PART-5,200, -110PART-5,200,-105PART-5,200,-90PART-5,200,-80PART-5,200,-70PART-5,200,-65PART-5,200,-60PART5,200,-180PART5,200,-175PART5,200, -170PART5,200,-155PART5,200,-140PART5,200,-125PART5,200,-120PART5,200,-115PART5,200,-110PART5,200,-105PART5,200, -90PART5,200,-80PART5,200,-70PART5,200,-65PART5,200,-60PART15,200,-180PART15,200,-175PART15,200,-170PART15,200,-155PART15,200,-140PART15,200,-125PART15,200,-120PART15,200,-115PART15,200,-110PART15,200, -105PART15,200,-90PART
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45,200,-140PART45,200, -125PART45,200,-120PART45,200,-115PART45,200,-110PART45,200,-105PART45,200,-90PART45,200,-80PART45,200,-70PART45,200, -65PART45,200,-60PART55,200,-180PART55,200,-175PART55,200,-170PART55,200,-155PART55,200,-140PART55,200,-125PART55,200,-120PART55,200,-115PART55,200,-110PART55,200,-105PART55,200,-90PART55,200,-80PART55,200,-70PART55,200, -65PART55,200,-60PART65,200, -180PART65,200, -175PART65,200,-170PART65,200,-155PART65,200, -140PART65,200,-125PART65,200,-120PART65,200,-115PART65,200,-110PART65,200, -105PART65,200, -90PART65,200,-80PART
E8
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95,200,-125PART95,200,-120PART95,200,-115PART95,200,-110PART95,200,-105PART95,200,-90PART95,200,-80PART95,200,-70PART95,200,-65PART95,200,-60PART105,200,-180PART105,200,-175PART105,200,-170PART105,200,-155PART105,200,-140PART105,200,-125PART105,200,-120PART105,200,-115PART105,200,-110PART105,200,-105PART105,200,-90PART105,200,-80PART105,200,-70PART105,200,-65PART105,200,-60PART115, 200, -180PART115,200,-175PART115,200,-170PART115,200,-155PART115,200,-140PART115,200,-125PART115,200,-120PART115,200,-115PART115,200, -110PART115,200,-105PART115,200,-90PART115,200,-80PART115,200,-70PART
115,200,-65PART115,200,-60PART125,200,-180PART125,200,-175PART125, 200,-170PART125, 200, -155PART125, 200, -140PART125, 200, -125PART125,200,-120PART125, 200,-115PART125,200,-110PART125,200,-105PART125,200,-90PART125,200,-80PART125,200,-70PART125,200,-65PART125,200,-60PART140,200,-180PART140,200,-175PART140,200,-170PART140,200,-155PART140,200,-140PART140,200,-125PART140,200,-120PART140,200,-115PART140,200,-110PART140,200,-105PART140,200,-90PART140,200,-80PART140,200,-70PART140,200,-65PART140,200,-60PART155,200,-180PART155,200,-175PART155,200,-170PART155,200,-155PART155,200,-140PART155,200,-125PART
155,200,-120PART155,200,-115PART155,200,-110PART155,200,-105PART155,200,-90PART155,200,-80PART155,200,-70PART155,200,-65PART155,200,-60PART170,200,-180PART170,200,-175PART170,200, -170PART170,200,-155PART170,200,-140PART170,200,-125PART170,200,-120PART170,200,-115PART170,200,-110PART170,200,-105PART170,200,-90PART170,200,-80PART170,200, -70PART170,200, -65PART170,200,-60PART185,200,-180PART185,200,-175PART185,200,-170PART185,200,-155PART185,200,-140PART185,200,-125PART185,200,-120PART185,200,-115PART185,200,-110PART185,200,-105PART185,200,-90PART185,200,-80PART185,200,-70PART185,200, -65PART
185,200,-60'store particle tracks on fileRESU 25 SAVE SBPcap.RES'set ending time of sequenceGOTI 100GOTI 200GOTI 300GOTI 400GOTI 500'end storage of computation resultXRESEND
APPENDIX A4: CAPTURE AREA AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIESParticle Placements 2:1
V E IET
L IiL ± IT II I I I I ___ I I I I I
20 40 GO 80 100 120 140 0180 200 220 24
RECIRCULATING WELLWITHIN 300 0 FT
GROUND SURFACETOP OF SCREEN
BOTTOM OF SCREEN
380
40
20
0
20
(0
(3 1)
0 ()
0
(3 0
(E30
_______ ______ _ I_____ ___ _____ ___ ______ ___________ _______
I__
-_
K__ __ _ _ ___l j~ II HI
GOFE E'
-- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- --- --- --- --?
