AN INTRODUCTION 17/05/2015 PACT EAC PROJECT: AN INTRODUCTION 1 By Julien Grollier

AN INTR

ODUCTION

18/04/23

PACT EAC PROJECT: AN INTRODUCTION 1By Julien Grollier

INTRODUCTION

THE PACT EAC PROJECT

PACT EAC stands for “Promoting Agriculture-Climate-Trade linkages in the East African Community”

It will build the capacity of EAC stakeholders to implement sound policies to harness the potential of trade in reducing poverty and hunger in the face of climate change.

18/04/23 PACT EAC PROJECT: AN INTRODUCTION 2

A 3-year project (2011-2014) undertaken by CUTS International Geneva and regional partners in the five EAC member countries, i.e. Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.

Two separate but synergetic segments for human and institutional capacity building of EAC stakeholders.

A Project Advisory Committee (PAC) will supervise the implementation of the project and provides guidance and feedback .

Implemented by In partnership with With funding support from

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURE

1. Why this project ?

2. Segment One : Capacity Building for adaptation Objectives Policy Research Training Advocacy

3. Segment Two : EAC Geneva Forum Objectives Implementation

4. Networking: Building a critical mass of actors

5. Work plan


WHY

THIS

PROJE

CT?


1.

WHY THIS PROJECT?

EAST AFRICANS: HUNGRY FOOD PRODUCERSRain-fed agriculture is the mainstay of EAC countries’ economies

80% East Africans rely on agriculture for their living, mainly smallholders

Countries dependent on agriculture sector for revenue, employment and food security

The region has a huge potential and capacity to produce enough food for regional consumption

and a large surplus for export to the world market

Paradoxically, about 4 in 10 East Africans are undernourished.

WHY THIS PROJECT?

EAST AFRICANS: HUNGRY FOOD PRODUCERSSome reasons:

Climate-reliant, low agricultural productivity: High variability in production due to high variability of weather; frequent extreme weather events;

Markets and Trade: Low producer prices making agriculture less remunerative; Uncertainty in income flows due to price volatility in agricultural commodities; Inadequate food trade between surplus and deficit areas

Infrastructure & Technology: Low levels of technology adoption by smallholder farmers (fertilizer, improved seeds etc.) ; Inadequate infrastructure such as transport, communications, storage and processing facilities leading to high post harvest losses etc.

Policy & Institutions: Inadequate and weak farmer’s institutions incapable of supporting a vibrant agricultural sector; Inadequate institutional support to livestock and fisheries

Information: Inadequate flow of information on the adverse climate change impacts and actions to the producers

INTRODUCTION

PROJECTED EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN EAST AFRICA

Sub-Saharan Africa is likely to face above average global warming, leading to dryer

dry months and wetter wet months.

Climate change will change the pattern and magnitude of precipitation leading to

changing patterns of agricultural production and trade.

This will worsen the food security situation

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY INDEX 2011Source: Maplecroft

CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY INDEX 2011Source: Maplecroft

WHY THIS PROJECT?

WHY THIS PROJECT?

PROJECTED EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN EAST AFRICA

Unpredictable rainfalls: more floods and droughts destructing crops or reducing productivity, leading to food shortages. Increased extreme weather events.

Water shortages: Kilimanjaro glacier will disappear by 2020; sea-level rise leading to changed ecology of coastal areas; river flow declining; all this leading to water scarcity for drinking, irrigation and hydropower ;

Less food production: Less supportive conditions for the production of current staple food crops; warmer lake waters altering eco-systems and unsuitable for many fish species.

Food insecurity: lower and unpredictable production and productivity; higher food prices due to shortages ;

Changing production patterns and increased relevance of trade: Trade patterns will change as production patterns change; East Africa will probably have to import more food as a result of climate change.

Need for adaptation and mitigation policies to cope with these challenges

WHY THIS PROJECT?

