An Experimental Investigation on Pervious Concrete by Using Furnace Slag and Recycled Coarse

Aggregate

J.Suganthan1, K.Vignesh

1, A.Sudhakar

1, Shabin Ashraf

1

B.E civil engineering Karpagam University

Guided by

Mr. V.Johnpaul2 M.E.,

Assistant professor Department of Civil Engineering Karpagam University

Coimbatore India

Abstract: Every human in the world need shelter in this

concrete plays a vital role in Construction and it found vast

around the world. Though it is composite material it does not

pass water through it. In this project deals with Concrete

which allows water to pass through named as Pervious

Concrete. Throughout this study we plan to add furnace slag

(supplementary cementations material) to increase the

binding properties and by replacing Natural aggregate with

Recycled Aggregate which Minimizes the need for disposal

by reducing dumping at landfills. The physical properties of

furnace slag, recycled aggregate were determined and

compared with the properties of natural fine and coarse

aggregate and found to be within the limits and satisfied.

Mechanical properties of previous concrete with 100%

replacement of coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate

have been done. Especially the parameters like permeability

test, compressive strength, abrasion resistance test, impact

test, flexural strength till breaking load which is made to be

compared with paver block and normal pervious concrete.

I. INTRODUCTION The concrete technology has made tremendous strides in past

decade. Concrete is now no longer a material consisting of

cement , aggregates , water and admixtures but it is an

engineered material with several new constituents. The

concrete today can take care of any specific requirements

under most different exposure conditions. The concrete today

is tailor made for specific applications and it contains several

different materials. The development of specifying the

concretes as per its performance requirements rather than the

constituents and ingredients in concrete has opened

innumerable opportunities for producer and user of concrete

to design concrete as per specific requirements. Development

Of A Sustainable Concrete Waste Recycling System Yasuhiro Dosho November 2006 Accepted January 2007 has stated

that the result of the study showed that recycled aggregate

concrete using the aggregate replacing method can acquire sufficient quality as structural concrete and precast concrete

products through material design based on the value of

relative quality method. Effect of Shape and Size of Aggregate on Permeability of Pervious Concrete A.K. Jain et-al December 2011 has stated

that the result indicates that permeability of pervious concrete vary as a function of angularity number of aggregates used. It is also found that for all sizes of course aggregates used in the study, aggregate with less angularity number produce mix having less permeability. Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregate G. Murali et-al March-April 2012 has stated that the RCA replaced mixes have greater water absorption and

porosity than normal mix but within the permissible limits. These properties can be modified by reducing the w/c ratio. The 100% replacement of NA by RCA in concrete mixture may effect on chloride ions resistance, if proper design is not

adopted. Evaluation of Structural Performance of Pervious Concrete in Construction S.O. Ajamu et- al May 2012. has

stated that the highest compressive strength obtained was

8.2n/mm2 and 10.8n/mm

2respective for 18.75mm and

9.375mm coarse aggregate sizes. These values fall within the

values stipulated by ACI 552R-10 (2.8N/mm2-28N/mm

2).

Pervious Concrete: New Era for Rural Road Pavement Drshan S. Shah et-al August 2013 has stated that the there is a considerable saving

in amount about 29 Rs / m3 or 193 Rs / m2 or 18 Rs / feet2 for construction of 1m * 1m * 0.15m size pavement. Use Of Blast Furnace Slag As An Alternative Of Natural Sand In

Mortar And Concrete Prem ranjan kumar Dr. Pradeep

kumar February 2015 has stated that the present study

alternatives of natural sand, blast furnace slag were evaluated

for their suitability of replacing natural sand for making

mortar and concrete. Blast furnace slag as by– product, which

is a non–biodegradable waste material from that only a small

percentage of it is used by cement industries to manufacture

cement. Mortar with proportions (1:4) for 0%, 25%, 50%,

75% and 100% replacement and concrete of M-20 and M-30

grades for 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement cube

were also prepared respectively. Application of Blast Furnace Slag Sand in Cement Concrete a Case Study M.S.