Particle Placements 10:1
FEET
VH iN_ ___ [ ___ ____
F -- -- 'U- 1L- -7 -- V.. U--
-- ~ ~ 1- __
--------i-- --i
-- I __ _ _ _
___ I i---- _
O~ EO 4 G 0 10 201
FEET
RECIRCULATING WELLWITHIN 300 0 FT
GROUND SURFACETOP OF SCREEN
E BOTTOM OF -SCREEN
CROSS SECTION \A
80GO-1-0
20EOO0
-4 0
60
80
1 --- --- -- `- ~ v ^'- v ''v ^ v v 'U v -1~ -- 1
__~Ift __________ -It- - -- -- irILL~ ~~ ~~ / ! ]-_I_- L -IYJ -_-f:=-l-- t . _ _. . .i .. .. . .-. .
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CROSS_ýFCTION
____________ - --
RECIRCULAIING( WELLWYI111N 300 0 FT
(,ROUND SURF,\ E
TOP OF SCREEN
BOTTOM OF '(REI N
Particle Placements 20:1
FI- r E
C, 0-10
-I 00
iiO
-i 0
60
--- ~- -~--
0 20 -10 U>ko C-- ou 1 11 ý ý
APPENDIX A5: SAMPLE DYNTRACK COMMAND FILE- Radius ofInfluence/ RecirculationICOMMAND FILE TO PARTICLE TRACKING'restore Dynflow fileREST SBP.SAV'create an output fileOUTP SAVE SBPrad OUT FORM'read transport property fileDPRO READ PROP.DPR'specify dispersion simulation only (turn off dispersion)XDISP'set radius of capture for wellRADI 10'set particle weightWEIGH 1000.'set starting simulation time (units days)TIME 0'time step- set for 1 hourDT 0 042'print property set and node summary tables to std output after each 20 time stepsPRAL 20'seed particles at initial locations- radially about well at recharge levels (2-4 and 14-16)PART0.0000,2.0000,-180PART0.3473,1.9696,-180PART0 6840,1.8794,-180PART1 0000,1.7321,-180PART1.2856,1.5321,-180PART1.5321,1.2856,-180PART1.7321,1.0000,-180PART1.8794,0.6840,-180PART1.9696,0.3473,-180PART2.0000,0.0000,-180PART1.9696,-0.3437,-180PART1.8794,-0.6840,-180PART1.7321,-1.0000,-180PART1 5321,-1.2856,-180PART1.2856,-1.5321, -180PART1.0000,-1.7321,-180PART0.6840,-1.8794,-180PART0.3473, -1.9696,-180PART0.0000,-2.0000,-180PART-0.3473, -1.9696, -180PART-0.6840,-1.8794,-180PART-1.0000,-1 7321,-180PART-1.2856, -1.5321, -180PART-1.5321,-1.2856, -180PART-1.7321, -1.0000, -180
SLT- 'ELEC 0-'9696"T-I'dVd
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PART-2.0000,0.0000,-175PART-1.9696,0.3473,-175PART-1.8794,0.6840,-175PART-1.7321,1.0000,-175PART-1.5321,1.2856,-175PART-1.2856,1.5321,-175PART-1.0000,1.7321,-175PART-0.6840,1.8794,-175PART-0.3473,1.9696,-175PART0.0000,2.0000,-170PART0.3473,1 9696,-170PART0.6840,1.8794,-170PART1.0000,1.7321,-170PART1.2856,1 5321,-170PART1.5321,1.2856,-170PART1.7321,1.0000,-170PART1.8794,0.6840,-170PART1.9696,0.3473,-170PART2.0000,0.0000,-170PART1.9696,-0.3437,-170PART1.8794,-0.6840,-170PART1.7321,-1.0000,-170PART1 5321,-1.2856,-170PART1 2856,-1.5321,-170PART1.0000,-1.7321,-170PART0.6840,-1.8794,-170PART0.3473,-1.9696, -170PART0.0000,-2 0000,-170PART-0.3473,-1.9696,-170PART-0.6840,-1.8794,-170PART-1.0000,-1.7321,-170PART-1.2856,-1.5321,-170PART-1.5321,-1.2856,-170PART-1.7321,-1.0000,-170PART-1.8794,-0.6840,-170PART-1.9696,-0.3473,-170PART-2 0000,0 0000,-170PART-1 9696,0.3473,-170