ADAPTATION MEASURES: THE POTENTIAL OF TRADE

Reducing Climate-induced Food insecurity

Freer trade in goods: greater production efficiencies; lower prices ;

Freer trade in services: affordable acquisition of technology, infrastructural services and knowledge that can improve competitiveness

Food imports: Increased availability and affordability of staple food, but poses other challenges

Export-led growth: Increased livelihood options and demand for labour and business opportunities in transport, processing, trading, etc; Generation of export revenue from non-food products will facilitate food imports for food scarce regions; Niche export crops are labour intensive and create new livelihoods for poor producers despite climate change

Multilateral rules: WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) allows expenditure by developing country governments to maintain food security stocks (not treated as a subsidy)

WHY THIS PROJECT?

MITIGATION MEASURES: THE POTENTIAL OF TRADE

Contributing to climate change mitigation

Encouraging trade in organic products,Facilitated access to energy-efficient transportation, Reducing GHG emissions by increasing regional tradeIncrease the availability of resources and technologies to plan and implement mitigation and adaptation policiesEtc.

Need to increase knowledge of trade-climate change linkages in the region

WHY THIS PROJECT?

TRADE: RELATED RISKS

Effects of increased trade

Increased exports can disproportionately affect subsistence farmers, mostly women

Lower revenues through customs duties might reduce resources to deal with food security and climate change challenges

Trade liberalization measures might lead to immediate increase in imports rather than exports

Can directly contribute to larger greenhouse gas emissions

WHY THIS PROJECT?

TRADE: POLICY CHALLENGES

Multilateral rules

Subsidized food production in OECD countries are allowed by the WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and can depress international food prices

discourages investment in EAC food production cheap food imports can displace domestic production, particularly by small and

subsistence farmers.

No mandatory provision against export prohibitions in AoA, whereby a country willing to ensure domestic food security impacts that of other countries negatively

Strict global standards for patents and lack of protection of bio-diversity, genetic resources and traditional knowledge under the TRIPs Agreement

can potentially impede the transfer of required mitigation/adaptation technologies to EAC countries at affordable prices.

EAC countries need to participate effectively in the WTO to redress these challenges.

WHY THIS PROJECT?

EAC INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

EAC countries have strived to develop regional policies to deal with these challenges, including:

EAC Common Market Protocol, which entered into force in July 2010. It provides for free movement of labour, goods, services, capital, and the right of establishment within the EAC.

Preparations towards the establishment of an East African Monetary Union by 2012

The EAC Food Security Action Plan (2011-2015), which serves as a guide to the implementation and actualization of the regional food security objective

The EAC Climate Change Policy, which is being implemented

A Climate Change Master Plan and Strategy is being prepared

WHY THIS PROJECT?

REMAINING GAPS

Lack of holistic policies

No regional policy addresses all three issues in an inclusive manner

Limited capacity of the EAC Secretariat to comprehensively examine climate change, food security, and trade issues, and hence to develop adequate and holistic policy responses in consultation with relevant stakeholders

Knowledge and advocacy gaps

Trade-climate change linkages in the region are little understood and need to be investigated

Existing information about the interface between food security-climate-trade need to be better disseminated to stakeholders in the EAC

WHY THIS PROJECT?

REMAINING GAPS

Lack of multi-stakeholder participation

Region-wide, multi-stakeholder networks that are crucial for this endeavour have not been fully developed

Lack of coordination at the WTO

Although EAC countries are active participants in international trade and are members of the WTO, they do not formally coordinate their negotiating positions

Geneva-based delegates lack direct connections to the grassroots in their countries

WHY THIS PROJECT?

