“SCOPE OF FINANCING MARINE FISHERY”

A Report Submitted to

Ishan Institute of Management & Technology, Greater

Noida as a part fulfillment to full time Post Graduate

Diploma in Finance management.

Submitted To: Submitted By:

DR. D K GARG AMIT DATTA BANIK

CHAIRMAN, ENR NO.FMR 2001

IIMT, GR. NOIDA PGDM (FINANCE)

BATCH: 14th

ISHAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

1A, Knowledge Park-1, Greater Noida, Dist.-G.B.Nagar (U.P.)

Website- www.ishanfamily.com

E-mail- Ishan_coporate@yahoo.com

1

PREFACE

There are number of forces that make marketing an endlessly changing activity. The

constantly changing activity sociological, psychological and political environment

may represent the uncontrollable marketing factors. To understanding these factors in

a better way marketing research is of utmost importance.

This Project Report has been submitted in Partial fulfillment of my management

Program, Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDFM) from State

Bank Of India in “scope of financing in Marine Fishery” The objective of my project

was “to learn the work in State bank of India and how it works in different sectors

other than its Banking Sector”.

.

2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This project has been prepared as a part of an internship required during the

completion of PGDFM programme at IIMT, Gr.Noida (U.P).

I was involved with STATE BANK OF INDIA,KOLKATA for a period of 60 days,

and I came across a lot of officials who devote their time and effort towards

acclimatizing me to the workings of their organization.

I express my heartiest gratitude to Mr. Ashish Kumar Roy(Deputy General Manager-

RB) and my guide Dr.Binoy Ranjan Das (Asstt.General Manager(Admn-Howrah),

who was there to introduce me to the idea of Marine fishery and what goes behind it.

Also under his guidance and leadership I was able to enhance my inter-personal

skills.

I would also like to extend thanks to Mr.Subhas Ranjan Banik(A.G.M.,Portblair,

Md. Badrul Hasan-A.G.M.- (rural business unit), Kolkata),Mr.S.B.Nath-A.G.M-

(MBPM),Mr.R.C. Basu-A.G.M.-(premises & Estate), - LHO,kolkata,Mr.Dilip Kr.

Roy(Branch Manager- portblair), Mr. Biswanath Halder(Manager-agri),Mr.Digbijoy

Halder(Chief Manager-CSC-portblair),Mr. Barun Kr. Das(Chief Manager-operation-

portblair),Dr.Parimal Paruya(O.M.R.-Kakdwip), Mr.Nitai Roy(Technical Officer-FS-

LHO) for their guidance in the selection of the project,its study and preparation of the

report.

I would also like to wish a special thanks to my faculty guide Mr. T.K. GUHA

without whose guidance this project would have been a distant dream.

These past 60 days were of utmost importance as they added value towards my path

of knowledge.

I would like to end this acknowledgement by thanking the customers, at large with

whom I have interacted during the course of my training.

Date- Signature

3

DECLARATION

The summer training project on “SCOPE OF FINANCING MARINE FISHERY”

under the guidance DR. B.R.DAS is the original work done by me. This is the

property of the institute & the use of this report without prior permission of the

institute will be considered illegal and actionable.

Signature:

DATE:

AMIT DATTA BANIK

ENR NO. FMR 2001

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. PARTICULAR PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 6

CHAPTER – 2: COMPANY PROFILE 14

CHAPTER - 3: INDUSTRIAL PROFILE 20

CHAPTER – 4:  MARINE PRODUCTS 28

CHAPTER – 5: FISHING METHODS 45

CHAPTER—6: MODEL PROJECTS 57

CHAPTER – 7:DETAIL STUDY OF A&N ISLAND 135

CHAPTER – 8: FISHERY POTENTIAL & EXPLOITION 141

CHAPTER – 9: EXPORT POTENTIAL 154

CHAPTER – 10: SCOPE OF DEEP SEA FISHING VESSELS 181

CHAPTER – 11: FINDINGS 183

CHAPTER – 12: FISHERY PROJECTS 196

WORDS OF THANKS 202

BIBLIOGRAPHY 204

 

5

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

FISHERY-A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through

fish farming or aquaculture

The term "fish"

■In biology – the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with a

backbone that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fins.

Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as fish are not fish in this strict

sense; examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish. In earlier

times, even biologists did not make a distinction - sixteenth century natural historians

classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles, even hippopotamuses, as well as

a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish.

Types of fisheries

Fisheries are harvested for their value (commercial, recreational or subsistence). They

can be saltwater or freshwater, wild or farmed. Examples are the salmon fishery of

Alaska, the cod fishery off the Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of the Eastern Pacific,

or the shrimp farm fisheries in China.

Close to 90% of the world’s fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to

inland waters. These marine catches have remained relatively stable since the mid-

nineties (between 80 and 86 million tonnes). Most marine fisheries are based near the

coast. This is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is easier than

in the open ocean, but also because fish are much more abundant near the coastal

shelf, due to coastal upwelling and the abundance of nutrients available there.

However, productive wild fisheries also exist in open oceans, particularly by

seamounts, and inland in lakes and rivers.

6

Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but increasingly fisheries are farmed. Farming can

occur in coastal areas, such as with oyster farms, but more typically occur inland, in

lakes, ponds, tanks and other enclosures.

There are species fisheries worldwide for finfish, mollusks and crustaceans, and by

extension, aquatic plants such as kelp. However, a very small number of species

support the majority of the world’s fisheries. Some of these species are herring, cod,

anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and

scallops. All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a million

tonnes in , with herring and sardines together providing a harvest of over 22 million

metric tons . Many other species are harvested in smaller numbers.

The world fish production from 1950 to 2005:-

7

Projected production(world fish production)

The following table shows the fish production in 2004 and projections for 2010 and

later simulation target years. All figures, other than percentages, are in million tonnes.

2000 2004 2010 2015 2020 2020 2030

Information

source

FAO

statistics

FAO

statistics

SOFIA

2002

FAO

study

SOFIA

2002

IFPRI

study

SOFIA

2002

Marine capture 86.8 85.8 86 86 87

Inland capture 8.8 9.2 6 6 6

Total capture 95.6 95.0 93 105 93 116 93

Fishing in india

The important marine fish are mackerel, sardines, Bombay duck, shark, ray, perch,

croaker, carangid, sole, ribbonfish, whitebait, tuna, silverbelly, prawn, and cuttlefish.

The main freshwater fish are carp and catfish; the main brackish-water fish are hilsa

(a variety of shad), and mullet.

India’s estimated marine resources potential is 3.93 million. The marine fish catch

was 2.81 million t, of which 63% was taken from the west coast and the rest from the

east coast. The fishing units consist of 208000 traditional craft, 55000 traditional

motorized craft, 1250 mechanized boats and about 100 deep-sea fishing vessels.

There are 3827 fishing villages and 1914 traditional fish landing centers. 79% of the

fulltime fishers and 72.3% of the part time fishers are from the coastal states and

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union territories. A wide range of fishing gears, including trawls,seines, lines, bag

nets, stake nets and lift nets are deployed.