PART-1.8794,0.6840,-170PART-1.7321, 1.0000,-170PART-1 5321,1.2856,-170PART-1.2856,1.5321,-170PART-1.0000,1.7321, -170PART-0.6840,1.8794, -170PART-0.3473,1.9696,-170PART0.0000,2.0000,-70PART0.3473,1.9696,-70PART0.6840,1.8794,-70PART1.0000,1.7321, -70PART1.2856,1.5321,-70PART1 5321,1.2856,-70PART1.7321,1.0000, -70PART1.8794,0.6840,-70PART1.9696,0 3473,-70PART2.0000,0.0000, -70PART1.9696,-0.3437,-70PART1 8794,-0 6840,-70PART1.7321,-1.0000,-70PART1.5321,-1.2856,-70PART1.2856,-1.5321, -70PART1.0000,-1.7321,-70PART0 6840,-1.8794,-70PART0.3473,-1.9696,-70PART0.0000, -2.0000, -70PART-0.3473,-1.9696,-70PART-0.6840,-1.8794,-70PART-1.0000,-1.7321,-70PART-1.2856,-1.5321,-70PART-1.5321,-1.2856,-70PART-1.7321,-1 0000,-70PART-1.8794,-0.6840,-70PART-1.9696,-0.3473,-70PART-2.0000,0.0000,-70PART-1.9696,0 3473,-70PART-1.8794,0.6840,-70PART-1.7321,1.0000,-70
PART-1.5321,1.2856, -70PART-1.2856,1 5321,-70PART-1.0000,1.7321,-70PART-0.6840,1.8794,-70PART-0.3473, 1.9696, -70PART0.0000,2.0000,-65PART0.3473,1.9696,-65PART0.6840,1.8794,-65PART1.0000,1.7321, -65PART1.2856,1.5321,-65PART1.5321,1.2856,-65PART1.7321,1.0000,-65PART1.8794,0.6840,-65PART1.9696,0.3473,-65PART2.0000,0.0000,-65PART1.9696,-0.3437,-65PART1.8794,-0.6840,-65PART1.7321,-1.0000,-65PART1.5321,-1.2856,-65PART1.2856,-1.5321,-65PART1.0000,-1.7321,-65PART0.6840,-i 8794,-65PART0.3473,-1.9696,-65PART0.0000, -2.0000,-65PART-0.3473,-1. 9696,-65PART-0.6840,-1.8794,-65PART-1.0000,-1.7321,-65PART-1 2856,-1.5321,-65PART-1.5321,-1.2856,-65PART-1.7321,-1.0000,-65PART-1.8794,-0 6840,-65PART-1.9696,-0.3473,-65PART-2.0000,0 0000,-65PART-1.9696,0.3473,-65PART-1.8794,0.6840,-65PART-1.7321,1.0000,-65PART-1.5321,1.2856,-65PART-1.2856,1.5321,-65
PART-1.0000,1.7321,-65PART-0.6840,1.8794, -65PART-0 3473,1.9696,-65PART0.0000,2.0000,-60PART0.3473,1.9696,-60PART0.6840,1.8794,-60PART1.0000,1.7321, -60PART1.2856,1.5321,-60PART1.5321,1.2856,-60PART1.7321,1.0000,-60PART1.8794,0.6840,-60PART1 9696,0.3473,-60PART2.0000,0.0000,-60PART1.9696,-0.3437,-60PART1.8794,-0.6840,-60PART1.7321,-1.0000,-60PART
1.5321,-1.2856,-60PART1.2856,-1.5321,-60PART1.0000,-1.7321, -60PART0.6840,-1.8794,-60PART0.3473,-1.9696,-60PART0.0000,-2.0000,-60PART-0.3473,-1.9696,-60PART-0 6840,-1.8794,-60PART-1.0000,-1.7321,-60PART-1.2856,-1 5321,-60PART-1.5321,-1.2856,-60PART-1.7321,-1 0000,-60PART-1.8794,-0.6840,-60PART-1.9696,-0.3473,-60PART-2.0000,0.0000,-60PART-1.9696,0.3473,-60PART-1.8794,0.6840,-60PART-1.7321,1.0000,-60PART-1.5321,1.2856,-60PART-1.2856,1.5321,-60PART-1.0000,1.7321,-60PART-0.6840,1.8794,-60
PART-0.3473,1.9696,-60'store particle tracks on fileRESU 10 SAVE SBPrad.RES'set ending time of sequenceGOTI 25GOTI 50GOTI 75GOTI 100GOTI 125GOTI 150GOTI 175'end storage of computation resultXRESEND
APPENDIX A6: RADIUS OF INFLUENCE AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIESParticle Tracks 2:1
Fg E: IE r
rrKi_71
KI 77 -___ K~rn
F I_j__~_- _ ~_ ____ .iii _ __
20 40 60 80 100 12 :0 1 600 60 1Fi 200 2-20 2 -0 260
F-E IE :C
(ROSS SECTION FF
REt IRc(l'L'IING IVWFI IWITHIN 300 0 FT
GROUND SU RFA(E
TOP OF ('REEN
BOTTOM OF 'SRNFE\N........