ADDRESSING THE GAPS

Segment One Segment TwoBuilding the capacity of EAC stakeholders to cope with the challenge of climate change on food security through trade

A Bi-Monthly Forum for Substantive Support of EAC Geneva missions and Grassroots Linkages

Increasing knowledge of stakeholders

Increasing capacity of stakeholders to develop adequate policies

Better stakeholder interactions for coordinated responses

Facilitating development and implementation of regional policies and plans by the EAC Secretariat

Facilitating the capacity of EAC Geneva mission delegates for a well-informed and active participation in the WTO

Improving linkages between EAC Geneva missions and the grassroots in the region

More inclusive and coherent approach to trade and related issues by relevant stakeholders


Buildin

g the

capac

ity o

f EAC s

take

holder

s to

cope

with

the

chal

lenge

of clim

ate

chan

ge on fo

od sec

urity

thro

ugh trad

e


SEGMENT

ONE2.

SEGMENT ONE: CAPACITY BUILDING OF EAC STAKEHOLDERS

Awareness-raising and advocacy to disseminate knowledge and information among the stakeholders on the issue with a view to persuading them regarding the need to adopt adequate and holistic policies and strategies

Awareness-raising and advocacy to disseminate knowledge and information among the stakeholders on the issue with a view to persuading them regarding the need to adopt adequate and holistic policies and strategies

Training of stakeholders to build their capacities to understand and deal with climate change impact on food security including through tailored trade policies and measures

Training of stakeholders to build their capacities to understand and deal with climate change impact on food security including through tailored trade policies and measures

Policy research on issues related to trade, food security and climate change in the EAC, including on trade policy and trade politics to fill the current knowledge gaps

Policy research on issues related to trade, food security and climate change in the EAC, including on trade policy and trade politics to fill the current knowledge gaps


6 research studies

Training manuals and materials 3 regional training workshops 10 national training workshops

12 Policy Briefs 30 advocacy messages targeted at key

stakeholders Media releases

ACTIVITIES AT A GLANCE

Networking among stakeholders


POLICY RESEARCH

Why ?to fill the knowledge gaps on climate change-food security-trade linkages among the stakeholders in the EAC.

How ?6 teams of 3 national researchers, experts in all the three areas, will build upon and synthesise existing research, before undertaking field research in collaboration with relevant research institutions (e.g. FARA, CCAFS)

Research Outputs5 country studies 1 regional study on trade policy and trade politics and its relationship with climate change and food security issues in the EAC.

SynergiesThe research outputs will be used for other outputs: short advocacy documents to increase the understanding of all stakeholders; training materials for the training workshops



20

POLICY RESEARCH : OBJECTIVES

Identifynegative and positive elements of climate change that hamper or enhance food security in the countries

negative and positive elements of trade in goods and services that hamper or enhance adaptation to climate change

positive linkages where trade can minimize the negative impacts of climate change on food security

Analyseinteractions of climate-trade-food-security policies currently in place in the EAC countries

Recommendconcrete policy recommendations that help to adapt and to mitigate climate change-induced food security challenges by employing trade


TRAINING

Why ?to increase the technical capacities of a critical mass of stakeholders to deal with these issues, including through appropriate policy formulation and implementation.

How ?Expert partners will develop training materials, with inputs from project research. These will be used in national and regional training workshops conducted in collaboration with local partners. Training materials will also be made available to other organizations for use in their respective training programmes.

Training Outputs 3 regional training workshops10 national training workshops with help from local partnersTraining Manuals and Materials



ADVOCACY

Advocacy Outputs:

12 Policy Briefs

Action alerts

Media releases

Why?

to disseminate knowledge and information about climate change-food security-trade linkages among the stakeholdersto persuade about the need to adopt adequate and holistic policies and strategies.To communicate about relevant aspects of the research findingsTo target the right stakeholders with the right messages

How?Short publications based on research outputs disseminated through local partners and the project networks to ensure greater outreach and impact.


A Bi-M

onth

ly F

orum

for S

ubstan

tive

Support a

t the

WTO

and G

rass

root

s Li

nkages

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SEGMENT

TWO3.