WEST BENGAL FISH PRODUCTION

Year Fish production (million tonnes)

Marine Inland Total

1990-91 2.3 1.5 3.8

2000-01 2.8 2.8 5.6

2003-04 3.0 3.4 6.4

2004-05 2.8 3.5 6.3

2005-06 2.8 3.8 6.6

2006-07(P) 3.0 3.8 6.9

(Source: Economic Survey 2007-08)

Year Quantity (MT) Value (Rs.crores)

2001-02 424470 5957

9

2002-03 467297 6881

2003-04 412017 6092

2004-05 461329 6647

2005-06 512164 7245

2006-07 612641 8364

The quantum of marine products processed and exported and revenue thereof, during

the period 2001-02 to 2006-07, is as:

(Source: Annual Report 2007-08, Ministry of Food Production)

DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE FISHERIES IN INDIA- ROLE OF THE

FISHERY SURVEY OF INDIA

The Fishery Survey of India (FSI) surveys and assesses marine fishery resources in

India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to ensure optimum utilization and

sustainable development of these resources. The FSI is a part of the Department of

Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries in the Ministry of Agriculture. R & D in

fisheries in India perhaps began in 1946 with the establishment of the Deepsea

10

Fishing Station. It was meant to augment food supply through development of

deepsea fishing during the post-second World War. Beginning with just one vessel (a

mine sweeper converted to a trawler, S.T. Meena) and a few staff, the FSI by 1982

had 28 vessels of varying size operating from 12 bases. With the declaration of the

200 nautical mile EEZ during 1976, the Government of India started acquiring large

vessels to survey demersal, mid-water, pelagic and oceanic resources in the EEZ. In

1983, the FSI was reorganized and upgraded as a national institute with a new set of

mandates. Headquartered in Mumbai, the FSI has six zonal bases at Mumbai,

Mormugao, Kochi, Chennai,Visakhapatnam and Port Blair. It was recognized as a

science & technology institute in 1988. The institute’s sanctioned staff strength of 812

includes scientists, engineers, technicians and administrative staff. Development of

Marine Fisheries in India- Role of the Fishery Survey of India The FSI seeks to meet

the data needs of the Indian marine fishing industry for optimizing fishery production,

also for regulating resources conservation and environmental protection. Since its

inception, the institute’s vessels have engaged in demersal (bottom) trawling, mid-

water trawling, purse seining, tuna longlining and squid jigging. The present survey

fleet focuses on deepsea and oceanic resources and consists of 13 ocean-going vessels

of 30.5 - 40.5 OAL equipped with state-of-the-art equipment for navigation, fish

finding and resources survey. The FSI is a recognised Marine Data Centre under the

National Ocean Information System coordinated by the Department of Ocean

Development. It holds 50 000 electronic records; about 2 500 are added annually.

Scientists take part in survey cruises to collect data relating to fishery resources

distribution and abundance in space and time. They also collect biological information

and data on oceanographic parameters. The data collected are processed and

published in the form of charts, atlases, bulletins, etc. from time to time, catering to a

spectrum of data users. Apart from publications, the FSI disseminates findings

through workshops, seminars, open houses and exhibitions in different maritime states

to benefit fishermen, fishing boat operators, etc.

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OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE-

The objective of this project is to study:-

1) Find out the growth opportunities of Marine Fisheries

2) Climate condition effecting Fishing

3) Varieties of fishes to be consumed

4) To analyse the profitability of investment for the sake of financing in Marine

Fishery.

SCOPE

This project explores the possibilities of research and development in Marine Fishing

industry for increasing production and catching of fishes. This would facilitate trade

and promotion of export so as to ensure maximum return to the producer safeguarding

the interest of the workers and the consumers of the State & Union Territory and also

scope of extending finance in this sector.

The scope of this project is very high in Bengal like Digha, Sankarpur, Diamond

Harbour, Kakdwip and Andaman and Nikobor Island. There is a large scope of

financing in marine Fishery industry.

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METHODOLOGY:

During the time of preparation of my project report, i relied upon the followings:-

A) Preparation of survey schedule

B) Discussion with fishermen

C) Collection of data

D) Analysis of data

For collecting the data i had visited officers of fishery department at A&N Island,

Digha, Diamond Harbour .I had visited at Directorate of Fishery, Fishery survey of

India at Andaman and Nikober Island, Asstt. Director of Fishery at Diamond Harbour,

Digha Fishery project at Digha etc.I also communicate with different fishermen

connected for a long time in fishing.

I also discussed different aspect of marine Fishery Financing with officers of state

Bank of India at Local Head Office-Kolkata, Regional office – portblair, Digha

Branch, Diamond Harbour Branch .

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CHAPTER – 2

COMPANY PROFILE

STATE BANK OF INDIA

14

COMPANY PROFILE

Name of the Company: STATE BANK OF INDIA

Type- PUBLIC (BSE,NSE:SBI)&(LSE:SBID)

Founded:- Calcutta, 1806, Bank of Calcutta

Headquartes:-Madam cama Road, Mumbai,400021

Chairmanman:- Om Prakash Bhatt

Industry:- a)banking

b) Insurance

c) Capital Markets and allied industries

Products:- Loans, Credit cards, savings, Investment, Vehicles, SBI

life(insurance)

Sales (2008):- 908,538,536,000

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No of Employees:- 1,79,205

Market Capital:- 605,072,384,000

STATE BANK OF INDIA

State Bank of India (SBI) (LSE: SBID) is the largest bank in India. It is also,

measured by the number of branch offices and employees, the second largest bank in

the world. The bank traces its ancestry back through the Imperial Bank of India to the

founding in 1806 of the Bank of Calcutta, making it the oldest commercial bank in the

Indian Subcontinent. The Government of India nationalised the Imperial Bank of

India in 1955, with the Reserve Bank of India taking a 60% stake, and renamed it the

State Bank of India. In 2008, the Government took over the stake held by the Reserve

Bank of India.

SBI provides a range of banking products through its vast network in India and

overseas, including products aimed at NRIs. With an asset base of $126 billion and its

reach, it is a regional banking behemoth. SBI has laid emphasis on reducing the huge

manpower through Golden handshake schemes and computerizing its operations.

The State Bank Group, with over 16000 branches , has the largest branch network in

India. It has a market share among Indian commercial banks of about 20% in deposits

and advances, and SBI accounts for almost one-fifth of the nation’s loans.

International presence

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Regional office of the State Bank of India (SBI), India's largest bank, in Mumbai. The

government of India is the largest shareholder in SBI.

The bank has 52 branches, agencies or offices in 32 countries. It has branches of the

parent in Colombo, Dhakka, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, London and

environs, Los Angeles, Male in the Maldives, Muscat, New York, Osaka, Sydney, and

Tokyo. It has offshore banking units in the Bahamas, Bahrain, and Singapore, and

representative offices in Bhutan and Cape Town.

SBI operates several foreign subsidiaries or affiliates. In 1990 it established an

offshore bank, State Bank of India (Mauritius). It has two subsidiaries in North

America, State Bank of India (California), and State Bank of India (Canada). In 1982,

the bank established its California subsidiary, which now has seven branches. The

Canadian subsidiary was also established in 1982 and also has seven branches, four in

the greater Toronto area, and three in British Columbia. In Nigeria, it operates as

INMB Bank . This bank was established in 1981 as the Indo-Nigerian Merchant Bank

and received permission in 2002 to commence retail banking. It now has five

branches in Nigeria. In Nepal SBI owns 50% of Nepal SBI Bank, which has branches

throughout the country. In Moscow SBI owns 60% of Commercial Bank of India,

with Canara Bank owning the rest. In Indonesia it owns 76% of PT Bank Indo

Monex.

State Bank of India already has a branch in Shanghai and plans to open one up in

Tianjin.

History

The roots of the State Bank of India rest in the first decade of 19th century, when the

Bank of Calcutta, later renamed the Bank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806.

The Bank of Bengal and two other Presidency banks, namely, the Bank of Bombay

(incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the Bank of Madras (incorporated on 1 July

1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint stock companies, and

were the result of the royal charters. These three banks received the exclusive right to

issue paper currency in 1861 with the Paper Currency Act, a right they retained until

the formation of the Reserve Bank of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27

17

January 1921, and the reorganized banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of

India. The Imperial Bank of India continued to remain a joint stock company.

Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act (1955), the Reserve Bank of

India, which is India's central bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial

Bank of India. On 30 April 1955 the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of

India.

In 1959 the Government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act,

enabling the State Bank of India to take over eight former State-associated banks as

its subsidiaries. On Sept 13, 2008, State Bank of Saurashtra, one of its Associate

Banks, merged with State Bank of India.

Associate banks

There are six associate banks that fall under SBI, and together these seven banks

constitute the State Bank Group. All use the same logo of a blue keyhole and all the

associates use the "State Bank of" name followed by the regional headquarters' name.