Rao and U. Bhandare November 2014 has stated that the this paper highlights a case study of Granulated Blast

Furnace Slag (GBFS/GBS) sand application as a partial

substitute of Crushed Stone Sand (CSS) in cement concrete The Effect Of Replacing Sand By Iron Slag On Physical,

Mechanical And Radiological Proporties Of Cement

Mortar Ahmed S. Ouda Hamdy A. Abdel-Gawwad

September 2015 has stated that the results of this

investigation indicated that the strength properties of mortars

increased significantly upon replacing sand partially by iron

slag. It was also observed that the inclusion of iron slag as

partial replacement with fine aggregate enhances the bulk

density of mortar.Evidently, the compressive strength

increased by about 22%, 10%, 15% 23% and 21% for 40%

replacement level of slag (M2) at curing ages of 3, 7, and 28

days.

II. MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN

A. MATERIALS The materials used in study are as follows:

Cement: Portland Pozzolana cement, 53Grade conforming to IS: 269 – 1976. Company name: Deccan. The chemical and physical properties of cement are presented in Table 1 and 2 respectively. Furnace slag from the waste of steel plant Company name: RANBA industries. Recycled aggregate concrete from, demolished

building, taking only 10mm sized aggregate

Pervious concrete has been done with usage of

cement and aggregate. But in this RCA and

furnace slag is used, this kind of mixture has not

been done, this is the first attempt, and furnace

slag as used for binding agent instead of super

plasticizers. Both materials are used for Eco

friendly.

Table 1

Chemical properties of cement

s.no Description Properties

1 Lime saturation factor Between 0.8 to

1.02

2 Ratio of percentage of alumina Not less than 0.66 oxide to that of Ion oxide

3 Insoluble residue(percentage by Not more than 3%

mass)

4 Magnesia (percentage by mass) Not more than 6%

5 Sulphuric anhydride Not more than 3%

(percentage by mass)

6 Total loss on ignition Not more than 4%

(percentage by mass)

7 Chloride content (percentage by Not more than .05

mass)

Table 2

Physical properties of cement

S.NO: TEST ON CEMEN RANGE CODE

MATERIAL T S BOOK

1 Fineness of 9% 7 to 14 IS 1489

cement %

2 Stand art 33% 30 to IS 1489

consistency 33%

of cement

3 Initial setting 30Min/5 5 to IS 1489

time of mm 7mm

cement

4 Final setting 600 Min IS 1489

time of

cement

Fig. 1 Sample of Recycled coarse aggregate

Recycled aggregates concrete in various countries are stated

here with their effects, on concreting work. In general,

present status of recycled aggregate in India along with its

future need and its successful utilization are discussed here.

Recycled coarse aggregate concrete using the aggregate

replacing method can acquire sufficient quality as structural

concrete through material design by using material

conforming to all related quality standards. Recycled fine

aggregate concrete, as well as recycled coarse aggregate

concrete, can also be designed by applying the value of

relative quality method. Therefore, it is considered

applicable as aggregate for use in precast concrete products.

With the adoption of the developed recycling system it is

possible to recycle concrete waste produced from the

demolition of buildings in a highly effective manner

reducing both recycling cost and environmental impact.

Furnace slag that is generated when iron ore is melted and

reduced in a blast furnace, and steelmaking slag that is

generated during the steelmaking processes used to modify

the components of iron.Blast furnace slag is a combination

of silica and other non-ferrous components of iron ore, ash

from coke used as a reducing material, and limestone

auxiliary material. Because its specific gravity is less than that of pig

iron, during the heating process the molten slag rises above

the pig iron allowing it to be easily separated and recovered.

Steelmaking slag is generated by the process that turns pig

iron produced by a blast furnace into tough and highly

workable steel. Converter slag is the oxidized material that

is generated when lime and other auxiliary materials are

added and oxygen is blown onto the pig iron in order to

remove carbon, phosphorous, sulfur, and other components

from the pig iron and refine it to produce strong steel.