8 060130
200
- - 0O-60
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1 -i 01601 ) 0
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FEET
80
400
-- 160
44L~j~
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- - - ____.
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0 20 40 60 80 100 140 160 1 80 200 -2'00 2-00 0 2 60
FEET
CROSS SECTION BU
- RE(IRCULATING WELLWITHIN 300 0 FT
(,ROUND SURFACETOP OF SCREEN
BOTTOM OF SCREEN
I II I
No'
-- I-I____
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Particle Tracks 20:1
- - - --
iI~i}! ~-- __ __ ____1
11~~I I1 __ _I_ _ _
O 20 -10 60 80 100 1-20 1-10 160 £80 -200 2 -120 2C)
F, EEF
SREC(IRCULATING WELLWIfIIIN 300 0 FT
(,ROUND 'lI) RF'\( ITOP OF SC RFEN
£ BOTTOM OF S(RFEN
f308O
-1 0-20
0-2 0
--- I0--160- CD 0- 3oo
1- -- 0
- 1 60- C1 0
(ROSS SE( TION
Vr1
100
APPENDIX A7: PERCENT RECIRCULATION AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIESParticle Tracks 2:1
- -L-_~-_---- L'
F
1 O 01 tt7! . " I - -
100 200 300
iIIu'llRI
I
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21DL=
-=-- '
- i-l~ i-i ~iii
r- I-___
100 O -00 0 0 3 ()
F E E 1I'
CROVb -F(TION
RECIRRCULATING H ELLWITHIN 100 0 FT
GROUND 1sIRF\(F
TOP OF SCRFEN
BIOTTOM OF 'S(REFN
101
T2~J~ l~T
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r
~ -~-~ - ~ ~~---- -- `~'-- ~
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-~~-- ~--I •lAlil i-
Particle Tracks 10:1
WELL
If! II!!
r
it I I F TI.
L'ILIJIL
5002L
IJ7jtTZ----600 700 800
FEE'ET
CROSS SECTION C((
* RECIRCULATING WELLWITllIN 300 0 FT
GROUND SURFV(E
TOP OF SCREEN
BOTTOM OF SCREEN
102
FEET
60
-1 0
-10
--- iot-
-1 8 0
0 100 200 300 400
Till l1111n1lll 111 IlrR "rn
1'.n Iph
-·-~ ···~r i iiu _11L~"'1 I11 llliiliii111
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Particle Tracks 20:1
WELLi
iI*EIIr
i _ I1) 1 ( 1 -4C) 30
-100 5 C) 0 (3 ()() 700 800 ()
RE( IR( ULATING I1El IWITHIN 300 0 FT
GROUIND SURF\( E
L TOP OF SCREEN
-- BOTTOM OF '( SREEN
(ROSS F1 'E(TION \A
i- Iu i-: -T
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-1 B 0
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103
O 1 O O 2 00 300
APPENDIX BI: SAMPLE DYNFLOW COMMAND FILE'EG&G MODEL'create output file of sessionOUTP EGG.OUT'read plan view finite element gridGRID READ GRID5.GRF FORM'set number of levelsLEVEL 19'set a rising head boundary condition for all nodes in level 19 (water tablelelev. to stop'the head from rising above this levelRISI LEVEL 19'set z-coordinates for each node/level (relative to mean sea level)ELEV -190. LEVEL 1ELEV -180. LEVEL 2ELEV -160. LEVEL 3ELEV -155. LEVEL 4ELEV -150. LEVEL 5ELEV -145. LEVEL 6ELEV -140. LEVEL 7ELEV -135. LEVEL 8ELEV -117.5 LEVEL 9ELEV -100. LEVEL 10ELEV -95. LEVEL 11ELEV -90. LEVEL 12ELEV -85. LEVEL 13ELEV -80. LEVEL 14ELEV -75. LEVEL 15ELEV -65. LEVEL 16ELEV 0. LEVEL 17ELEV 30. LEVEL 18ELEV 80. LEVEL 19'fix nodes upgradient and downgradient of wellFIX NODE 383 - 389 level allFIX NODE 476 - 482 level all!set initial head value for all nodes (water table elevation)INIT 35.'fix head boundaries upgradient and downgradient of well'hydraulic gradient 0.0014 ft/ft (about 1 ft/day) - overall 1.12 ft. head dropacross 800 ft. grid extent)INIT 34.44 NODE 476 - 482 level allINIT 35.56 NODE 383 - 389 level all'define materials from bottom of plume to water table elev. - here only 1'type, fine to