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It is a device which

displays opaque materials

by shining a bright lamp

onto the object or image.

The light reflected off the

image is focused with

mirrors, prisms and lenses

to project the image onto a

screen or wall.


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An opaque projector was originated as Pinhole Camerato Camera

Obscura. Apinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens and with a single

small aperture. Light from a scene passes through this single point andprojects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box.

Acamera obscura use a lens rather than a pinhole because it allows a

larger aperture, giving a usable brightness while maintaining focus.

Principle of pinhole camera Camera obscura


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On the 4th century BCE

Greeks such as Aristotleand Euclidwrote on naturally-occurringrudimentary pinhole cameras.

Aristotle Euclid

On the 5th century BCE

The Mohist philosopher Mo Jingin ancient China founded theprinciples of pinhole camera.

He called his camera as a collecting plate or locked

treasure room.

Mo-Ti


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In 10th-century CE

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) publishedthis idea in the Book of Opticsin1021 CE.

He improved on the camera afterrealizing that the smaller thepinhole, the sharper the image(though the less light).

He provides the first cleardescription for construction of acamera obscura. (Latin word; Darkchamber).

HisBook of Opticswas translatedinto a Latin byFriedrich Risnerandwas printed in 1572.

Book of Optics

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)

(965-1039)


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In the 13th century CE

Robert Grosseteste and RogerBacon commented on thepinhole camera.

Robert Grosseteste made somecontribution to camera obscura

with his investigation to optics.

Grosseteste's work in optics wasrelevant and would be continuedby Roger Bacon.

Robert Grosseteste

(1175-1243)


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Roger Bacon made a studies ofoptics in part five ofOpusMajusin 1267. Heinvestigated

the properties of the magnifyingglass.

His research in optics was primarilyoriented by the legacy of

Alhazen through a Latintranslation.

He was the first in the west to fullydescribe a magnifying glass. Thisled to the creation of eyeglasses

in Italy around 1286.

Optic studies by BaconOpus Majus

Roger Bacon


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On 15 century CE

Leonardo da Vinci (14521519 AD)described camer'a obscura inCodex Atlanticus. (1502).

This work contains manydescriptions and diagrams,illustrations and sketches of boththe camera obscura and of themagic lantern.

Camera obscura illustration


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In 16th century CE

Gemma Frisius, and Giambattista dellaPortawrote on the pinhole camera,explaining why the images are upside down.

Reinerus Gemma Frisuis made studies of asolar eclipse projected into a dark room wasthe first documented use of a pinholecamera in history.

Gemma-Frisius'sillustration of the solar eclipse . He observed in Louvain on January 24, 1544.

He published 'De Radio Astronomica Et Geometrico in1555

This pinhole camera drawing is an excellentillustration of a camera obscura and the workings of apinhole image.

Reinerus Gemma Frisuis

(1508-1555)


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Giambattista della Porta addedconvex lenses to the pinhole camerato magnify an object and to make asharper projected image.

Giambattista della Porta perfectedthe camera obscura with its XVIIBook of the "Magiae Naturalis" inthe study of mirrors.

He first coined the word ObscurumCubiculum in chapter IV.

Giovanni Battista Della Porta and JohnBaptist Porta. (1535-1615).

"That by night an image may seem to hang in achamber."

"It is also possible, using flat mirrors, to see thingsthat are happening in far-off places . . .

Porta explains, "For the image is let into the eyethrough the eyeball just as here through the

window".


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On 1568

DANIEL BARBARO (1514 - 1570)

This Venetian nobleman andarchitect describes the use of abiconvex lens in the cameraobscura in his book

La Practtica Della Perspecttiva.

As did Porta, Barbaro suggested theuse of the camera obscura to thepainter. In describing the use ofthe convex lens, he shows thatthe image is much sharper and

can therefore be outlined by apen.

DANIEL BARBARO (1514 - 1570)


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On the early 17th century

Johannes Kepler, was aGerman astronomer whofirst used the term cameraobscura in 1604.

Kepler used a cameraobscura originally forastronomical applicationsin a tent he had set up

when he surveyed in Upper

Austria. Johannes Kepler


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On the 7th century

It is widely thought thatthe Dutch artist

Johannes Vermeer,whosefamous paintings include

the milk maiden, and thegirl with the pearlearring, used the cameraobscura to achieve detail

in some of his paintings.

Johannes Vermeer

(The girl with the pearl earring)

milk maiden


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Artist using a portable camera obscura

Camera obscura, from a manuscriptof military designs. Seventeenth

century,


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Camera obscura as drawing machine (tablemachine). Line drawing 1685

from Johann Zahn

Camera obscura as table machinewith mirror reflex device (SLR)

for comfortable tracing. Copperengraving 1769 from

G.F.Brander 'Drawing with the helpof a camera obscura', Augsburg


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On 18th century

Camera Lucida A lightweightdrawing aid that was patented1806 by British Scientist WilliamHyde Wollaston (1766-1828). It

was a "light room" consisting of arod to which a glass prism wasaffixed. The glass prism had twosides that reflected the scene at

which it was aimed.

William Hyde Wollason coined theterm Camera Lucida in 1807. This device was called the camera lucidadesigned in 1807.


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On 1850

A Scottish scientist by

the name ofSir DavidBrewster actually tookthe first photograph

with a pinhole camera.

Up until recently it wasbelieved that Brewsterhimself coined theterm "Pinhole" in "The

Stereoscope"

Some examples of photographs taken usinga pinhole camera.

Why me?


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camera obscura Opaque Projector


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If by light reflected, it is

an episcopic.

If the light traverses the

object, the projection issaid to be diascopic

Epidiascope, which was capable ofprojecting images of both opaqueand transparent images.

Episcope also known as a magic lantern,a device which displays opaque

materials by shining a bright lamp ontothe object from above.


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