Originally, the then seven banks that became the associate banks belonged to princely

states until the government nationalized them in 1959. In tune with the first Five Year

Plan, emphasizing the development of rural India, the government integrated these

banks into State Bank of India to expand its rural outreach. There has been a proposal

to merge all the associate banks into SBI to create a "mega bank" and streamline

operations. The first step along these lines occurred in September 2008 when State

Bank of Saurashtra merged with State Bank of India.

State Bank of Indore

State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur

State Bank of Hyderabad

State Bank of Mysore

State Bank of Patiala

State Bank of Travancore

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Growth

State Bank of India has often acted as guarantor to the Indian Government, most

notably during Chandra Shekhar's tenure as Prime Minister of India. With more than

11,111 branches and a further 6500+ associate bank branches, the SBI has extensive

coverage. State Bank of India has electronically networked all of its branches under

Core Banking System(CBS). The bank has one of the largest ATM networks in the

region. More than 8500 ATMs across India. The State Bank of India has had steady

growth over its history, though it was marred by the Hashed Mehta scam in 1992. In

recent years, the bank has sought to expand its overseas operations by buying foreign

banks. It is the only Indian bank to feature in the top 100 world banks in the Fortune

Global 500 rating and various other rankings.

Group companies

SBI Capital Markets Ltd

SBI Mutual Fund (A Trust)

SBI Factors and Commercial Services Ltd

SBI DFHI Ltd

SBI Cards and Payment Services Pvt Ltd

SBI Life Insurance Co. Ltd - Bancassurance (Life Insurance)

SBI Funds Management Pvt Ltd

SBI Canada

19

CHAPTER –3

INDUSTRIAL PROFILE

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

The financial system of a country greatly influences the economy of the country.

India’s financial system and finance companies have brought success to the country’s

economy, making India an increasingly important player in the global financial sector.

In India, there is a division between regulatory institutions and intermediary

institutions in the infrastructure of India’s financial system.

The regulatory institutions serve to govern the rest of India’s financial system, and to

maintain and provide for the national interest in the operations of all other financial

institutions of India. The intermediary institutions are subsequently divided into

banking and non-banking institutions. The Indian government has set up the country’s

financial sector with the aims of strengthening the banking system, cultivating

government and corporate debt markets, and continuously supporting, encouraging,

and augmenting the regulation and supervision of India’s financial system as a whole.

Constant efforts are being made to make banking available throughout India, as well

as to provide auxiliary financial services to those who would like them.

The banking institutions are a driving force behind the Indian economy, which is the

second fastest big emerging economy in the world. Banking financial institutions

provide depository and transaction services to clients, as well as loans and other credit

services.

Another group of financial institutions in the Indian system provide specialized

services. Such specialized services include but are not limited to insurance, housing

financing, mutual funds, credit reporting, and debt collection companies. Stock

brokers, portfolio managers, investment advisors, and other individuals working in

20

India’s financial system can provide additional support to those looking to invest and

otherwise manage funds.

• SBI Capital Markets Limited

• PNB Housing Finance Limited

• PNB Gilts Limited

• Bajaj Capital Limited

• DSP Merrill Lynch Limited

• Birla Global Finance Limited

• Housing Development Finance Corporation

• ICICI Group

• ICICI Markets

• Karvy Group

The top finance companies are playing a key role in the huge growth of the financial

sphere in India. The sector of finance is passing through a rapid phase of alteration.

The sustenance of the growth of economy is the primary factor for the development of

the India's financial sector. The best Financial companies in India are the following:

SBI Capital Markets Limited:

It is one among the oldest organizations in the capital markets sector of India. It is the

leading financial company in India. It was established in the year 1986 as an ancillary

21

of SBI.It ranks second in Asia's Project Advisory services. The company is a

traiblazer in privatization and securitisation. The companies subsidiaries are SBICAPs

Ventures Ltd., SBICAP Trustee Co.Ltd. And many others.

Bajaj Capital Limited:

This is among the major Financial companies of India. The company offers best

investment advisory and financial planning. It provides institutional investors, NRIs,

corporate houses, individual investors , high network clients with investment advisory

and financial planning services. It is also the largest provider of finance products

offered by public and private organizations,several government bodies,investment

products like bonds,mutual funds,general insurance etc.

DSP Meriyll Lynch Limited :

It is the key player of equity and debt securities in India. It renders financial advises to

many corporations and institutions. It also offers a wide array of wealth management

and investor services along with customized advices related to financial matters. This

company is the pioneer to form research facility to research in financial products and

services,improvements and innovations. The company also has its hand in the

Government securities and holds an eminent position in the market of equity and debt

in India.

Birla Global Finance Limited :

This Indian Finance Company is a subsidiary of Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd. Their motto

is to be the first choice of the customers as a major provider of financial services

through technology and value creation. The primary activities of the company are

Corporate Finance and Capital Market. Aditya Birla Nuvo has also formed alliane

with Sun Life Financial of Canada which has given rise to the following financial

22

services companies like Birla Sun Life Insurance Co Ltd., Birla Sun Life Distribution

Co. and many others.

Housing Development Finance Corporation :

This company offers the best financial solutions and guidance for home

loans,property related services,loans for NRIs etc. in India. The one stop destination

for comprehensive information on personal finance is HDFC. The company has a

wide network in India and abroad. The company's overseas o0ffices are in

Singapore,Kuwait,Qatar,Saudi Arabia and many others.

PNB Housing Finance Limited :

This is completely owned by PNB and offers premium solutions to relieve the

borrowers. This subsidiary of the PNB has recorded a growth a 73% and is a leading

finance company of India. The Home Loan Life Insurance Plan of this company in

association with TATA AIG offers the lowest premium in compare to others. The

chart for loans of 5 lacs and tenure of 15 years is just premium. It renders other

services like Deposit schemes,Loan schemes and many others.

ICICI Group :

This company offers a wide spectrum of financial products and services in India. The

company provides solutions for all needs like InstaBanking,Online Trading,Insta

Insure,ICICI Bank imobile etc. The company keeps up the financial profile healthy

and diversify earnings across geographies and businesses. The company's philosophy

is to deliver high class financial services for all the cross sections of the society. Their

products are Mutual Fund,Private Equity Practice,Securities,Life Insurance etc.

LIC Finance Limited :

23

It is the leading player in the finance sector of India being the biggest Housing

Finance Company of India. The function of the company is to provide finance to

individuals for repair or construction or renovation of the old or new apartment or

house. It also offers finance on the existing property for personal or business matters.

The company has 14 back offices,6 regional offices and 126 units of marketing in

India.

L & T Finance Limited:

This company was established in the year 1994 by the Larsen and Turbo group and

now it is a significant name in the financial sector. The company offers schemes like

funds for automobiles, funds for Agricultural Instruments,secured loans,funds for

automobiles and many others. It offers loans for a long tenure and the loans are given

in exchange of valuable items.

Karvy Group:

One of the top players in the financial sector is this group. The company has about

575 offices in 375 destinations in India. It offers services like the Mutual Funds

Services,Depository Services,Debt Market Services,Investment Banking and many

others.

THE ADVERTISING STRATEGY OF SBI - STATE BANK OF INDIA

Their media brief was to basically cover these 3 points –

• To develop a composite media plan using all available forms of media so as to ensure

that the key target markets are reached with the core messages.

• To create better awareness of the use of Debit Cards

• To build the SBI Debit Card “brand”

• To encourage more users to use the Debit Card services provided

24

The media brief can be referred to as a checklist for the media planners to help them

prepare media plan for a client organization. Media planning is not an isolated function but

an integral part of an overall campaign planning. Hence a media planner needs to have a

thorough knowledge of all the variables. Media brief gives a background to the whole

planning. It will cover details on the product/service, the overall marketing strategy, and

the proposition being made. Ideal media brief. In other words, what should it contain to

help the media planner in making an ideal plan to help facilitate decision-making at the

client’s end? With the proliferation in the media and media markets becoming more

complex, given the heterogeneity of the target audience, special efforts are made to

prepare the media brief. A good media brief should ideally include the following:

Marketing information checklist:

This should reflect the marketing objectives and proposed strategies, product

characteristics, distribution channels, brand category, expenditure level and ad.

expenditure of close competitors, ad. expenditure for the current, previous years and

proposed appropriation.

