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8/13/2019 An Overview of All-optical Switching
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2001 Marconi plc. The Copyright in this document belongs to Marconi plc and no
part of this document should be used or copied without their prior written permission.
An Overview of All-Optical Switching
Geoff Bennett
VP Technology Advocacy, Marconi plc
Email: [email protected]
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Agenda
Definitions of Switching How are switching decisions made both electronically and optically?
Define a structure to aid understanding of the topic
Describe the Taxonomy chosen in the GMPLS Architecture draft
The primary application areas for optical switching
Protection switching, Optical Add-Drop Mux, OXC, Burst/Packet switch
The primary switching techniques Lambda switching, Optical Burst, Optical Packet
An incomplete list of switching technologies
A look at selected technologies
Matching it up; applications, techniques & technologies
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Agenda
Definitions of Switching How are switching decisions made both electronically and optically?
Define a structure to aid understanding of the topic
Describe the Taxonomy chosen in the GMPLS Architecture draft
The primary application areas for optical switching
Protection switching, Optical Add-Drop Mux, OXC, Burst/Packet switch
The primary switching techniques Lambda switching, Optical Burst, Optical Packet
An incomplete list of switching technologies
A look at selected technologies
Matching it up; applications, techniques & technologies
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Your Basic Electronic Switch
Space Switching
Direct a packet, cell or timeslot from an input port to an output port
Input port
Output port
Electronic switchfabric or backplane
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Your Basic Optical Switch
Space Switching
Direct a beam of light from a given input port to a given output port
Input port
Output port
Optical backplane
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Electronic vs Optical Switching
Data FCSIPS IPDL1L2L3MACD MACS
In an Ethernet Switch we use the MAC address to make a
switching decision
In an IP switch (ie. router) we use the Destination IP address tomake the switching decision
In an MPLS LSR we use the outmost label in the stack to make a
switching decision
In a Lambda Switch we use the value of the wavelength to make
a switching decision
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Electronic vs Optical Switching
Data FCSIPS IPDL1L2L3MACD MACS
In an Ethernet Switch we use the MAC address to make a
switching decision
In an IP switch (ie. router) we use the Destination IP address tomake the switching decision
In an MPLS LSR we use the outmost label in the stack to make a
switching decision
In a Lambda Switch we use the value of the wavelength to make
a switching decision
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Electronic vs Optical Switching
Data FCSIPS IPDL1L2L3MACD MACS
In an Ethernet Switch we use the MAC address to make a
switching decision
In an IP switch (ie. router) we use the Destination IP address tomake the switching decision
In an MPLS LSR we use the outmost label in the stack to make a
switching decision
In a Lambda Switch we use the value of the wavelength to make
a switching decision
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Electronic vs Optical Switching
In an Ethernet Switch we use the MAC address to make a
switching decision
In an IP switch (ie. router) we use the Destination IP address tomake the switching decision
In an MPLS LSR we use the outmost label in the stack to make a
switching decision
In a Lambda Switch we use the value of the wavelength to make
a switching decision
Demux
Detector 4
Detector 3
Detector 2
Detector 1These detectors are
wideband, and so the
Demux must create
a spatial separation
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Marketing Goes Wild
In the past 2 years, adding the word optical to any
of your products was a surefire way to add to your
stock price
So Marketings depts. got to work
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OEO Switch
Pro: Known technology
3R regeneration for free
Opportunity for
Sub-lambda grooming
Statistical multiplexing
Con: Moores Law scalability limits
Not bit-rate transparent
Not service/protocol transparent
Optical
Electronic
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OOO Switch
Pro: Optical scalability
Bit-rate transparent
Service/protocol transparent
Con: Emerging technologies
Lambda granularity
BER monitoring is hard
Uses amplification, notregeneration
Optical
Electronic
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OEO-O-OEO Switch!!!
Pro: Combines scalability of optics
with 3R regeneration andwavelength translation ofelectronics
May allow BER visibility
Can choose this as an optionper-port
Con: Increased complexity over both
designs
Still doesnt allow stat muxing or
grooming
Optical
Electronic
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Agenda
Definitions of Switching How are switching decisions made both electronically and optically?