coarse grained sandELEM 310 LAYER 1 - 18'specify pumping rate of well (total 88gpm, only one cell)'note: need to divide flux by number of levelsFLUX -4236. NODE 1 LEVEL 4 - 7FLUX 4236. NODE 1 LEVEL 11 - 14'define areas of 1-D elements/node (screened intervals)ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 4 5ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 5 6ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 6 7ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 11 12ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 12 13ONED 120 NODE 1 1 LEVEL 13 14'specify recharge rate (ft/d)RECH .0044 ELEM ALL!define following properties of 1-d elements: #, K, Ss, Sy
104
PROP20, 10000000.,0.,1.'define following properties of material: #, Kx (ft/d), Ky, Kz, Ss, SyPROP10, 297.2, 297.2, 59.53, .00001, .07iter 10goti'save to fileSAVE EGG.SAVXOUTXCFI
105
APPENDIX B2: CAPTURE WIDTH AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIESVelocity Vector Profiles 2:1
106
Velocity Vector Profiles 10:1
107
Velocity Vector Profiles 20:1
108
APPENDIX B3: SAMPLE DYNTRACK COMMAND FILE- Capture AreaICOMMAND FILE TO PARTICLE TRACKING'restore Dynflow fileREST EGG.SAV'create an output fileOUTP SAVE EGGcap.OUT FORM'read transport property fileDPRO READ PROP DPRIspecify advection simulation only (turn off dispersion)XDISP'set radius of capture for wellRADI 20Iset particle weightWEIGH 1000'set starting simulation time (units: days)TIME 0'time step- set for 1 hourDT 0.042Iprint property set and node summary tables to std output after each 40 time stepsPRAL 40'seed particles at initial locationsPART-45,200,-180PART-45,200,-160PART-45,200,-155PART-45,200,-150PART-45,200, -145PART-45,200, -140PART-45,200,-135PART-45,200,-117.5PART-45,200,-100PART-45,200,-95PART-45,200,-90PART-45,200,-85PART-45,200,-80PART-45,200,-75PART-45,200, -65PART-35,200,-180PART-35,200,-160PART-35,200,-155PART-35,200,-150PART-35,200,-145PART-35,200,-140PART-35,200, -135PART-35,200,-117.5PART-35,200, -100PART-35,200,-95PART-35,200,-90
109
PART-35,200,-85PART-35,200,-80PART-35,200,-75PART-35,200,-65PART-25,200,-180PART-25, 200, -160PART-25,200, -155PART-25,200,-150PART-25, 200, -145PART-25,200,-140PART-25,200, -135PART-25,200,-117 5PART-25,200,-100PART-25,200,-95PART-25,200,-90PART-25,200,-85PART-25,200,-80PART-25,200,-75PART-25,200, -65PART-15,200,-180PART-15, 200, -160PART-15,200,-155PART-15, 200, -150PART-15,200,-145PART-15, 200, -140PART-15,200,-135PART-15,200,-117 5PART-15,200,-100PART-15,200,-95PART-15,200,-90PART-15,200,-85PART-15,200,-80PART-15,200, -75PART-15,200,-65PART-5,200,-180PART-5,200,-160PART-5,200,-155PART-5,200,-150
110
PART-5,200, -145PART-5,200,-140PART-5,200,-135PART-5,200,-117.5PART-5,200,-100PART-5,200,-95PART-5,200, -90PART-5,200,-85PART-5,200,-80PART-5,200, -75PART-5,200, -65PART5,200,-180PART5,200,-160PART5,200,-155PART5,200,-150PART5,200,-145PART5,200,-140PART5,200,-135PART5,200,-117.5PART5,200,-100PART5,200,-95PART5,200,-90PART5,200,-85PART5,200,-80PART5,200,-75PART5,200,-65PART15,200,-180PART15,200,-160PART15,200,-155PART15,200, -150PART15,200,-145PART15,200,-140PART15,200, -135PART15,200,-117.5PART15,200,-100PART15,200,-95PART15,200,-90PART15,200,-85
111