The objectives:

The media brief must indicate the objective or objectives; the proposed advertising is

trying to accomplish. This must clearly indicate whether the objective is to introduce a

new product, increase awareness about the existing brand, reinforce the current position,

reposition the current brand, relaunch a declining brand, elicit direct response, improve or

enhance the company’s reputation or change the people’s attitude towards the company,

brand or product category. It would also indicate the source of business, i.e., the target

audience, profile of the current users, proposed users, etc.

Product category information:

It is pertinent for the media planner to have a thorough knowledge about the product

category and the positioning of the brand being handled. This helps in assessing the

strengths and weaknesses of the brand and also helps in setting achievable targets.

25

Geography/location:

The media brief helps the planner in knowing his media markets. In other words, for

example, if the product is only available in the metros, then the planner will restrict his

media options to only those vehicles, which reach the target audience in the metros. In

case, however, the product is being launched on all-country basis, the media planner

although keeping in view the holistic approach will also keep in mind the consumption

pattern in various geographical locations for giving relative weightage to areas, where the

product usage is more. Besides this, he will also keep in view the brand development

index, sales volume and local market problems and opportunities.

Seasonality/timing:

Information regarding seasonality of the product is an important consideration for the

media planner. In the Indian context, where there are extreme climates in different parts of

the country at the same time, some products are season-specific.A brief description is

required with respect to the product itself, its uses, the pack, the price, the method of

distribution ,etc. what sales movement are taking place with respect to the product of this

category, is the market expanding or is steady. With respect to competitors, how are their

brands advertised or promoted. Is it an established brand or a new brand fighting for a

bench head.

The other information details can be:

Market share of the various brands, sales volume of each brand, life cycle stage for

brand/category (new, mature, stagnating or near extinct), market expansion opportunity,

interest level (high/low), responsiveness to advertising, purchase cycle of the product-to

help determine the scheduling pattern.

The sale of woolens is always there in the hilly areas especially, Srinagar, Himachal

Pradesh and higher reaches of Uttar Pradesh, while in southern India, except probably in

some parts of Karnataka, woolens are generally not available. The North experience severe

26

cold for some months, hence one sees a spurt in advertising during this period. Besides,

the planner should keep track of the sales pattern, influence factors such as festivals,

holidays and the weather, spending considerations, specific sales promotion drive, and

client mandated spending constraint, etc.

Even in case of rural advertising generally the consumers have a high buying power

immediately after the harvest hence showing advertisements at this point of time would be

a good strategy then showing it all year round.

Target audience:

It will be futile to aim the advertisements at every body. In that way the effort is diffused

and no one thinks the advertisement is meant for him. Hence there should be a precise

definition of the people the advertising is to reach. The definition of the target may be a

simple.

A profile of those who buy the existing category as also those who buy competitive brands

is a very important consideration for the media planner. Buying habits must also include

information about buying cycles, purchase points, frequency of purchase, etc. This helps

the planner to know the consumer characteristics by category, brand and competitor;

demographics-age, income, education, occupation and motivation; special market

segments like doctors, architects, children, etc. as also media usage data for heavy users,

light users of various media vehicles.

Budget:

At the briefing stage the planner also needs to know the media budget-after the cost of

producing the advertisement and the other expenditures have been deducted.In a nutshell,

the media brief should aim at answering-in which markets are the media to be

concentrated; what is the product category-media relationship; how do competitors use the

media; who is the media talking to (the specific target audience); and how much weight

needs to be placed on various media in terms of ad appropriation.

27

CHAPTER-4

PRODUCTS OF MARINE

FISHING VESSEL

A fishing vessel is a boat or ship used to catch fish in the sea, or on a lake or river.

Many different kinds of vessels are used in commercial, artisanal and recreational

fishing.

According to the FAO, there are currently (2004) four million commercial fishing

vessels. About 1.3 million of these are decked vessels with enclosed areas. Nearly all

of these decked vessels are mechanised, and 40,000 of them are over 100 tons. At the

other extreme, two-thirds (1.8 million) of the undecked boats are traditional craft of

various types, powered only by sail and oars. These boats are used by artisan fishers.

It is difficult to estimate the number of recreational fishing boats. They range in size

from small dingies to large charter cruisers, and unlike commercial fishing vessels,

are often not dedicated just to fishing.

Prior to the 1950s there was little standardisation of fishing boats. Designs could vary

between ports and boatyards. Traditionally boats were built out of wood, but wood is

not often used now because of cost and the difficulty in obtaining suitable timber.

Fibreglass is used increasingly in smaller fishing vessels up to 25 metres (100 tons),

while steel is usually used on vessels above 25 metres.

HISTORY

Early fishing vessels included rafts, dugout canoes, and boats constructed from a

frame covered with hide or tree bark, along the lines of a coracle. The oldest boats

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found by archaeological excavation are dugout canoes dating back to the Neolithic

Period around 7,000-9,000 years ago. These canoes were often cut from coniferous

tree logs, using simple stone tools. A 7000 year-old sea going boat made from reeds

and tar has been found in Kuwait. These early vessels had limited capability; they

could float and move on water, but were not suitable for use any great distance from

the shoreline. They were used mainly for fishing and hunting.

The development of fishing boats took place in parallel with the development of boats

built for trade and war. Early navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics

for sails. Affixed to a pole set upright in the boat, these sails gave early boats more

range, allowing voyages of exploration

Around 4000 B.C., Egyptians were building long narrow boats powered by many

oarsmen. Over the next 1,000 years, they made a series of remarkable advances in

boat design. They developed cotton-made sails to help their boats go faster with less

work. Then they built boats large enough to cross the oceans. These boats had sails

and oarsmen, and were used for travel and trade. By 3000 BC, the Egyptians knew

how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull. They used woven straps to lash

planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks to seal the seams. An

example of their skill is the Khufu ship, a vessel 143 feet (44 m) in length entombed

at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2,500 BC and found intact in 1954.

At about the same time, the Scandinavians were also building innovative boats.

People living near Kongens Lyngby in Denmark, came up with the idea of segregated

hull compartments, which allowed the size of boats to gradually be increased. A crew

of some two dozen paddled the wooden Hjortspring boat across the Baltic Sea long

before the rise of the Roman Empire. Scandinavians continued to develop better ships,

incorporating iron and other metal into the design and developing oars for propulsion.

The oldest Nordic shipfind is the Nydam boat, found preserved in the Nydam Mose

bog in Sundeved, Denmark. It has been dendro dated to 310-320 AD., and is the

oldest known boat to use clinker planking, where the planks overlap one another.

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Built of oak, it is 23 metres long and about 4 metres wide. It originally weighed over

three tonnes and was rowed by thirty men.

By 1000 A.D. the Norsemen were pre-eminent on the oceans. They were skilled

seamen and boat builders, with clinker-built boat designs that varied according to the

type of boat. Trading boats, such as the knarrs, were wide to allow large cargo

storage. Raiding boats, such as the longship, were long and narrow and very fast. The

vessels they used for fishing were scaled down versions of their cargo boats. The

Scandinavian innovations influenced fishing boat design long after the Viking period

came to an end. For example, yoles from the Orkney island of Stroma were built in

the same way as the Norse boats.

In the 15th century, the Dutch developed a type of sea-going herring drifter that

became a blueprint for European fishing boats. This was the Herring Buss, used by

Dutch herring fishermen until the early 19th centuries. The ship type buss has a long

history. It was known around 1000 AD in Scandinavia as as a bǘza, a robust variant of

the Viking longship. The first herring buss was probably built in Hoorn around 1415.