SEGMENT TWO: THE EAC GENEVA FORUM

AN EAC FORUM IN GENEVA


Delegates from Geneva-based WTO missions of EAC countries will meet once every two months at CUTS Office

Any issue identified by stakeholders

Identification and follow-up of action points


FORUM OBJECTIVES


Improving the capacity of EAC Geneva mission delegates for a well-informed and active participation in the WTO

Improving linkages between EAC Geneva missions and the grassroots in the region

More inclusive and coherent approach to trade and related issues by relevant stakeholders, i.e. EAC Geneva missions delegates, EAC Secretariat, and stakeholders in EAC countries


PRINCIPLES



VISITS OF REGIONAL STAKEHOLDERS


Delegates from the region, including from the EAC Secretariat, will be invited to the Forum meetings around key WTO events

Better participation of regional and national policy-makers in international events

Better understanding of on-going work in Geneva

Opportunity to meet directly with their delegates and other stakeholders based in Geneva

Buildin

g a c

ritic

al m

ass

of a

ctor

s fo

r dea

ling w

ith th

e

chal

lenges

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NETWORKIN

G4.

NETWORKING: BUILDING A CRITICAL MASS OF ACTORS

BUILDING A CRITICAL MASS OF CONCERNED ACTORS


Networks involving all stakeholders for:

Wider impact of advocacy

Reflecting the concerns of all actors in all project activities

Building ownership over project recommendations

Effective information-sharing among them

Creating a platform that connects policy-makers with the grassroots

Regular events:

Regional Annual MeetingsNRG meetingsNational & Regional Training workshopsFinal International conference in Geneva


NATIONAL REFERENCE GROUPS (NRGs)


Networks composed of representatives from Academia, Business associations, Civil Society Organizations, Diplomatic missions in Geneva, EAC Secretariat, Farmers associations, Governments, Intergovernmental Organizations, Media, Public Sector

A multi-stakeholder NRG will be constituted in each project country, coordinated by the respective country partner

NRGs will be involved at all stages, including in:

2 NRG meetings per year in each country

Identifying research gaps and capacity building needs

Designing and reviewing research studies

Reviewing training programmes and materials

Participating in training workshops

Disseminating advocacy outputs and media releases


JOIN PACT EAC ONLINE!


www.cuts-geneva.org/pacteac

NRG members can meet on this interactive website and:

Create a profile

Find potential partners

Share documents

Create and participate in discussions

Create and participate in events

Advertise their work

Find the latest information about the project

Etc.

Wor

k under

take

n so

far a

nd mile

ston

es fo

r 2012


WORK P

LAN

5.

WORK PLAN

PROGRESS AS OF FEBRUARY 2012


GENERAL SEGMENT ONE SEGMENT TWO

Building the capacity of EAC stakeholders to cope with the challenge of climate change on food security through trade

A Bi-Monthly Forum for Substantive Support of EAC Geneva missions and Grassroots Linkages

Launch cocktail with Geneva-based delegates

Partners contracted

4 communiqués released

Drafts research ToRs circulated

Training needs assessment questionnaire circulated

1st & 2nd EAC Geneva Forum meetings

National stakeholders attended WTO MC8

10 country update notes

2 regional update notes

WORK PLAN

2012 MILESTONES


01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 125 country studiesstart

5 country studiesstart

Project Inception Meeting

Regional Annual Meeting

Training Programme Finalised

Training Programme Finalised

5 NRG Meetings

5 NRG Meetings

PAC meeting

PAC meeting

EAC Forum

EAC Forum

EAC Forum

EAC Forum

EAC Forum

EAC Forum

5 country studiesfinalised

5 country studiesfinalised

Regional Study startRegional Study start

THANK YO

U | ASANTE

SANA

18/04/23 WITH FUNDING SUPPORT FROM SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

www.cuts-geneva.org/pacteac

Documents

AN INTRODUCTION 17/05/2015 PACT EAC PROJECT: AN INTRODUCTION 1 By Julien Grollier