Define a structure to aid understanding of the topic
Describe the Taxonomy chosen in the GMPLS Architecture draft
The primary application areas for optical switching
Protection switching, Optical Add-Drop Mux, OXC, Burst/Packet switch
The primary switching techniques Lambda switching, Optical Burst, Optical Packet
An incomplete list of switching technologies
A look at selected technologies
Matching it up; applications, techniques & technologies
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A Basic Structure to understand optical
switching
A 3-part structure
Application areas The purpose for which we will use this switch will have a critical impact
on the features & properties we expect of it
Techniques
How is the switching decision made? In other words, on what basis isthe traffic directed through the switch?
Switching implies muxing as well as directing, so how does the muxingwork?
Technologies Switches need a backplane, or at least some way to connect the input
port to the output port. What technologies are available to do this?
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What Is Optical Switching
In the context of GMPLS?
Must match expectation with product capability, AND
work within limitations of legacy equipment Packet-Switch Capable Interfaces (PSC)
Time-Division Multiplex Capable Interfaces (TDM)
Lambda Switch Capable Interfaces (LSC)
Fibre-Switch Capable Interfaces (FSC)
Routers, ATM
Switches, LSRs
SONET/SDH
ADMs & DXCs
DWDM OADMs
& OXCs
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Packet-Switch Capable (PSC)
Interfaces that recognise bits
recognise packet or cell boundaries
can make forwarding decisions based on the content of the
appropriate MPLS header (eg. shim, VPI/VCI, DLCI)
are capable of receiving and processing routing & signallingmessages on in-band channels
Examples:
Interfaces onRouters, ATM Switches, Frame
Relay switches that have been enabled with an
MPLS control Plane
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Time-Division Multiplex Capable (TDM)
Interfaces that recognise bits
recognise repeating, synchronous frame structure
forward data on the basis of a timeslot within structure
are capable of receiving and processing Control Plane
information sent in-band with the synchronous frames
Examples:Interfaces onSONET/SDH Add-Drop Mux (ADM),
Digital Cross-Connect (DXC), Terminal Mux ,
OEO Optical Add-Drop Mux, OEO Optical Cross-
Connect (OXC)
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Lambda-Switch Capable (LSC)
Interfaces that do not need to recognise bits, or frames
forward light streams on the basis of their wavelength, or range
of wavelengths (waveband)
are not assumed to be able to receive and process Control
Plane information on an in-band channel
Examples:
Interfaces onan all-optical Add-Drop Mux
(OADM), Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)
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Fibre-Switch Capable (FSC)
Interfaces that do not need to recognise bits, or frames
do not necessarily have visibility of individual wavelengths or
wavebands
forward data based on its position in real-world physical space
are not assumed to be able to receive and process ControlPlane information on an in-band channel
Examples:
Interfaces on photonic cross-connects that operate
only at the level of a fibre, an automated optical
patch panel, or a protection switch
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What Do We Call The Circuits?
A packet/cell-switched LSR call it an LSP
A SONET/SDH device might call it a circuit or channel
A DWDM device might call it an Optical Channel Trail
A Fibre Switch might call it a fibre path?
In the context of GMPLS, all of thesecircuits will be referenced by a common
name: Label Switched Path (LSP)
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Maintaining Consistency
End Users /
Applications
IP
SDH
Photonics
Access
Any LSP must begin and end on
the same kind of device (eg. PSC-
PSC, TDM-TDM, etc.)
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Agenda
Definitions of Switching How are switching decisions made both electronically and optically?
Define a structure to aid understanding of the topic
Describe the Taxonomy chosen in the GMPLS Architecture draft
The primary application areas for optical switching
Protection switching, Optical Add-Drop Mux, OXC, Burst/Packet switch
The primary switching techniques Lambda switching, Optical Burst, Optical Packet
An incomplete list of switching technologies
A look at selected technologies
Matching it up; applications, techniques & technologies
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All-Optical Switch Applications
Optical Core
Metro Optical Ring
1 x 2
Protection
Switch
OpticalAdd-Drop
Mux
OpticalCross
Connect
(Future) All-
optical packet
switch
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What Do These Switches Do?
Protection switch
Allows us to protect an individual fibre connection by failing over to abackup fibre assuming some condition (eg. loss of signal) is met
OADM Generally used in ring-based systems to add or drop connections
OXC The crossroads of the optical network. Used as an interconnect device
between rings, or to create optical mesh backbones.
Lambda Switch Optical Burst Switch (OBS)
Optical Packet Switch (OPS)
Lets take a closer look at these
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Agenda
Definitions of Switching How are switching decisions made both electronically and optically?