PART15,200,-80PART15,200,-75PART15,200,-65PART25,200,-180PART25,200,-160PART25,200,-155PART25,200,-150PART25,200, -145PART25,200,-140PART25,200,-135PART25,200,-117.5PART25,200,-100PART25,200,-95PART25,200,-90PART25,200,-85PART25,200,-80PART25,200,-75PART25,200,-65PART35,200, -180PART35,200,-160PART35,200, -155PART35,200,-150PART35,200,-145PART35,200, -140PART35,200,-135PART35,200, -117.5PART35,200, -100PART35,200, -95PART35,200,-90PART35,200,-85PART35,200,-80PART35,200,-75PART35,200, -65PART45,200,-180PART45,200, -160PART45,200,-155PART45,200,-150PART45,200,-145
112
PART45,200, -140PART45,200,-135PART45,200,-117 5PART45,200, -100PART45,200, -95PART45,200,-90PART45,200,-85PART45,200,-80PART45,200,-75PART45,200,-65PART55,200,-180PART55,200, -160PART55,200,-155PART55,200,-150PART55,200,-145PART55,200, -140PART55,200,-135PART55,200,-117.5PART55,200,-100PART55,200,-95PART55,200,-90PART55,200, -85PART55,200,-80PART55,200, -75PART55,200,-65PART65,200, -180PART65,200, -160PART65,200, -155PART65,200,-150PART65,200,-145PART65,200,-140PART65,200,-135PART65,200,-117.5PART65,200,-100PART65,200, -95PART65,200,-90PART65, 200, -85PART65,200, -80
113
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PART95,200,-135PART95,200,-117.5PART95,200,-100PART95,200,-95PART95,200,-90PART95,200,-85PART95,200, -80PART95,200,-75PART95,200,-65PART105,200,-180PART105,200,-160PART105, 200, -155PART105,200, -150PART105,200,-145PART105,200,-140PART105,200,-135PART105,200,-117 5PART105,200,-100PART105,200,-95PART105,200,-90PART105,200,-85PART105,200,-80PART105,200,-75PART105,200,-65PART115,200,-180PART115, 200, -160PART115,200,-155PART115,200,-150PART115,200,-145PART115,200,-140PART115,200,-135PART115,200,-117 5PART115,200,-100PART115,200,-95PART115,200,-90PART115,200,-85PART115,200, -80PART115,200,-75
115
PART115,200,-65PART125,200,-180PART125,200,-160PART125, 200, -155PART125,200,-150PART125,200,-145PART125,200,-140PART125, 200, -135PART125,200, -117.5PART125,200, -100PART125,200, -95PART125,200,-90PART125,200,-85PART125,200,-80PART125,200,-75PART125,200,-65PART140,200,-180PART140, 200, -160PART140,200,-155PART140,200,-150PART140,200,-145PART140, 200, -140PART140,200,-135PART140,200,-117.5PART140,200,-100PART140,200,-95PART140,200,-90PART140,200,-85PART140,200,-80PART140,200,-75PART140,200,-65PART155,200,-180PART155,200,-160PART155,200,-155PART155, 200, -150PART155,200,-145PART155,200,-140PART155,200,-135
116
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'store particle tracks on fileRESU 50 SAVE EGGcap.RES'set ending time of sequenceGOTI 25GOTI 50GOTI 75GOTI 100GOTI 125GOTI 150GOTI 175GOTI 200GOTI 225GOTI 250GOTI 275GOTI 300GOTI 325GOTI 350GOTI 375GOTI 400GOTI 425GOTI 450GOTI 475GOTI 500lend storage of computation resultXRESEND
118
APPENDIX B4: CAPTURE AREA AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIESParticle Placements 2:1
FEE WELL
- - C)OLOC3- k3 0
- 1 00 _____ - - - - =
.1o~ ~---i----*-"-t-l-- --- V-I I __ _~i=f
FEET0 2C0 -10 60 80 100 :!0 1-10 -1 0 01 C 1 020() 220 1 0 *-)(
CROSS SEC fON B1
RECIR( IILATING WEI I lWITHIN .300 0 FT
GROUND SURFA( ETOP OF 'CREEN
BOTTOM OF SCREEN
119
Particle Placements 10:1
WFLL
-- - ...
0 20 -1C CO 80 100 120 110 16O L[ 0 0 010 o 22 1 260
(RO.S jF('TION ((
RELIR(IILATINIG WELLWITHIN l00l 0 FT
GROlUND SIURFA( E
TOP OF '(REEN
BOTTOM OF iCREEN
-> 0
0
-- 20
- - -0
--60
-- 100
-- 1 -C) 0
-- I 0-- ± ,•I
120
Particle Placements 20:1
F- EE -I
- - __ --- V97 --6--0 r- 0
-- O --
0-? - 10o6 -0 1 0 0 -r 0 1-0. .1 0 . . . . .
