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Amorites
Hammurabi
Successful generalDefeated Sumerians and
Akkad around 1760 B.C.E
Helped his people conquer Mesopotamia
A famous Babylonian Monarch
Created one of the first empires by uniting Mesopotamia under one ruler
Hammurabi
Improved the irrigation process of his empire
Strongly encouraged astronomy, mathematics, and literature
The Code of Hammurabi
Was created by Hammurabi
Code of Hammurabi
First known code of laws in ancient civilizationsUsed to keep order in the empire
Contained the concepts of “an eye for an eye” or “lex talionis”Established rules for common issues
The Code of Hammurabi
Created standards for behavior
Created punishments
They were posted in the cities’ temple
Written in cuneiformHammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi
282 total laws
Written around 1786 B.C.E
Carved in forty-nine columns of stone tablets called stele
The Code of Hammurabi
Addressed topics such as civil, commercial, family, and criminal laws
Some laws showed favoring towards higher social classes
“If a man strikes the cheek of a freeman who is superior in rank to himself, he shall be beaten with 60 stripes with a whip of ox-hide in the assembly”
Impact of Ideas
Many later documents used ideas from the Code of Hammurabi
When the Kassites conquered Babylon and controlled Mesopotamia they still used Hammurabi’s Code
Established the authority of the government for Babylon and other societies
Impact of Ideas
Some historians suggest that many aspects of the Bible include borrowed ideas from Hammurabi’s Code
The 10 Commandments
Levitical Law contains the concept of an eye for an eye
The laws of Melchizedek (the land that the Bible said God told Abraham to live on)
Culture
Spoke language related to Hebrew
Wrote on clay tablets
Cuneiform writing
Culture
Elaborate palaces and temple buildings
Art and architecture were influenced by other Mesopotamian cultures
Culture
Worshiped Sumerian gods
Told Sumerian myths and tales
Created a new god they worshipped
Marduk
The Epic of Gilgamesh was created and contributed to religion
Social Institutions
Split up into 2 groups: traders and workersSociety of farmers, free citizens, and
merchantsPriests served gods and cared for the welfare
of his subjects.
Social Institutions
Monarchy
Became more powerful
Used power to collect taxes and make a strong army
Strong central government needed a set of laws to keep order(Hammurabi's Code)
Social Institutions
Instead of city-states they created one big kingdom
Their most famous king was Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi set up the rules for each social class.
Government
Based on Sumerian civilization
Relied on sun god: Marduk
Ruler was Hammurabi
Hammurabi’s Code gave empire order
Economy
Traded with Canaan and Anatolia Reflected art and agriculture Traded cloth for gold
Human Environment Interactions
Kingdoms
• Division into kingdoms replaced city-states of Sumerians
• Kings chose the land people were given and which land would be dedicated to farming
Human Environment Interaction
Farmland
Grew wheat and barelyCreated better
irrigation systemsDomesticating animalsCreating better roads
and improving wheels led to population growth
Cooperation and Conflict
Sumerians fell and Mesopotamia went in a conflicted era
Amorites traveled into Mesopotamia, and recreated their civilization but with improvements
Cooperation and Conflict
The fall of the Amorites was called the Dark Age
Kassites took over and the language of the Amorites faded into the south of Mesopotamia
Location
the Amorites lived in Canaan and in the Eastern part of the fertile crescent
http://www.jesuswalk.com/joshua/images/amorite-map.gif
Social Classes
2 forms of slaves – (Wardu)- Debtors working for freedom- Prisoners of War/ women + children sold to pay a debt
Slaves were occasionally sold to pay labors
Social Classes cont.
2 forms of free citizens- Higher (Anilu)- Lower (Mushkenu)
Military + civil services are under free citizens
Nobles and rulers are the final rung
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16653/16653-h/img/23.jpg
Geography
In the Western part of Mesopotamianow known as Arabia
Hot and dry climate in the summer; cold and wet in winter
Fertile land, major waterways to help with trade
Also the Mountain range Jebel BishiriBuilt around the Euphrates
Technology/ Inventions
Centralized government
A new God (Marduk)
Established the 1st dynasty
1st written code of laws
Cooperation and Conflict
Nebuchadnezzar led a revival in 1000 BCEAgum I took over Babylon after the Hittite ruleSamsu-ditanna was the last kingTraded with every city-state in the Euphrates
river valley
Governmental ideas
1st set of written lawsHad one central city-state, BabylonDivisions of kingdoms eliminated city- statesDevelopment of personal ownership/ private
propertyPriests didn’t control the economy anymore
Social Institutions
Religion- Worshipped the Moon god(Sin) + Amurru- Amurru is possibly where they got the name
Amorites - Believed in an after life - Believed their king was a god
Government - Scribes kept track of everything- Hereditary Monarchy
Social Institutions Cont.
Schools (Tablet School)- Children began school at age 8 or 9- Had schools for scribes- Took 12 years- Mostly boy students- Senior students helped the
teacher/expert
Cultural development
Bronze began to be used
Passed on stories orallyex.) “Epic of Gilgamesh”
Looked at monarch as a god Religion was part of their everyday culture
Individuals
Hammurabi:- Wrote the 1st code of laws- Very one gender sided- Created a man based society- Women became slaves and household objects- Changed laws everywhere
EconomicsWas controlled by priest
Changed hands with Hammurabi’s rule
Trade thrived in this area because:- Large cities- Their geographical location (rivers)
http://www.bible-history.com/sketches/ancient/nebuchadnezzar-inscription.jpg
Impact of Ideas
Freed certain people from taxes
Switched from independent city-states to kingdoms made up of city-states
Changes in the economic system - control shifted from religious leaders to
king/government
Fun Facts!