Define a structure to aid understanding of the topic
Describe the Taxonomy chosen in the GMPLS Architecture draft
The primary application areas for optical switching
Protection switching, Optical Add-Drop Mux, OXC, Burst/Packet switch
The primary switching techniques Lambda switching, Optical Burst, Optical Packet
An incomplete list of switching technologies
A look at selected technologies
Matching it up; applications, techniques & technologies
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The Two Really Difficult Things In All-
Optical Switching
1: We are using all-optical in order to scale to very high speeds.
But how do we electronically*read bits at these speeds?
* Remember we cant build an optical CPU yet
2: Statistical muxing implies buffering. How do we store photons?
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Switching Techniques
Lambda Switching Manual
Dynamic
Optical Burst Switching
Optical Packet Switching
How does each technique work around The TwoReally Difficult Things?
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Manual Lambda Switchingaka Wavelength Provisioning
Each optical trail is set up, step by step, by Service
Provider NMS
OXC OXC
NMS
OADM
OXC
OADM
OXC
1
23
4
5
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Automatic Lambda Switching
Usually applies to protection switches
Failure trigger simple 1x2 path switch Failure criteria can include LoS (loss of signal),
BER or Digital Wrapper detection
Can apply to entire fibre, waveband or
wavelength
Metro Optical Ring
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How Do Manual & Automatic Lambda
Switching Overcome The Two Really Difficult
Things?
Q: How do we read bits at very high speeds?
A: We dont. Once the wavelength is set up, we just
switch the light. The switch never tries to interpret
bits within the stream of photons.
Q: How do we buffer traffic for statistical muxing?
A: We dont. Once the wavelength is established, it isused exclusively by one input stream, and no
statistical muxing is possible.
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Dynamic Lambda Switching
Edge devices signal to the optical network for a
wavelength to be established
OXC OXC
OADM
OXC
OADM
OXC
1: LSR-A signals for a
wavelength that
connects it to LSR-B
2: Optical network sets
up a wavelength path
3:LSR-B receives theconnection and data
data starts to flow
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How Does Dynamic Lambda Switching
Overcome The Two Really Difficult Things?
Q: How do we read bits at very high speeds?
A: We dont. The data plane is still service
transparent. The control plane can operate at a
much lower data rate.
Q: How do we buffer traffic for statistical muxing?
A: We dont. Once the wavelength is established, it isused exclusively by one input stream, and no
statistical muxing is possible.
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Switching On Wavelengths
1: Single-wavelength light enters the switch
2: A wavelength selection is made
3: Based on the wavelength selection, the light is switched to a
known output port
Note that a Lambda Switch does not read in-band address on light
1
2
3
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How do we measure a wavelength?
Conventional receivers are wideband, they are not
wavelength-selective Tuneable filters and receivers are appearing
We can choose a wavelength separation technology
that turns different wavelengths through differentangles Prisms, filters, gratings
We can send an engineer to change the component (slowswitching time)
We can choose a dynamic technology
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Dynamic Lambda Switching with GMPLS
Many selection technologies are based on static
wavelength muxing and demuxing All 1st generation DWDM
Dynamic data plane technologies must have a
corresponding dynamic control plane
The current proposal for a standardiseddynamic
control plane for optical switching is based on
Generalised MPLS
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Optical Burst Switching
Looks a lot like a Lambda Switch Network superficially
OBS OBS
OBS
OBS
OBS
OBS
1: LSR-A receives a burst of data
2: A connection setup message is
sent along the desired path
3: LSR-A buffers burst
4: Optical trail is established as
the message passes
5: Signalling is simplexburst is
sent along the trail without
confirmation that it is in place
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A Closer LookLambda Switch vs Optical Burst Switch
In a Lambda Switch (eg. GMPLS LSC interface) the goal is to be able to set up the wavelength in a matter of minutes
and the wavelength will stay in place until signalling tears it down (eg.
hours, weeks, years) signalling is quite traditional (ie. have time for reliable, duplex
handshake techniques)
Signalling can be entirely out of band (eg. Ethernet overlay)
In an Optical Burst Switch the goal is to set up the wavelength for the duration of a data burst
(note that 1MByte sent at 10Gbps takes less than 1ms)
the burst will be buffered by an electronic edge device while the
wavelength is being set up signalling has to be veryfast. No time for duplex handshakes.
Signalling may be out of band, but follows same topology as data
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How Does Optical Burst Switching Overcome
The Two Really Difficult Things?
Q: How do we read bits at very high speeds?