The last one was built in Vlaardingen in 1841. The ship was about 20 meters long and

displaced between 60 and 100 tons. It was a massive round-bilged keel ship with a

bluff bow and stern, the latter relatively high, and with a gallery. The busses used long

drifting gill nets to catch the herring. The nets would be retrieved at night and the

crews of eighteen to thirty men would set to gibbing, salting and barrelling the catch

on the broad deck. The ships sailed in fleets of 400 to 500 ships to the Dogger Bank

fishing grounds and the Shetland isles. They were usually escorted by naval vessels,

because the English considered they were "poaching". The fleet would stay at sea for

weeks at a time. The catch would sometimes be transferred to special ships (called

ventjagers), and taken home while the fleet would still be at sea (the picture shows a

ventjager in the distance).

A dogger viewed from before the port beam. c. 1675 by Willem van de Velde the

Younger

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During the 17th century, the British developed the dogger, an early type of sailing

trawler or longliner, which commonly operated in the North Sea. The dogger takes its

name from the Dutch word dogger, meaning a fishing vessel which tows a trawl.

Dutch trawling boats were common in the North Sea, and the word dogger was given

to the area where they often fished, which became known as the Dogger

Bank.Doggers were slow but sturdy, capable of fishing in the rough conditions of the

North Sea. Like the herring buss, they were wide-beamed and bluff-bowed, but

considerably smaller, about 15 meters long, a maximum beam of 4.5 meters, a

draught of 1.5 meters, and displacing about 13 tonnes. They could carry a tonne of

bait, three tonnes of salt, half a tonne each of food and firewood for the crew, and

return with six tonnes of fish. Decked areas forward and aft probably provided

accommodation, storage and a cooking area. An anchor would have allowed extended

periods fishing in the same spot, in waters up to 18 meters deep. The dogger would

also have carried a small open boat for maintaining lines and rowing ashore.

Dories are small, shallow-draft boats, usually about five to seven metres (15 to 22

feet) long. They are lightweight versatile boats with high sides, a flat bottom and

sharp bows, and are easy to build because of their simple lines. The dory first

appeared in New England fishing towns sometime after the early 1700s. A precursor

to the dory type was the early French bateau type, a flat bottom boat with straight

sides used as early as 1671 on the Saint Lawrence River.. The common coastal boat of

the time was the wherry and the merging of the wherry design with the simplified flat

bottom of the bateau resulted in the birth of the dory. Antecdotal evidence exists of

much older precursors throughout Europe. England, France, Italy, and Belgium have

small boats from medieval periods that could reasonably be construed as predecessors

of the Dory.

The Banks dories appeared in the 1830s. They were designed to be carried on mother

ships and used for fishing cod at the Grand Banks. Adapted almost directly from the

low freeboard, french river bateaus, with their straight sides and removable thwarts,

bank dories could be nested inside each other and stored on the decks of fishing

schooners, such as the Gazela Primeiro, for their trip to the Grand Banks fishing

grounds.

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In the 19th century, the English fishing port, Brixham became famed for developing a

more effective type of sailing trawler. Known as the "Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries",

the design of her elegant wooden sailing boats spread across the world, influencing

fishing fleets everywhere. Their distinctive sails inspired the song Red Sails in the

Sunset, written aboard a Brixham sailing trawler called the Torbay Lass. In the 1890s

there were about 300 trawling vessels there, each usually owned by the skipper of the

boat. Several of these old sailing trawlers have been preserved.

Throughout history, local conditions have led to the development of a wide range of

types of fishing boats. The Lancashire nobby was used down the north west coast of

England as a shrimp trawler from 1840 until World War II. The Manx nobby was

used around the Isle of Man as a herring drifter. The fifie was also used as a herring

drifter along the east coast of Scotland from the 1850s until well into the 20th century.

The bawley and the smack were used in the Thames Estuary and off East Anglia,

while trawlers and drifters were use on the east coast. Herring fishing started in the

Moray Firth in 1819. The peak of the fishing at Aberdeen was in 1937 with 277 steam

trawlers, though the first diesel drifter was introduced in 1926. In 1870 paddle tugs

were being used to tow luggers and smacks to sea. Steam trawlers were introduced in

1881, mainly at Grimsby and Hull. In 1890 it was estimated that there were 20,000

men on the North Sea. The steam drifter was not used in the herring fishery until

1897. The first trawlers fished over the side but in 1961 the first stern trawler was

used at Lowestoft for fishing in Arctic waters. By 1981 only 27 of 130 deep sea

trawlers were still going to sea. Many were converted to oil rig safety vessels.

Trawler designs adapted as the way they were powered changed from sail to coal-

fired steam by World War I to diesel and turbines by the end of World War II. During

World War I and World War II, many fishing trawlers were commissioned as naval

trawlers to be used as minesweepers, the activities being similar, with the crew and

layout already suited to the task. Likewise, many commercial drifters were

commissioned as naval drifters to be used for maintaining and monitoring anti-

submarine nets. Since World War II, commercial fishing vessels have been

increasingly equipped with electronic aids, such as radio navigation aids and fish

finders. During the Cold War, some countries fitted fishing trawlers with additional

32

electronic gear so they could be used as spy ships to monitor the activities of other

countries.

Commercial vessels

The 200-mile fishing limit has changed fishing patterns and, in recent times, fishing

boats are becoming more specialised and standardised. In the United States and

Canada more use is made of large factory trawlers, while the huge blue water fleets

operated by Japan and the Soviet-bloc countries have contracted. In western Europe,

fishing vessel design is focused on compact boats with high catching power.

Commercial fishing is a high risk industry, and countries are introducing regulations

governing the construction and operation of fishing vessels. The International

Maritime Organization, convened in 1959 by the United Nations, is responsible for

devising measures aimed at the prevention of accidents, including standards for ship

design, construction, equipment, operation and manning.

According to the FAO, in 2004 the world's fishing fleet consisted of 4 million vessels.

Of these, 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas. The rest were open

vessels, of which two-thirds were traditional craft propelled by sails and oars. By

contrast, nearly all decked vessels were mechanized. Of the decked vessels, 86

percent are found in Asia, 7.8 percent in Europe, 3.8 percent in North and Central

America, 1.3 percent inAfrica, 0.6 percent in South America and 0.4 percent in

Oceania. Most commercial fishing boats are small, usually less than than 30 metres

(98 ft) but up to 100 metres (330 ft) for a large purse seiner or factory ship.

Commercial fishing vessels can be classified by architecture, the type of fish they

catch, the fishing method used, or geographical origin. The following classification

follows the FAO, who classify commercial fishing vessels by the gear they use.

Trawlers

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A trawler is a fishing vessel designed to use trawl nets in order to catch large

volumes of fish.

• Outrigger trawlers - use outriggers to tow the trawl. These are commonly used

to catch shrimp. One or two otter trawls can be towed from each side. Beam trawlers,

employed in the North sea for catching flatfish, are another form of outrigger trawler.

Medium sized and high powered vessels, these tow a beam trawl on each side at

speeds up to 8 knots.

• Beam trawlers - use strong outrigger booms to tow a beam trawl on each side.

Double-rig beam trawlers tow two trawls, one from each side. Beam trawling is used

in the shrimp and flatfish fisheries in the North Sea. They are medium sized and high

powered vessels, towing gear at speeds up to 8 knots. Safety release systems can be

installed in the boom stays and winch brakes to prevent the boat from capsizing if the

gear snag suddenly on the sea bed. For safety the engine power of flatfish beam

trawlers is limited to 2000 HP (1472 KW).

• Otter trawlers - tow one or more parallel trawls kept horizontally open with

otter boards. These trawls can be towed on the bottom or in midwater.

• Pair trawlers - are trawlers which operate together towing a single trawl. They

keep the trawl open horizontally by keeping their distance when towing. Otter boards

are not used. Pair trawlers operate both midwater and bottom trawls.