Fig. 2 Sample of Furnace slag

Table 3

Table Natural sand and Furnace slag

S.NO: TEST ON NAURAL FURNACE

RANGES

CODE BOOK

MATERIAL

SAND SLAG

1 Specific gravity 2.74 2.925

2.4 to 2.9

IS:2386 (part 3)-

1963

2 Bulk density

RS-1.78 Kg/Cm3 Rs-2.086 Kg/Cm

3 1.280kg/cm

3to

IS:383-1970

Ls-1.62 Kg/Cm3 Ls-1.79 Kg/Cm

3

1.920kg/cm3

3 Dry density 2.13% 2.59% 0 to 8% IS:383-1970

4 Partical size 2.49% 3.08% 2.10 to 3.20% IS:383-1970

Table 4

Natural aggregate and Recycled aggregate

S.NO: TEST ON NATURAL RECYCLED RANGES CODE BOOK

MATERIAL AGGREGATE AGGREGATE

1 Specific gravity 2.541 2.8 2.4 to 2.9 IS:2386(part 3)-

1963

2 Bulk density RS-1.75 Kg/m3 Rs-1.80 Kg/m

3 1600-1870 IS:2386(part 3)-

Ls-1.57 Kg/m3 Ls-1.61 Kg/m

3 Kg/m

3 1963

1500-1680kg/

m3

3 Dry density 4.23% 4.86% 4 to 7.5% IS:2386(part 3)-

1963

4 Impact value 30.19% 34% 20-30%>35% IS:2386( part 4)-

1963

5 Abrasion value 3.5% 10.6% 1.65to 17.6 % IS:2386 -1963

B. MIXTURE PROPORTIONING

Each mixture consisted of furnace slag increasing 5%

to that of cement, recycled aggregate concrete 2 kg,

and cement 1 kg for a single zig-zag mould and water cement ratio is 0.37. This mixture is cured for 7 and

28 days Pervious concrete with furnace slag and RCA

mixture: These mixtures are presented in table.

Corresponding to the 5%, 10%. 15%, 20%, 25% addition of furnace slag as binding material

respectively.

C. SPECIMEN AND TESTS OF SPECIMENS 15 zig-zag mould of concrete 225x112.5x80 mm for compressive strength, flexural strength till breaking load, water absorption void ratio, 3 cylindrical mould of concrete 58x80 mm for abrasion resistance test

D. TEST OF SPECIMENS Casting, compaction and curing: Accomplished according to IS 15658 (2006) Compression strength test: concrete cubes were

prepared according to IS 15658 (2006). The UTM

was used for the compression test the cubes were

tested immediately after taken out of water while

they were still wet. The average of compression

strength of three mould was recorded for each

testing age Flextural strength till breaking load, permeability test,, abrasion resistance: mould prepare according to IS 15658 (2006)

Fig 3

Fig 4

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Compressive strength test: Compressive strength test for

the pervious concrete with recycled coarse aggregate and

furnace slag, gives satisfying result comparing with a paver

block and normal pervious concrete. 400 gram of furnace

slag gives strong bond to the mixture and maintains the

porous level of pervious concrete (17%). It may be weaker

than paver block but it is stronger than a normal pervious

concrete (10%). The graph shows the variation of strength

Table 5

s. no Cement RCA Furnace % of W/C

(kg/m3) (kg/m

3) Slag FS

(kg/m3)

1 1 2 100 5 .24

2 1 2 200 10 .29

3 1 2 300 15 .32

4 1 2 400 20 .37

5 1 2 500 25 .41

Flexural strength test: The results of the flexural strength

tests for the pervious concrete are illustrated. These results

show that flexural strength of pervious concrete with mixture

of recycled aggregate and furnace slag at each curing age is

prone to increase the concrete ratio in those mixtures. This

trend of adding furnace slag to the pervious concrete gives

additional strength between the aggregate and cement.

Therefore the bonding developed slightly with time. However

the flexural strength of the pervious concrete composites

compared similarly with those of pervious work

Fig 5

0

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30

40

1 2 3com

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specimen

7 day

paver block

perviousconcrete

with furnaceslag

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1 2 3com

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28 day

paver block

perviousconcrete

with fuenaceslag

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specimen

7 day

paver block

perviousconcrete

with furnaceslag

Fig 6

Dry density: The dry density of specimen represents the

experimental results related to dry density. The mould of size

80mm height are prepared to investigate these properties. This

investigation should be carried out at the end of 28 days for

water absorption. Test result indicate that pervious concrete

made by 1:2 with 400 g of furnace slag concrete mix

proportion has more durability and water absorption. From the

experimental results following conclusion were found out, 10 mm size gravel 1:2 with 400 g of furnace slag mix proportion

made with OPC has more water absorption percentage value (1.08%) compared to other and similarly.

IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the experimental data received after a wide range of

sample with different proportion of furnace slag following conclusion were made. The compressive strength of concrete is increased by adding furnace slag to it. Non-furnace slag mixture with increase in waste furnace slag at all curing ages it leads to increase in adhesive strength between the surfaces. The flexural strength value of furnace slag also increase above the non-furnace slag concrete The optimum percentage of furnace slag is found to be 20% and maintaining the void ratio (15% to 30%) we have 17%. The strength in all the tests is found to be 10% more than the non-furnace slag specimen. However, the compression strength of normal pervious

concrete’s strength is quite lower than pervious concrete with

furnace slag. Even though, PCFS allows rain water to percolate through it, it doesn’t suits for traffic pavement. In

adding to this it minimizes the landfills.