O 20 -10 6 0 F 0 10 0 CI0 0 0180 200 20 2 C-O 2C)
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t (GROUNDI) SIURFtE
TOP OF SCREEN
[ IM0 rTOM OF SC('REEN
Ro(),, SEClION FP
_.. __
121
APPENDIX B5: SAMPLE DYNTRACK COMMAND FILE- Radius ofInfluence/ Recirculation'COMMAND FILE TO PARTICLE TRACKINGIrestore Dynflow fileREST EGG.SAVIcreate an output fileOUTP SAVE EGGrad.OUT FORM'read transport property fileDPRO READ PROP.DPR'specify dispersion simulation only (turn off dispersion)XDISP'set radius of capture for wellRADI 10Iset particle weightWEIGH 1000.'set starting simulation time (units- days)TIME 0.Itime step- set for 1 hourDT 0.042'print property set and node summary tables to std. output after each 20 time stepsPRAL 20'seed particles at initial locations- radially about well at recharge levels (2-4 and 14-16)PART0.0000,2.0000,-95PART0.3473,1.9696,-95PART0.6840,1.8794,-95PART1 0000, 1.7321,-95PART1.2856, 1.5321,-95PART1 5321, 1.2856,-95PART1.7321,1.0000,-95PART1.8794,0.6840,-95PART1.9696,0.3473,-95PART2.0000,0.0000,-95PART1.9696,-0.3437,-95PART1.8794,-0.6840,-95PART1.7321, -1.0000,-95PART1.5321,-1.2856,-95PART1.2856,-1.5321, -95PART1.0000,-1.7321,-95PART0.6840,-1 8794,-95PART0.3473,-1.9696,-95PART0.0000,-2.0000,-95PART-0.3473,-1.9696,-95PART-0.6840,-1.8794,-95PART-1.0000,-1.7321, -95PART-1.2856,-1.5321,-95PART-1 5321,-1.2856,-95PART-1.7321,-1.0000,-95
122
PART-1.8794,-0.6840,-95PART-1.9696,-0.3473,-95PART-2.0000,0.0000,-95PART-1.9696,0.3473,-95PART-1.8794,0.6840,-95PART-1.7321,1.0000,-95PART-1.5321,1.2856,-95PART-1.2856,1.5321,-95PART-1.0000,1.7321,-95PART-0.6840,1.8794,-95PART-0 3473,1.9696, -95PART0.0000,2.0000,-90PART0.3473,1.9696,-90PART0.6840,1.8794,-90PART1.0000,1.7321,-90PART1.2856,1.5321,-90PART1.5321,1.2856,-90PART1 7321,1.0000,-90PART1.8794,0.6840,-90PART1.9696,0.3473,-90PART2.0000,0.0000,-90PART1.9696,-0.3437,-90PART1.8794,-0.6840,-90PART1.7321,-1.0000,-90PART1 5321,-1.2856,-90PART1.2856,-1.5321,-90PART1.0000,-1.7321,-90PART0.6840,-1.8794,-90PART0.3473,-1.9696,-90PART0.0000,-2.0000,-90PART-0.3473,-1.9696,-90PART-0.6840,-1.8794,-90PART-1.0000,-1.7321,-90PART-1.2856,-1.5321,-90PART-1.5321,-1.2856,-90PART-1.7321,-1.0000,-90PART-1.8794,-0.6840,-90PART-1. 9696,-0.3473,-90
123
PART-2.0000,0.0000,-90PART-1.9696,0.3473,-90PART-1.8794,0.6840,-90PART-1.7321,1.0000,-90PART-1.5321,1.2856,-90PART-1.2856,1.5321,-90PART-1.0000,1.7321,-90PART-0.6840,1.8794,-90PART-0.3473,1.9696,-90PART0.0000,2.0000,-85PART0.3473,1.9696,-85PART0.6840,1.8794,-85PART1.0000,1.7321, -85PART1.2856,1.5321,-85PART1.5321,1.2856,-85PART1.7321,1.0000,-85PART1.8794,0.6840,-85PART1.9696,0.3473,-85PART2.0000,0.0000,-85PART1.9696,-0 3437,-85PART1.8794,-0.6840,-85PART1.7321,-1.0000,-85PART1.5321,-1.2856,-85PART1.2856,-1.5321, -85PART1.0000,-1.7321,-85PART0.6840,-i 8794,-85PART0.3473,-1.9696,-85PART0.0000,-2.0000,-85PART-0.3473,-1.9696,-85PART-0.6840,-1. 8794, -85PART-1.0000,-1.7321, -85PART-1.2856,-1.5321,-85PART-1.5321,-1.2856, -85PART-1.7321,-1.0000,-85PART-1.8794,-0.6840,-85PART-1.9696,-0.3473,-85PART-2.0000,0.0000,-85PART-1.9696,0.3473,-85