• Side trawlers - have the trawl set over the side with the trawl warps passing

through blocks which hang from two gallows, one forward and one aft. Until the late

sixties, side trawlers were the most familiar vessel in the North Atlantic deep sea

fisheries. They evolved over a longer period than other trawler types, but are now

being replaced by stern trawlers.

• Stern trawlers - have trawls which are set and hauled over the stern. They are

designed with or without a ramp, depending on the size of the trawler. In particular,

some pelagic stern trawlers are built without a ramp. Stern trawlers are built so they

can operate in most weather conditions. They can work as single vessels in bottom or

midwater trawling or as pair trawlers.

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• Freezer trawlers - The majority of trawlers operating on high sea waters are

freezer trawlers. They have facilities for preserving fish by freezing. They are medium

to large size trawlers, with the same general arrangement as stern or side trawlers.

• Wet fish trawlers - are trawlers where the fish is kept in the hold in a fresh/wet

condition. They must operate in areas not far distant from their landing place, and the

fishing time of such vessels is limited.

Seiners

Seiners use surrounding and seine nets. This a large group ranging from open boats as

small as 10 metres in length, to ocean going vessels. There are also specialised gears

that can target demersal species.

• Purse seiners - are very effective at targeting aggregating pelagic species near

the surface. The seiner circles the shoal with a deep curtain of netting, possibly using

bow thrusters for better manoeuvrability. Then the bottom of the net is pursed (closed)

underneath the fish shoal by hauling a wire running from the vessel through rings

along the bottom of the net and then back to the vessel. The most important part of the

fishing operation is searching for the fish shoals and assessing their size and direction

of movement. Sophisticated electronics, such as echosounders, sonar, and track

plotters, may be used are used to search for and track schools; assessing their size and

movement and keeping in touch with the school while it is surrounded with the seine

net. Crows nests may be built on the masts for further visual support. Large vessels

can have observation towers and helicopter landing decks. Helicopters and spotter

planes are used for detecting fish schools. The main types of purse seiners sre the the

American seiners, the European seiners and the Drum seiners.

• American seiners - have their bridge and accommodation placed forward with

the working deck aft. American seiners are most common on both coasts of North

America and in other areas of Oceania. The net is stowed at the stern and is set over

the stern. The power block is usually attached to a boom from a mast located behind

the superstructure. American seiners use triplerollers A purse line winch is located

amidships near the hauling station, near the side where the rings are taken onboard.

35

• European seiners - have their bridge and accommodation located more to the

after part of the vessel with the working deck amidships. European seiners are most

common in waters fished by European nations The net is stowed in a net bin at the

stern, and is set over the stern from this position. The pursing winch is normally

positioned at the forward part of the working deck.

• Drum seiners - have the same layout as American seiners except a drum is

mounted on the stern and used instead of the power block. They are mainly used in

Canada and USA

• Tuna purse seiners - are large purse seiners, normally over 45 meters,

equipped to handle large and heavy purse seines for tuna. They have the same general

arrangement as the American seiner, with the bridge and accommodation placed

forward. A crows nest or tuna tower is positioned at the top of the mast, outfitted with

the control and manoeuvre devices. A very heavy boom which carries the power

block is fitted at the mast. They often carry a helicopter to search for tuna schools. On

the deck are three drum purse seine winches and a power block, with other specific

winches to handle the heavy boom and net. They are usually equipped with a skiff.

• Seine netters - the basic types of seine netters are the Anchor seiners and

Scottish seiner in northern Europe and the Asian seiners in Asia.

• Anchor seiners - have the wheelhouse and accommodation aft and the working

deck amidships, thus resembling side trawlers. The seine net is stored and shot from

the stern, and they may carry a power block. Anchor seiners have the coiler and winch

mounted transversally amidships.

• Scottish seiners - are basically configured the same as anchor seiners. The

only difference is that, whereas the anchor seiner has the coiler and winch mounted

transversally amidships, the Scottish seiner has them mounted transversally in the

forward part of the vessel.

• Asian seiners - In Asia the seine netter usually has the wheelhouse forward

and the working deck aft, in the manner of a stern trawler. However, in regions where

36

the fishing effort is a labour intensive, low technology approach, they are often

undecked and may be powered by outboards motors, or even by sail.

Line vessels -

• Longliners - use one or more long heavy fishing lines with a series of

hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from the main line by means of

branch lines called "snoods". Hand operated longlining can be operated from boats of

any size. The number of hooks and lines handled depends on the size of vessel, the

number of crew, and the level of mechanisation. Large purpose built longliners can be

designed for single species fisheries such as tuna. On such larger vessels the bridge is

usually placed aft, and the gear is hauled from the bow or from the side with

mechanical or hydraulic line haulers. The lines are set over the stern. Automatic or

semi-automatic systems are used to bait hooks and shoot and haul lines. These

systems include rail rollers, line haulers, hook separators, dehookers and hook

cleaners, and storage racks or drums. To avoid incidental catches of seabirds, and

outboard setting funnel is used to guide the line from the setting position on the stern

down to a depth of one or two metres. Small scale longliners handle the gear by hand.

The line is stored into baskets or tubs, perhaps using a hand cranked line drum.

• Bottom longliners -

• Midwater longliners - are usually medium sized vessels which operate

worldwide, purpose built to catch large pelagics. The line hauler is usually forward

starboard, where the fish are hauled through a gate in the rail. The lines are set from

the stern where a baiting table and chute are located. These boats need adequate speed

to reach distant fishing grounds, enough endurance for continued fishing, adequate

freezing storage, suitable mechanisms for shooting and hauling longlines quickly, and

proper storage for fishing gears and accessories.

• Freezer longliners - are outfitted with freezing equipment. The holds are

insulated and refrigerated. Freezer longliners are medium to large with the same

general characteristics of other longliners. Most longliners operating on the high seas

are freezer longliners.

37

• Factory longliners - are generally equipped with processing plant, including

mechanical gutting and filleting equipment accompanied by freezing facilities, as well

as fish oil, fish meal and sometimes canning plants. These vessels have a large buffer

capacity. Thus, caught fish can be stored in refrigerated sea water tanks and piks in

the catch can also be used. Freezer longliners are large ships, working the high seas

with the same general characteristics of other large longliners.

• Wet-fish longliners - keep the caught fish in the hold in the fresh/wet

condition. The fish is stored in boxes and covered with ice, or stored with ice in the

fish hold. The fishing time of such vessels is limited, so they operate close to the

landing place.

• Pole and line vessels - are used mainly to catch tuna and skipjack. The fishers

stand at the railing or on special platforms and fish with poles and lines. The lines

have hooks which are baited, preferably with live bait. Caught tuna are swung on

board, by two to three fishermen if the tuna is big, or with an automated swinging

mechanism. The tuna usually release themselves from the barbless hook when they hit

the deck. Tanks with live bait are places round the decks, and water spray systems are

used to attract the fish. The vessels are 15 to 45 metres o/a. On smaller vessels fishers

fish from the main deck right around the boat. With larger vessels, there are two

different deck styles: the American style and the Japanese style.

• American style - fishers stand on platforms arranged over the side abaft

amidships and around the stern. The vessel moves ahead during fishing operation.

• Japanese style - fishers stand at the rail in the forepart of the vessel. The vessel

drifts during fishing operations.

• Trollers - catch fish by towing astern one of more trolling lines. A trolling line

is a fishing line with natural or artificial baited hooks trailed by a vessel near the

surface or at a certain depth. Several lines can be towed at the same time using

outriggers to keep the lines apart. The lines can be hauled in manually or by small

winches. A length of rubber is often included in each line as a shock absorber. The

trolling line is towed at a speed depending on the target species, from 2.3 knots up to

38

at least 7 knots. Trollers range from small open boats to large refrigerated vessels 30

meters long. In many tropical artisanal fisheries, trolling is done with sailing canoes

with outriggers for stability. With properly designed vessels, trolling is an economical

and efficient way of catching tuna, mackerel and other pelagic fish swimming close to

the surface. Purpose built trollers are usually equipped with two or four trolling

booms raised and lowered by topping lifts, held in position by adjustable stays.

