An Introduction to Operating Systems

By

MD. Sakawat Hossain

114 121 012

Outline

• Definition• Evolution of OS• Types of Operating Systems• Operating System By Proprietary• Various Kinds Of OS

Definition

An Operating System, or OS, is low-level software that enables a user and higher-level application software to interact with a computer’s hardware and the data and other programs stored on the computer.

An OS performs basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as printers.

Other Services

Program Execution OS provides an environment where the user can conveniently run

programs. The user does not have to worry about memory allocation or CPU scheduling. 

I/O Operations Each program requires input and produces output. The OS hides

some of the details of the underlying hardware for such I/O. All the user sees is that the I/O has been performed, without those details.  

Communications There are instances where processes need to communicate with

each other to exchange information. It may be between processes running on the same computer or running on different computers. The OS provides these services to application programs, making inter-process communication possible, and relieving the user of having to worry about how this accomplished.

Application programs and OS

Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run.

The choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications a user can run.

For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a part of the operating system.

Similarly, the UNIX operating system has commands like CP and MV to copy and rename.

Evolution of OS:

• The evolution of operating systems went through seven major phases.

• Six of them significantly changed the ways in which users accessed computers through the open shop, batch processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal computing, and distributed systems.

• In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent programming were developed and demonstrated in model operating systems.

(Cont…)

Evolution of OS (cont..):Major Phases

Technical Innovations

Operating Systems

Open Shop The idea of OS IBM 701 open shop (1954)

Batch Processing

Tape batching,First-in, first-out scheduling.

BKS system (1961)

Multi-programming

Processor multiplexing, Indivisible operations, Demand paging, Input/output spooling, Priority scheduling, Remote job entry

Atlas supervisor (1961),Exec II system (1966)

(Cont…)

Evolution of OS (cont..):Timesharing Simultaneous user

interaction,On-line file systems

Multics file system (1965),Unix (1974)

Concurrent Programming

Hierarchical systems, Extensible kernels, Parallel programming concepts, Secure parallel languages

RC 4000 system (1969),13 Venus system (1972),14 Boss 2 system (1975).

Personal Computing

Graphic user interfaces OS 6 (1972)Pilot system (1980)

Distributed Systems

Remote servers WFS file server (1979) Unix United RPC (1982)24 Amoeba system (1990)

UNIX UNIX was one of the first operating

systems to be written, in 1971.

Advantages of UNIX

Multitasking – multiple programs can run at one time.

Multi-user – allows more than a single

user to work at any given time. This is accomplished by sharing processing time between each user.

Safe – prevents one program from accessing memory or storage space allocated to another program, and enables file protection, requiring users to have permission to perform certain functions, such as accessing a directory, file, or disk drive.

Types of Operating Systems

Batch Processing

Real-time

Single User

Multi-Tasking

Multi-User

Embedded

Batch Processing Operating System

• In a batch processing operating system interaction between the user and processor is limited or there is no interaction at all during the execution of work. Data and programs that need to be processed are bundled and collected as a ‘batch’ and executed together.

• Batch processing operating systems are ideal in situations where:– There are large amounts of data to be processed.– Similar data needs to be processed.– Similar processing is involved when executing the data.– The system is capable of identifying times when the processor is idle

at which time ‘batches’ maybe processed. Processing is all performed automatically without any user intervention.

Real-time Operating System

• RTOS are used to control machinery, scientific instruments, and industrial systems. 

• There is typically very little user- interface capability.

• Resources are managed so that a particular operation executes precisely the same every time.

Single User Operating System

• A single user OS as the name suggests is designed for one user to effectively use a computer at a time.– Example: MS-DOS

AmigaOSClassic Mac OSWindows 1.0Windows 2.0Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1x Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows ME

Multi-Tasking Operating System

• An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time.

– Example: Unix

Windows 2000

Multi-User Operating System

• A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and different times.– Example:

Linux

Unix

Windows 2000

Embedded Operating System

• An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system

• It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.

Operating System By Proprietary

•  Acorn Computers•  Amiga Inc.•  Apollo Computer•  Apple Inc.•  Atari• Fujitsu• Google• Green Hills Software

• IBM• Microsoft• Scientific Data

Systems (SDS)

Various Kinds Of OS Microsoft Windows

DOS (Disk Operating System)

OS/2

Linux

Mac OS

AmigaOS

NOS (Network Operating System)

WebOS (Web operating system)

Personal digital assistants (PDAs)

Smartphone's and Mobile phones OS

Microsoft Windows

• Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.

• Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

Microsoft Windows (Cont..)

• Versions:– Early versions

• Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, and Windows 2.1x

– Windows 3.0 and 3.1– Windows 95, 98, and Me– Windows NT family

• 64-bit operating systems

– Windows CE– Future of Windows

Microsoft Windows 1.0

• Microsoft Windows 1.0 is a 16-bit graphical operating environment, developed by Microsoft Corporation and released on November 20, 1985.

• It was Microsoft's first attempt to implement a multi-tasking graphical user interface-based operating environment on the PCplatform.

Windows 2.0

• Windows 2.0 is a 16-bit Microsoft Windows GUI-based operating environment that was released on December 9, 1987 and is the successor to Windows 1.0.

Windows 2.1x

• Windows/286 2.10 and Windows/386 2.10 were released on May 27, 1988, less than a year after the release of Windows 2.0. These versions can take advantage of the specific features of the Intel 80286 and Intel 80386 processors.

Windows 3.0

• Windows 3.0, a graphical environment, is the third major release of Microsoft Windows, and was released on May 22, 1990. It became the first widely successful version of Windows and a rival to Apple Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga on the GUI front. It was followed by Windows 3.1.

Windows 3.1

• Windows 3.1  released on April 6, 1992, includes a TrueType font system (and a set of highly legible fonts), which effectively made Windows a viable desktop publishing platform for the first time

Windows 95

• The initial design and planning of Windows 95 can be traced back just after the release of Windows 3.1. to around March 1992

• It was released on August 24, 1995

Windows 98

• Windows 98 (codenamed Memphis) is a graphical operating system by Microsoft. It is the second major release in the Windows 9x line of operating systems.

• It was released to manufacturing on May 15, 1998 and to retail on June 25, 1998. Windows 98 is the successor toWindows 95

Windows Me

• Windows Millennium Edition, or Windows Me is a graphical operating system released on September 14, 2000 by Microsoft

• It was the last operating system released in the Windows 9x series.

Windows NT

• Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993. It was a powerful high-level-language-based, processor-independent, multiprocessing, multiuser operating system with features comparable to Unix.

• The first release was NT 3.1 (1993)–  NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), NT 4.0 (1996),

and Windows 2000,

64-bit operating systems

•  Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support the x86-64  architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005.

•  Windows Vista (x86 and x64 editions)• The modern 64-bit (Windows 7

and Windows Server 2008)

Windows CE

• Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones

• current Windows CE 7.0.

Future of Windows

• windows 8(consumer preview)

Windows 8 is the next version of Microsoft Windows, a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablets, and home theater PCs. The release to manufacturing (RTM) was announced for August 2012, and Windows 8 will be available to users starting October 26, 2012

Dos

•  MS-DOS • PC-DOS • DR-DOS • FreeDOS • PTS-DOS• ROM-DOS

MS-DOS

• MS-DOS short for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid 1990s, until it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in particular by various generations of the Microsoft Windows operating system.

IBM PC DOS

• IBM PC DOS (full name: The IBM Personal Computer Disk Operating System) is a DOS system for the IBM Personal Computer and compatibles, manufactured and sold by IBM from the 1980s to the 2000s.

Digital Research, Inc.

• DR-DOS– DR-DOS (DR DOS, without hyphen up to

including v6.0) is an MS-DOS-compatible operating system for IBM PC-compatiblepersonal computers, originally developed by Gary Kildall's Digital Research and derived from Concurrent PC DOS 6.0, which was an advanced successor of CP/M-86. As ownership changed, various later versions were produced as Novell DOS, Caldera OpenDOS

FreeDOS

• FreeDOS is an operating system for IBM PC compatible computers. FreeDOS is made up of many different, separate programs that act as "packages" to the overall FreeDOS Project. As a member of the DOS family, it provides mainly disk access through its kernel, and partial memory management, but no default GUI (FreeDOS 1.1 was released on 2 January 2012; many of the packages making up FreeDOS are updated or added to frequently.

PTS-DOS

• PTS-DOS is a disk operating system, a DOS clone, developed in Russia by PhysTechSoft.