REFERENCES 1. Yasuhiro Dosho November 2006 Accepted January 2007 Development of A Sustainable Concrete Waste Recycling System - journal of advanced concrete technology volume 5 no 1,27 - 42 2. A.K. Jain DRDecember 2011 Effect Of Shape And Size Of Aggregate On Permeability Of Pervious Concrete

3. American Concrete Institute. 2006. “Pervious Concrete”, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, 522R-06 Committee, Farmington Hills, MI.

4. Schaefer VR, Wang K, Sulieman MT, Kevern JT. Mix Design Development for Pervious Concrete in Cold Weather Climates. Final Report,

Iowa Department of Transportation. National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa Concrete Paving Association. February 2006, 85. 5. Tennis PD, Leming ML, Akers DJ. Pervious Concrete Pavements. EB302 Portland Cement Association Skokie Illinois and National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Maryland: Silver Spring; 2004. 6. Neville A.M., Properties of Concrete, Addison Wesley Longman

Limited, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex, CM20 2JE England 1996, Page

114.

7. Manoj Chopra, Marty Wanielista and Ann Marie Mulligan, “Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete Pavement” Storm water Managenent academy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, June 2006, 136. 8. Kevern JT. Advancement of pervious concrete durability. Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames (IA); 2008. 9. Study Of Recycled Concrete Aggregate G. Murali et-al March-April 2012. 10. Evaluation Of Structural Performance Of Pervious Concrete In Construction S.O. Ajamu May 2012. 11. Pervious Concrete: New Era for Rural Road Pavement Drshan S. Shah et- al August 2013 12. Use Of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Mr. Tushar R Sonawane et-al December 2013 2008. 13. IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963, Indian Standard, Method of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, (Part I); Particle Size and Shape(Eleventh Reprints) Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India. August 1997. 14. IS: 2386 (Part III) – 1963, Indian Standard, Method of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, (Part III); Specific Gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption and Bulking, (Eighth Reprint) Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India. March 1997. 15. IS: 2386 (Part IV)- 1963, Indian Standard, Method of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, (Part IV); Mechanical Properties, (Tenth Reprint) Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India. March 1997. 16. Jain A.K., Chouhan J.S., "Pervious concrete pavement: meeting environmental challenges", Proceedings of the international conference on concrete construction, Exxcellance in Concrete Construction through Innovations, Kingston University, London UK, 9-10 September 2008, Page

553-558. 17. Jain A.K., Chouhan J.S., Dongre Ashish, "Pervious Concrete: An Environmental Friendly Material For Sustainable Development", Proceeding of the International Seminar, Sustainable Concrete Construction Organised By India Chapter of American Concrete Institute, 8-10 February, 2008. 18. Sri Ravindrarajah R. and Aoki Y. (2008),“Environmentally friendly porous concrete”, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Advances in Concrete and Construction, Hydrabad, India, Feb 2008. 19. Test and Properties of cement were taken from the code book conforming-IS 1489, IS: 269 – 1976 20. Test and Properties of Recycled aggregate and natural aggregate were taken from the code book conforming - IS: 2386 (Part 4, 3)-1963 21. Test and Properties of Natural sand and Furnace slag were taken from the code book conforming - IS: 383-1970 22. Tests taken from the code book conforming Casting, compaction and curing- IS 15658 (2006) 23. Flexural Behavior Of Reinforced Concrete Beam With And Without GBFS (Granulate Blast Furnace Slag)

Authors: Dr. Ramadevi. K, Johnpaul. V, Publication Date: 2014

Journal: International Journal Of Applied Engineering Research Issn: 0973- 4562 Volume: 9 Issue: 24 Pages: 28401-28407 Publisher: Reserve India Publication 25. Experimental investigation on behaviour of Nano concrete Dr.N. Balasundaram Publication date: March – April 2016

Journal: International Journal of civil engineering and technology Volume: 7

Issue: 2

Pages 315- 320

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26.Anaerobic digestion of Municipal soild biodegradable wastes for methane production Dr. M.Natarajan Publication date: Dec 2016

Journal: International Journal for Research in Applied Science &

Engineering Technology (IJRASET) Volume: 4

Issue: XII

Pages 208- 2