Electrically powered or hydraulic reels can be used to haul in the lines.

• Jiggers - there are two types of jiggers: specialised squid jiggers which work

mostly in the southern hemisphere and smaller vessels using jigging techniques in the

northern hemisphere mainly for catching cod.

• Squid jiggers - have single or double drum jigger winches lined along the rails

around the vessel. Strong lamps, up to 5000 W each, are used to attract the squid.

These are arranged 50–60 centimetres apart, either as one row in the centre of the

vessel, or two rows on each side. As the squid are caught they are transferred by

chutes to the processing plant of the vessel. The jigging motion can be produced

mechanically by the shape of the drum or electronically by adjustment to the winch

motor. Squid jiggers are often used during the day as midwater trawlers and during

the night as jiggers.

• Cod jiggers - use single jigger machines and do not use lights to attract the

fish. The fish are attracted by the jigging motion and artificial bait.

Other vessels

• Dredgers - use a dredge for collecting molluscs from the seafloor. There are

three types of dredges: (a) The dredge can be dragged along the seabed, scooping the

shellfish from the ground. These dredges are towed in a manner similar to beam

trawlers, and large dredgers can work three or more dredges on each side. (b) Heavy

mechanical dredging units are operated by special gallows from the bow of the vessel.

(c) The dredger employs a hydraulic dredge which uses a powerful water pump to

operates water jets which flush the molluscs from the bottom. Dredgers don't have a

typical deck arrangement, the bridge and accommodation can be aft or forward.

39

Derricks and winches may be installed for lowering and lifting the dredge.

Echosounders are used for determining depths.

• Gillnetters - On inland waters and inshore, gillnets can be operated from open

boats and canoes. In coastal waters, they are operated by small decked vessels which

can have their wheelhouse either aft or forward. In coastal waters, gillnetting is often

used as a second fishing method by trawlers or beam trawlers, depending on fishing

seasons and targeted species. For offshore fishing, or fishing on the high seas,

medium sized vessels using drifting gillnets are called drifters, and the bridge is

usually located aft. The nets are set and hauled by hand on small open boats. Larger

boats use hydraulic or occasionally mechanical net haulers, or net drums. These

vessels can be equipped with an echosounder, although locating fish is more a matter

of the fishermen's personal knowledge of the fishing grounds rather than depending

on special detection equipment.

• Set netters - also operate gillnets. However, during fishing operations the

vessel is not attached to the nets. The size of the vessels varies from open boats to

large specialised drifters operating on the high seas. The wheelhouse is usually

located aft, and the front deck is used for handling gear. Normally the nets are set at

the stern by steaming ahead. Hauling is done over the side at the forepart of the deck,

usually using hydraulic driven net haulers. Wet fish is packed in containers chilled

with ice. Larger vessels might freeze the catch.

• Lift netters - are equipped to operate lift nets, which are held from the vessel's

side and raised and lowered by means of outriggers. Lift netters range from open

boats about 10 meters long to larger vessels with open ocean capability. Decked

vessels usually have the bridge amidships. Larger vessels are often equipped with

winches and derricks for handling the lifting lines, as well as outriggers and light

booms. They can be fitted with powerful lights to attract and aggregate the fish to the

surface. Open boats are usually unmechanized or use hand operated winches.

Electronic equipment, such as fish finders, sonar and echo sounders are used

extensively on larger boats.

• Trap setters - are used to set pots or traps for catching fish, crabs, lobsters,

crayfish and other similar species. Trap setters range in size from open boats

40

operating inshore to larger decked vessels, 20 to 50 metres long, operating out to the

edge of the continental shelf. Small decked trap setters have the wheelhouse either

forward or aft with the fish hold amidships. They use hydraulic or mechanical pot

haulers. Larger vessels have the wheelhouse forward, and are equipped with derricks,

davits or cranes for hauling pots aboard. Locating fish is often more a matter of the

fishermen's knowledge of the fishing grounds rather than the use of special detection

equipment. Decked vessels are usually equipped with an echosounder, and large

vessels may also have a Loran or GPS.

• Handliners - are normally undecked vessels used for handlining (fishing with a

line and hook}. Handliners include canoes and other small or medium sized vessels.

Traditional handliners are less than 12 metres o/a, and do not have special gear

handling, there is no winch or gurdy. Locating fish is left to the fishermen's personal

knowledge of fishing grounds rather than the use of special electronic equipment. Non

traditional handliners can set and haul using electrical or hydraulic powered reels.

These mechanised reels are normally fastened to the gunwale or set on stanchions

close to or overhanging the gunwale. They operate all over the world, some in shallow

waters, some fishing up to 300 meters deep. No typical deck arrangement exists for

handliners

• Multipurpose vessels - are vessels which are designed so they can deploy more

than one type of fishing gear without major modifications to the vessels. The fish

detection equipment present on board also changes according to which fishing gear is

being used.

• Trawler/Purse seiners - are designed so the deck arrangement and equipment,

including a suitable combination winch, can be used for both methods. Rollers,

blocks, trawl gallows and purse davits need to be arranged so they control the lead of

warps and pursing lines in such a way as to reduce the time needed to convert from

one type to the other. Typical fish detection equipment includes a sonar and an

echosounder. These vessels are usually designed as trawlers, since the power

requirement for trawling is higher.

• Research vessels - a fisheries research vessel (FRV) requires platforms which

are capable of towing different types of fishing nets, collecting plankton or water

41

samples from a range of depths, and carrying acoustic fish-finding equipment.

Fisheries research vessels are often designed and built along the same lines as a large

fishing vessel, but with space given over to laboratories and equipment storage, as

opposed to storage of the catch. An example of a fisheries research vessel is FRV

Scotia.

Artisan vessels

Artisan fishing is a term used to describe small scale commercial or subsistence

fishing practises. The term particularly applies to coastal or island ethnic groups using

traditional fishing techniques and traditional boats. The term can also be applied to

heritage groups involved in customary fishing practices.

According to the FAO, at the end of 2004, the world fishing fleet consisted of about 4

million vessels, of which 2.7 million were undecked (open) boats. While nearly all

decked vessels were mechanized, only one-third of the undecked fishing boats were

powered, usually with outboard engines. The remaining 1.8 million boats were

traditional craft of various types, operated by sail and oars.

These figures for small fishing vessels are probably under reported. The FAO

compiles these figures largely from national registers. These records often omit

smaller boats where registration is not required or where fishing licences are granted

by provincial or municipal authorities.

Artisan fishing boats are usually small traditional fishing boats, appropriately

designed for use on their local inland waters or coasts. Many localities around the

world have developed their own traditional types of fishing boats, adapted to the

specific fisheries and sea conditions in their area. Artisan boats are often open

(undecked). Many have sails, but they do not usually use much, or any mechanised or

electronic gear. Large numbers of artisan fishing boats are still in use, particularly in

developing countries with long productive marine coastlines. For example, Indonesia

has reported about 700,000 fishing boats, 25 percent of which are dugout canoes, and

half of which are without motors. The Philippines have reported a similar number of

small fishing boats. Many of the boats in this area are double-outrigger craft,

42

consisting of a narrow main hull with two attached outriggers, commonly known as

jukung in Indonesia and banca in the Philippines.

Recreational vessels

Recreational fishing is done for pleasure or sport, and not for profit or survival. Just

about anything that will stay afloat can be called a recreational fishing boat, so long as

a fisher periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch a fish. Usually some form

of fishing tackle is brought onboard, such as hooks, lines, sinkers or nets. Fish are

caught for recreational purposes from boats which range from dugout canoes, kayaks,

rafts, pontoon boats and small dingies to runabouts, cabin cruisers and cruising yachts

to large, hi-tech and luxurious big game rigs. Larger boats, purpose-built with

recreational fishing in mind, usually have large, open cockpits at the stern, designed

for convenient fishing.