A: We dont. The data plane is still servicetransparent. The control plane can operate at amuch lower data rate, but must follow the path of the
data plane (eg. use Optical Supervisory Channel).
Q: How do we buffer traffic for statistical muxing?
A: By holding the burst at the ingress, and allowing forsetup processing delays it may be possible to build aswitch that does not need buffers.
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Why OBS?
Using OBS we can share a given wavelength in the
time domain Its a form of dynamic TDM for optical networks
We only use the wavelength for the time that we need it (plus the
time taken to set it up and release it)
We get a statistical gain on the efficiency of backbone
utilisation
We can try to avoid the Lambda Tax
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Optical Packet Switching
Looks similar to a router or MPLS network
OPS OPS
OPS
OPS
OPS
OPS
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A Closer LookOptical Packet Switch
Essentially the optical equivalent of an electronicpacket switch
An OPS will read the imbedded header information inthe Optical Packet, and use this information to make aswitching decision
Can be connectionless (use IP address), orconnection-oriented (use GMPLS label)
Problems: How do we read header information at very high speeds?
Remember Moores Law is much slower than optical capacityscaling
Packet switches need buffershow do we build an optical buffer?
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How Does Optical Packet Switching Overcome
The First Really Difficult Thing?
Q: How do we read bits at very high speeds?
A1: For a connectionless OPS network
We send the packet header in-band with the data, but at a lower
bit rate than the data
A2: For a GMPLS OPS network
We send signalling messages and the label headers on data
packets at a lower bit rate than the data
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How Does That Work?
Optical Packet
Label Optical Packet
1Gbps
10Gbps
ControlExamples: OSPF, ISIS routing messages;
RSVP-TE, CR-LDP signalling messages
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How Does Optical Packet Switching Overcome
The Second Really Difficult Thing?
Q: Do Optical Packet Switches need buffers?
A: Yes, theres no way around this one
OPS devices must make use of input buffers in orderto give address processing circuits the time to do
their job. Like Ethernet cut through switches that
had to buffer the first 64 bytes of the packet.
OPS devices must make use of output buffers so that
they dont drop packets
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Agenda
Definitions of Switching How are switching decisions made both electronically and optically?
Define a structure to aid understanding of the topic
Describe the Taxonomy chosen in the GMPLS Architecture draft
The primary application areas for optical switching
Protection switching, Optical Add-Drop Mux, OXC, Burst/Packet switch The primary switching techniques
Lambda switching, Optical Burst, Optical Packet
An incomplete list of switching technologies
A look at selected technologies
Matching it up; applications, techniques & technologies
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Candidate TechnologiesIncomplete list!
Bulk mechanical
2-D slow MEMS
3-D slow MEMS
Beam steering moving fibre
Beam steering moving image
2.5D slow MEMS
1-D fast MEMS
3-D fast MEMS
Electro-optic (bulk)
Electro-optic (waveguide)Thermo-optic (waveguide)
Gratings
Bubble
FTIR
Broadcast & selectWavelength routing
Shutter gating
Amplifier gating
Acousto-optic
Polarisation switching
There are new technologies
appearing all the time Old technologies are being
rediscovered as network
requirements and switchingtechniques evolve Eg. LiNbO3 switches (electro-optic
waveguide) for OPS
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Agenda
Definitions of Switching How are switching decisions made both electronically and optically?
Define a structure to aid understanding of the topic
Describe the Taxonomy chosen in the GMPLS Architecture draft
The primary application areas for optical switching
Protection switching, Optical Add-Drop Mux, OXC, Burst/Packet switch The primary switching techniques
Lambda switching, Optical Burst, Optical Packet
An incomplete list of switching technologies
A look at selected technologies
Matching it up; applications, techniques & technologies
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Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR)
Reflect or transmit at mechanically translated prism
interface
~25ms latency Good for simple 1x2
Can cascade
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Gratings & Circulators
What is a grating?
What is a circulator?
How can we combine these components to perform
switching or add-drop?
