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An Open-Economy DSGE Model with Nontradables and Remittances Ruperto Majuca, Ph.D. Lawrence Dacuycuy, Ph.D. De La Salle University, Manila Philippine Economic Society (PES) 52 nd Annual Meeting Intercontinental Hotel, Makati November 14, 2014

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Outline Introduction Theoretical Structure Estimation and Results Concluding Remarks

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Background, 1 Traditional PH models (equation-by-equation OLS, ECM) NEDA QMM PIDS Ateneo (AMFM), others Simultaneity bias, exogeneity issue Estimates are biased and inconsistent Increasing sample cannot cure bias in estimates Lucas (1976) critique Coefficient estimates are not policy invariant Lucas: conclusions and policy advice based on these models are invalid and misleading

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Background, 2 Post Lucas critique. Now standard: modern, dynamic quantitative economics Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE models) Microfoundations Explicitly specify behavior of rational agents Market clearing, rational expectations, dynamics Bayesian estimation techniques: Priors plus Bayesian updating via Kalman filter; Markov Chain Monte Carlo

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Specify the model (consumers, firms, etc.) First-order conditions; these are expectational stochastic difference equations Stationarize/detrend Steady state of the model Log-linear deviations from the steady state Linear rational expectation model Bayesian estimation Dynare Analysis and interpretation, policy implications DSGE Cookbook

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Adolfson, Laseen, Linde, Villani (JEDC 2008, JIE 2007) Acosta, Lartley, Mandelman (JIE 2009) Money in the utility function Consumption habits Capital and investment adjustment costs Sticky prices and wages Open-economy: exports, imports, exchange rate, etc. Remittances, Dutch disease Theoretical Structure

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Households, 1

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Households, 2

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Households, 1

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Households, 2

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Households, 3

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Households, 4

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Firms, 1

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Firms, 2

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Firms, 3

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Firms, 4

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Government and Central Bank,

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Aggregate Resource Constraint, +

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Remittances,

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Loglinearized Model, 1,

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Loglinearized Model, 2,

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Loglinearized Model, 3,

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Loglinearized Model, 4,

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Loglinearized Model, 5,

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Loglinearized Model, 6,

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Impulse Response of Total Remittances, 1 An unexpected increase in interest rates may increase remittances. The link between shocks to monetary policy and output is negative, which may partly explain why the initial impact on remittances is positive

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Impulse responses to monetary policy shock

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Impulse Response of Total Remittances, 2 An exogenous increase in govt spending will reduce remittances The link between govt spending and output is positive, which may partly explain why the initial impact on remittances is negative Over time, as the impact of the govt spending shock diminishes, remittances will be increasing

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Impulse responses to a government spending shock

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Impulse Response of Total Remittances, 3 Foreign variables also affect remittances. Consider foreign inflation shock. A positive shock will result in an increase in remittances. It certainly is more favourable in countries where monetary policy aims to maintain price stability. In contrast, the effect of foreign output shocks is to reduce remittances.

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Impulse responses to a foreign inflation shock

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Impulse responses to a foreign output shock

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Impulse Response of Remittances, by Components, 1 Sector specific stationary technological shocks appear to have divergent effects on remittance components. A positive shock in the tradable sector appears to induce increases in all remittance components. On the other hand, if the shock emanates from the nontradable sector, robust negative effects are observed instead. Unit root technological shocks robustly cause a decline in countercyclical.

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Impulse responses to a stationary tradable sector specific technology shock

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Impulse responses to a stationary nontradable sector specific technology shock

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Impulse responses to a unit root technology shock

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Impulse Response of Remittances, by Components, 2 When there is a positive government spending shock, all remittance components are affected negatively. As expected, a consumption preference shock will increase remittances via its procyclical and countercyclical components but the effect diminishes quickly. The strategic component does not react positively to such as shock at all.

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Impulse responses to a consumption preference shock

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Impulse responses to a labor supply preference shock

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Impulse Response of Remittances, by Components, 3 Investment specific shocks indicate that the positive over-all effect on total remittances come consistently from the strategic component. The Figure shows that there is a very sizable increase in remittances after the occurrence of the shock. Mark up shocks in the tradable goods sector induce a reduction in strategic remittances but causes an increase in countercyclical remittances.

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Impulse responses to an investment specific shock

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Impulse responses to domestic (tradable) markup shock

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Concluding Remarks In this paper, we augment the existing Open Economy DSGE model of ALLV by distinguishing the nontradable and tradable sectors and including remittances. This makes our model more stylized given the fact that the Philippines remain as one of the top remittance receiving countries in the world.

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Concluding Remarks We estimated the dynamics of various macroeconomic variables after individually considering exogenous shock processes. We focused our analysis on the response of remittances on shock processes. This is an important undertaking because of the role remittances play in stabilizing foreign exchange markets and providing support to economic activities involving households and firms.

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Concluding Remarks While the model appears to capture fairly well some stylized facts, we recognize that there are some inadequacies. First, the paper did not define a stochastic process for remittances. Second, the impulse response functions, while informative, were based on stochastic simulation methods, not actual data. Third, the model made the assumption that while there are two sectors with their own production processes for their respective intermediate goods firms, there is only one real wage which implies total labor was the one considered.

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Concluding Remarks Fourth, the model assumes that households have access to capital markets, which may not be reflective of the real situation as other households can be classified as rule of thumb households. Fifth, the model does not integrate the financial markets and its various agents, thereby ignoring financial frictions as one probable cause of economic fluctuations.