• PhysTechSoft was formed in 1991 in Moscow, Russia by graduates and members of MIPT, informally known as PhysTech. At the end of 1993, PhysTechSoft released the first commercially available PTS-DOS as PTS-DOS v6.4. The version numbering followed MS-DOS version numbers, as Microsoft released MS-DOS 6.2 in November 1993.

ROM-DOS

• ROM-DOS was introduced in 1989 as an MS-DOS compatible operating system designed for embedded systems. It includes backward compatibility build options allowing compatibility with specific versions of MS-DOS

OS/2

• OS/2 is a series of computer operating system, initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later developed by IBM exclusively. The name stands for "Operating System/2," because it was introduced as part of the same generation change release as IBM's "Personal System/2 (PS/2)" line of second-generation personal computers. The first version was released in December 1987 and many newer versions were released after, until December 2001

Linux

• Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released 5 October 1991 by Linus Torvalds

Mac OS

• Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface-based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computer systems. The original form of what Apple would later name the "Mac OS" was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 with the original Macintosh, usually referred to simply as the System software.

AmigaOSVersions:– AmigaOS 1.0-

3.9 (Motorola 68000)

– AmigaOS 4 (PowerPC)

• AmigaOS is the default native operating system of the Amiga personal computer. It was developed first by Commodore International, and initially introduced in 1985 with the Amiga 1000.

NOS

• A networking operating system (NOS), also referred to as the Dialoguer is the software that runs on a server and enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.

• The network operating system is designed to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), aprivate network or to other networks.

Windows Server 2003

• Windows Server 2003  is a server operating system produced by Microsoft, released on April 24, 2003. An updated version, Windows Server 2003 R2, was released to manufacturing on December 6, 2005.

Windows Server 2008

• Originally known as Windows Server Codename "Longhorn“

•  officially released on February 27, 2008

WebOS

• Web operating system are terms that describe network services for Internet scale distributed computing, as in the WebOS Project at UC Berkeley and the WOS Project.In both cases, the scale of the web operating system extends across the Internet, like the web.

• Chrome OS• G.ho.st• eyeOS• DesktopTwo• YouOS• Browser OS• Glide OS• iCloud• Joli OS

Personal digital assistants (PDAs)

• A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop computer, or personal data assistant  is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. PDAs are largely considered obsolete with the widespread adoption of smart phones

• Symbian OS• iOS• Windows CE

Symbian OS

• Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) and computing platform designed for smartphones and currently maintained by Accenture

• The Symbian platform is the successor to Symbian OS and Nokia Series 60; unlike Symbian OS, which needed an additional user interface system

• Symbian OS was originally developed by Symbian Ltd.

iOS

• iOS (previously iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Unlike Microsoft's Windows CE (Windows Phone) andGoogle's Android, Apple does not license iOS for installation on non-Apple hardware.

• As of June 12, 2012, Apple's App Store contained more than 650,000 iOS applications, which have collectively been downloaded more than 30 billion times.

• It had a 23% share of the smartphone operating system units sold in the first quarter of 2012, behind only Google's Android.

Smartphone's and Mobile phones OS

• BlackBerry OS• Embedded Linux

– Access Linux Platform– Android– Mobilinux– MotoMagx– webOS

• PEN/GEOS, GEOS-SC, GEOS-SE• iOS• Palm OS• Symbian• Windows Mobile 

BlackBerry OS• BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile

operating system, developed by Research In Motion (RIM) for its BlackBerry line of Smartphone handheld devices.

Embedded Linux

• Embedded Linux is the use of Linux in embedded computer systems such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants, media players, set-top boxes, and other consumer electronics devices, networking equipment, machine control, industrial automation, navigation equipment and medical instruments.

Android

• The Android logo, featuring a stylized green robot.

• The version history of the Android operating system began with the release of the Android beta in November 2007

• Android is a Linux-based operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It is developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google

– ice-cream sandwich 4– honeycomb 3

ice-cream sandwich 4

• The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1, was publicly released on October 19, 2011. Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time. The source code for Android 4.0 became available on November 14, 2011. The update introduced numerous new features, including

honeycomb 3

• On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36. The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011. Changes included

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Any Question ?

Types Of OS

Single User

Windows 2.0

Windows 2.1x

Windows 3.0

Windows 3.1

Windows CE

BlackBerry OS