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Core
Cladding
Refractive Index of
Core (germanium
doped silicate) can be
varied by exposing toUltraviolet light (laser
approx 240 nm)
Periodic spacing produces
Bragg grating within fibre,the period can be precisely
determined by laser
Fibre Gratings
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Lambda 3 isselectively reflected
from Bragg structure
1
2
3
Fibre Gratings
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Can use circulators to
mux and demux
wavelengths onto fibre
Circulators
Ci l t d G ti
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Circulators and Gratings:Muxing
1 - 8Circulator
2 - 8
1
Fibre
Grating
1 - 84:1-8 now
muxed together
1: 7 lambdas from
previous stage
2: One new lambda
to be added
3: Grating is
reflective to 1
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Holographic Switches
Control Electrodes
"A piece of glass"
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Holographic Switches
Control Electrodes
"A piece of glass"
Electrode causes hologram of
Bragg Grating to appear
This grating is
selective for Red
wavelength
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Holographic Switches
Control Electrodes
"A piece of glass"
Electrode causes hologram of
Bragg Grating to appear
This grating is
selective for Red
wavelength
This grating is
selective for Yellow
wavelength
W id S i h
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Waveguide SwitchesThermo-Optic and Electro-Optic
Waveguide
Input port
Control point
Output #1
Output #2
W id S it h
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Waveguide SwitchesThermo-Optic and Electro-Optic
Output #1
Light Enters
1: Light enters. 50% of light follows northern path, 50% follows southern path
2: Arriving at Point X, each light path will have followed a slightly different path
length, and will create interference pattern
3: Result of the interference is that light is switched to Output #1
Point X
50%
50%
W id S it h
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Waveguide SwitchesThermo-Optic and Electro-Optic
Output #2
Light Enters
1: We now apply a control signal to northern path, refractive index is
changed, which changes the effective velocity of light in this path2: Interference at Point X changes
3: Light is now switched to Output #2
Point X
50%
50%
W id S it h
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Waveguide SwitchesThermo-Optic and Electro-Optic
Most common material is Lithium Niobate
Limited to 2-port devices, more ports means more stages
Crosstalk at each stage
Control may be applied thermally Changes refractive index through temperature dependence
Relatively slow change
Becomes complex to maintain temperature (Peltier cooler vs electronic
heater with temperature feedback lock)
Control may be applied electrically Electric field causes change in refractive index
Can be very, very fast (ns)
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An AWG is like a prism
Entry wavelength decides the route through the
grating
Possible technology for wavelength multiplexing and
demultiplexing
Can be combined with a fast-tuning laser to create a
switch
Space Switching Mechanism
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
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Inbound Port
Tuneable Laser
B
C
D
E
A
AWG
Space Switching Mechanism
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
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Space Switching Mechanism
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
Inbound Port
Tuneable LaserC
D
E
A
AWG
B
Tune to "red"wavelength, optical
packet exits at Port B
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Space Switching Mechanism
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
Inbound Port
Tuneable LaserC
EAWG
Tune to "blue"wavelength, optical
packet exits at Port D
D
A
B
A d
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Agenda
Definitions of Switching How are switching decisions made both electronically and optically?
Define a structure to aid understanding of the topic
Describe the Taxonomy chosen in the GMPLS Architecture draft
The primary application areas for optical switching
Protection switching, Optical Add-Drop Mux, OXC, Burst/Packet switch The primary switching techniques
Lambda switching, Optical Burst, Optical Packet
An incomplete list of switching technologies
A look at selected technologies
Matching it up; applications, techniques & technologies
To Home In On Req irements
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To Home In On Requirements
we must specify the application areas for the switch I will focus on the 4 main application areas mentioned
Two major criteria will then drive the choice oftechnology Ability to scale to large port counts
The speed at which this technology can switch Definition: If a switch has multiple states (A, Bn), the
reconfiguration time is the time required to change (and stabilise)
from one state to another
A
B
n
.
.
.
X
Requirements for Techniques
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OXC
OADM
10ns 1s 1 ms 1 s
Reconfiguration Speed
10,000
1000
100
10
1
Port Count
Requirements for Techniques
Packet
Switch
Protection
Switch
Burst
Switch
Requirements vs Technologies
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OXC
OADM
10ns 1s 1 ms 1 s
Reconfiguration Speed
10,000
1000
100
10
1
Port Count
Requirements vs Technologies
Packet
Switch
Protection
Switch
Burst
Switch3D
Slow
MEMS
2D Slow
MEMS
Bulk
Mechanical
LC Grating
3D Fast
MEMSFast Electro-
optic
Tuneable
Laser
Thank You
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Thank You
Weve made a CD of The Laypersons Guide to Optical
Networking available free of charge. Register for this CD at
http://secure.marconi.com/protected/EMEA/octo/
Note: We dont give your details to our Marketing Dept.
Email me at: [email protected]