Famous for Hammurabi’s CodeHittites conquered the Amorites then left,
then the Kassites came and occupied the territory
First to inhabit Canaan + Babylonia areaEstablished first Babylonian dynastyJebel Bishiri – Syria named after the Amorites
Introduction
•Amorites were also known as the Old Babylonians who were mountainous people and warriors
•The Amorites ruled the empire from 1900-1600 B.C.E known as the Old Babylonian Period
•They were a group of Semites that gained control of Mesopotamia after the fall of the last Sumerian dynasty
Location• In the fertile crescent
•Occupied the area west of the Euphrates River
•Babylon was the capitol of the Amorite Empire
•The area the Amorites occupied included the cities:
Location cont.
•Occupied modern-day Syria
•Northern area was composed of hills and plains
•It was fertile because of rivers flowing down from the mountains
•Southern area had marshy areas and desolate plains
LanguageLanguage
•Amorites used the Akkadian language as their spoken language
•Used cuneiform for many of their documents
•Used the Sumerian language as their religious language
Religion
• Polytheistic
• They adopted the Sumerian religion
• Main god was Marduk which is the only god that they imported
• Did not care about life after death
• Focused mainly on life itself
Important Individuals
•Hammurabi: the sixth ruler of Babylonia, who created the first set of written laws
•Gilgamesh: legendary king discovers the secret of floods and defies the gods
•Samsu-Ditana: last king of the First Babylonian Dynasty
Social Classes
•Social Pyramid:
•Noblemen
•Commoners
•Women
•Slaves
•New kings came to rule:
•Many people were freed
•New societies
• Hammurabi’s Code
• The famous Venus Tablets of Ammis aduqa
• The Epic of Gilgamesh• Gilgamesh searched for immortality
• Learned from the only man who survived a great flood
created by the gods
• Gilgamesh also conquered the demon, Huwawa, who lived in
the cedar forest
• Gilgamesh wanted Cedar Wood and encountered the
Huwawa and killed it
WritingWriting
TechnologyTechnology
Adopted many of the Sumerians’ technological advancements:
•Wheel
•Boat/Ships
•Metallurgy
•Irrigation Systems
MathematicsMathematics
•Helped with trade and records
•Developed multiplication and exponents
•Tablets recovered including signs of:•Fractions•Algebra•Quadratic Equations•Cubic Equations•Pythagorean Theorem
Arts/ArchitectureArts/Architecture
•Had an abundance of mudbrick
•Built temples supported by buttresses
•Use of brick led to the early development of pilaster and column
•Walls were brilliantly colored and plated with zinc or gold
•Assyrians adopted later on
Wars
•Always prepared for wars
•Wars rarely occurred
•War against Gibeon:
•5 kings of Amorite marched together to attack Gibeon
•Felt threatened by Gibeon’s wealth, power, and
military status
•They attacked Gibeon
•Gibeon survived b/c of King Joshua’s cunning plots
and tactics
Government
• Established a bureaucracy: a system of government
• Were first to have a set of laws which was Hammurabi’s Code
• Hammurabi’s Code was written around 1792-1750 B.C.E.
Effect on Mesopotamia
•Changed city-states into kingdoms
•Men, cattle, and land ceased to belong to the gods or the temples and kings
•Brought lasting repercussions in its political, social and economic structure
Bibliography
www.angelfire.com/va3/violingirl/amorites.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoritehttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/AMORITES.HTM
http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch01.htmhttp://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/
world_cultures/middle_east/amorites.aspx http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/AMORITES.HTMhttp://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/
b1hammurabi.htmhttp://www.lawbuzz.com/ourlaws/hammurabi/
religion.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi
Sources
“Amorites.” Amorite. Wikipedia. November 5, 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorites>
“Geography.” Geography. The British Museum. November 4, 2008 <http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/geography/home_set.html>
“Mathematics.” Babylonia. Wikipedia. November 13, 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonians#Mathematics>
“Old Babylonian Period.” Babylonia. Wikipedia. November 4, 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonians#Old_Babylonian_period>
“Technology.” Babylonia. Wikipedia. November 8, 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonians#Technology>
The Amorites. November 11, 2008 <http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/AMORITES.HTM>
Bibliography
"Amorites." High Beam Encylopedia. 2008. 10 Nov. 2008 http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1e1-amorites.html. "Amorites." Phoencia.org. 2008. Phoencia Enclylopedia. 9 Nov. 2008 http://phoenicia.org/amorites.html. "The Amorites, Phoenicians, and Hebrews." 10 Nov. 2008 http://www.egyptorigins.org/amorites.htm. "The Amorites." World History Center. History World International. 10 Nov. 2008 http://history-world.org/amorites.htm. "Ancient Babylonia Geography." Bible History. 10 Nov. 2008 http://www.bible-history.com/babylonia/babyloniageography.htm. "Ancient Hodgepodge." Fun Trivia. 10 Nov. 2008 http://www.funtrivia.com/en/subtopics/ancient-hodgepodge-149254.html. Hooker, Richard. "Mesopotamia." 1996. World Civilizations. 10 Nov. 2008.