124
PART-1.8794,0.6840,-85PART-1.7321, 1.0000,-85PART-1.5321,1 2856,-85PART-1.2856,1.5321, -85PART-1.0000,1.7321,-85PART-0.6840,1.8794,-85PART-0.3473,1.9696,-85PART0.0000,2.0000,-80PART0.3473,1.9696,-80PART0.6840,1.8794,-80PART1.0000,1.7321,-80PART1.2856,1.5321,-80PART1.5321,1.2856,-80PART1.7321,1.0000,-80PART1.8794,0.6840,-80PART1.9696,0.3473,-80PART2.0000,0.0000,-80PART1.9696,-0.3437,-80PART1.8794,-0.6840,-80PART1.7321,-1.0000,-80PART1.5321,-1.2856,-80PART1.2856,-1.5321,-80PART1.0000,-1.7321,-80PART0.6840,-1.8794,-80PART0.3473,-1.9696,-80PART0.0000,-2.0000,-80PART-0.3473,-1.9696,-80PART-0.6840,-1.8794,-80PART-1.0000,-1.7321,-80PART-1.2856,-1.5321,-80PART-1.5321,-1.2856,-80PART-1.7321,-1.0000,-80PART-1.8794,-0.6840,-80PART-1.9696,-0.3473,-80PART-2.0000,0 0000,-80PART-1.9696,0 3473,-80PART-1.8794,0.6840,-80PART-1.7321,1.0000,-80
125
PART-1.5321, 1.2856,-80PART-1.2856,1.5321, -80PART-1.0000,1.7321,-80PART-0.6840,1.8794,-80PART-0.3473,1.9696,-80'store particle tracks on fileRESU 10 SAVE EGGrad RESIset ending time of sequenceGOTI 25GOTI 50GOTI 75GOTI 100GOTI 125GOTI 150GOTI 175'end storage of computation resultXRESEND
126
APPENDIX B6: RADIUS OF INFLUENCE AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIESParticle Tracks 2:1
P F E -I-
C)
FEET
( RO% 'Et TION ( (
ltH
SRECIRCIILATING WEIIWITHIN 300 0 FT
GROUND SURFACE
TOP OF SCREEN
BOTTOM OF S(REEN
127
6040
0
-- 40
-- tjO- ) ()-k0
- 1 O 0
-- -
Particle Tracks 10:1
F- EiT : -r
TT-T - --
I T-
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20 -10 60 0 100 1 1C0 120 1400 100 10(3 200 220 2-40 -26(
F'EF F'
C•ROSS SE( TION 4A
RE(IRC UL\TING WELLWITHIN 300 0 FT
GROUIND 'URFACE
TOP OF SCREFN
BOTTOMI OF SCREEN
128
O 0-100O
GO
O0
Lo6080
Particle Tracks 20:1
FE'IET WELLi
0 20 -1 0 6 0 80 100 LO 1-1 0 1 0 180 200 0 22 0 2 10 2 60
F IE- F F
RECIR(ULATING WELLWITHIN 300 0 FT
GROUND SURFACE
TOP OF SCREEN
BOTTOM OF SCRFEN
8 0 r
-11
-20
-1 0,
- O L
LL
(ROSS SEC fION
v:ji~
129
APPENDIX B7: PERCENT RECIRCULATION AT VARIOUS ANISOTROPIESParticle Tracks 2:1
8060- O0
SO0
--20
- -1 0-- 60--80
-100- 20-- I-10
-- I 30
FEET
RECIR('UL,\TING WELl,WITIN 100 0 FT
GROUND SURF\('E
TOP OF SCREEN
BOTTOM OF SCREEN
CROSS SF( TION DD
2 L --
130
Particle Tracks 10:1
f- F: E ET
1-
0 1
0 10 0 200 :3C)0 -100 300
I I
- ~-t ~
7T-
1
L- _7-T~~~--- -i-5
03C( 0 00) ()00
FEET
CROSS SE(TION 131
RECIRCIILATING WEII,WITHIN 300 0 FT
GROUNI) JURFA(E
TOP OF 'CREEN
-OTTOI OF ,oCRFEN
131
O 0
-1~0
-•0
0
C2 0
-- 0
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300 100 500 600 700 800
FEE•T
CRO's S•ECTION 1111
RECIR ULATING WELLWITHIN 300 0 FT
T GROUND SURFA(E
TOP OF SCREEN
BOTTOM OF SCREEN
132
B- 0C-O6 040
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20-. 06080oo;20
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APPENDIX C: CS-10 DYNTRACK PROPERTY FILE
'dyntrack property file:I Prop. #, Disp. (long.), Disp. (trans-horiz.), Disp. Ratio (vert./horiz.),effect. porosity, retardation10,0.,0.,0.,0.35,1.0020,0., 0., 0., 1.,1.00
133
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