Big game fishing started as a sport after the invention of the motorized boat. Charles

Frederick Holder, a marine biologist and early conservationist, is credited with

founding the sport in 1898. Purpose built game fishing boats appeared shortly after.

An example is the Crete, in use at Cataline Island, California, in 1915, and shipped to

Hawaii the following year. According to a newspaper report at that time, the Crete

had "... a deep cockpit, a chair fitted for landing big fish and leather pockets for

placing the pole.

It is difficult to estimate how many recreational fishing boats there are, although the

number is high. The term is fluid, since most recreational boats are also used for

fishing from time to time. Unlike most commercial fishing vessels, recreational

fishing boats are often not dedicated just to fishing.

• Fishing kayaks have gained popularity in recent years. The kayak has long

been a means of accessing fishing grounds.

• Pontoon boats have also become popular in recent years. These boats allow

one or two fishermen to get into small rivers or lakes that would have difficulty

accommodating larger boats. Typically 8-12 ft in length, these inflatable craft can be

43

assembled quickly and easily. Some feature rigid frames derived from the white water

rafting industry.

• Bass boats are small aluminum or fiberglass boats used in lakes and rivers in

the U.S. for fishing bass and other pan fish. They have swivel chairs for the anglers,

storage bins for fishing tackle, and a tank with recirculation water for caught fish.

They are usually fitted with an outboard motor and a trolling motor.

• Charter boats are often privately operated, purpose-built fishing boats, and

host fishing trips for paying clients. Their size can range widely depending on the

type of trips run and the geographical location.

• Freshwater fishing boats account for approximately one third of all registered

boats in the USA. Most other types of boats end up being used for fishing on

occasion.

• Saltwater fishing boats vary widely in size and can be specialized for certain

species of fish. Flounder boats, for example, have flat bottoms for a shallow draft and

are used in protected, shallow waters. Sport fishing boats range from 25 to 80 feet or

more, and can be powered by large outboard engines or inboard diesels. Boats used

for fishing in cold climates may have space dedicated to a cuddy cabin or enclosed

wheelhouse, while boats in warmer climates are more likely to be open.

44

CHAPTER-5

FISHING METHODS

Beam trawl

In this type of trawl the mouth or opening of the net is kept open by a beam which is

mounted at each end on guides or skids which travel along the seabed. The trawls are

adapted and made more effective by attaching tickler chains (for sand or mud) or

heavy chain matting (for rough, rocky ground) depending on the type of ground being

fished. These drag along the seabed in front of the net, disturbing the fish in the path

of the trawl, causing them to rise from the seabed into the oncoming net. Electrified

ticklers, which are less damaging to the seabed, have been developed but used only

experimentally. Work is also being carried out to investigate whether square mesh

panels (see below) fitted in the ‘belly’ or lower panel of the net can reduce the impact

of beam trawling on communities living on or in the seabed. Modern beam trawls

range in size from 4 to 12 m (weighing up to 7.5 tonnes in air) beam length,

depending on the size and power of the operating vessel.

Demersal otter trawl

The demersal or bottom trawl is a large, usually cone-shaped net, which is towed

across the seabed. The forward part of the net – the ‘wings’ – is kept open laterally by

otter boards or doors. Fish are herded between the boards and along the spreader

wires or sweeps, into the mouth of the trawl where they swim until exhausted. They

then drift back through the funnel of the net, along the extension or lengthening piece

and into the cod-end, where they are retained.

45

The selectivity of trawl fisheries may be increased by the use of devices known as

separator trawls. Separator trawls exploit behavioural differences between fish species

and can be used, for example, to segregate cod and plaice into the lower compartment

of the net, whilst haddock are taken in the upper part. The mesh size for the two

compartments can be altered according to the size of the adult fish being targeted.

Insertion of square mesh panels also improves selectivity of the net because square

meshes, unlike the traditional diamond shape meshes, do not close when the net is

towed. Discarding of immature fish may also be reduced by increasing the basic mesh

size in fishing nets. Sorting grids are compulsorily fitted in nets in some prawn and

shrimp fisheries to reduce by catch of unwanted or non-target species, including small

prawns and shrimp.

Depending on the depth of water fished and the way in which the gear is constructed

and rigged, trawling may be used to catch different species. Trawls can be towed by

one vessel using otter boards, as in bottom-trawling, or by two vessels, each towing

one warp, as in pair-trawling. Or more than one trawl can be towed simultaneously as

in multi-rig trawling.

Multi-rigs

Multi-rigs are used widely for the capture of panaeid shrimps in tropical waters and

more recently for Nephrops (langoustines or Dublin Bay prawns) and deep-water

prawns in temperate waters. The speed at which the net is towed is important, varying

with the swimming speed of the target species from about 1.5 to 5 knots for fast

swimming fish.

Dive-caught

Free diving (using mask and snorkel) or scuba diving is a traditional method of

collecting lobster, abalone, seaweed, sponges and reef dwelling fish (groupers and

snappers) for example. In deeper waters helmet diving systems using air pumped from

the surface are used. Species, including high value species such as geoduck (giant

clam), urchins, sea cucumber, lobster and scallops are now widely harvested by

divers. Hand-collection by divers is potentially one of the most species selective and

least damaging fishing method, provided harvesting is carried out responsibly.

46

Dredging

Dredging is used for harvesting bivalve molluscs such as oysters, clams and scallops

from the seabed. A dredge is a metal framed basket with a bottom of connected iron

rings or wire netting called a chain belly. The lower edge of the frame has a raking

bar, with or without teeth, depending upon the species targeted. The catch is lifted off

the seabed or out of the sea by the raking (or teeth) bar and passes back into the basket

or bag. Depending on the size of the boat and the depth of water fished the number of

dredges or ‘bags’ may vary from a single dredge towed behind the vessel to from 5 to

10 or more dredges per side. Dredges are generally attached to a towing bar and one is

operated from each side of the vessel simultaneously.

Drift net

A gill net (see below) that is allowed to drift with prevailing currents.

Drift nets are not set or fixed in any way, are in fact ‘mobile’, and they are allowed to

drift with the prevailing currents. Drift nets are used on the high seas for the capture

of a wide range of fish including tuna, squid and shark, and off north-east England for

salmon. Despite a global moratorium on large-scale drift nets (nets exceeding 2.5 kms

in length), introduced in 1992, problems still exist. For example, drift net fisheries in

the Mediterranean for swordfish and albacore tuna pose a particular threat to striped

dolphins. An EU-wide ban on all drift nets was introduced from January 2002. The

ban applies to fisheries such as tuna, shark and swordfish in all EU waters except the

Baltic, and to all EU vessels on the high seas. EU fishermen are, however, considering

challenging the ban if ‘pingers’ are found to be successful in deterring marine

mammals from entanglement and subsequent drowning in nets.

Various species of fish often congregate or associate with other living creatures (e.g.

tuna associate with dolphins and whale sharks ) or objects floating or suspended in the

sea. This natural phenomenon has been exploited to attract fish to floating or

suspended structures. Such structures can provide known locations for congregating

fish, around which vessels can operate a wide range of fishing techniques including

purse seines, pole and line or trolling. FADs may be used to concentrate fish in

sufficiently high numbers which are then surrounded with a purse seine net.

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Fishermen using pole and line or trolling methods may use the boat from which they

are fishing as a FAD.

Fish farming

Aquaculture is a term used to describe the farming of marine and freshwater

organisms. Mari culture only refers to the farming of marine organisms; it can be

further defined as open mari culture (or semi-culture) where organisms are farmed in

a natural environment, such as mussels, and closed mariculture (or intensive

mariculture) where organisms are farmed in closed environments as used for some

finfish such as halibut.

Currently 1 in 5 fish destined the dinner tables worldwide comes from marine or

freshwater farms. Fish that are commonly grown in cages include Atlantic salmon in

Europe and America; Pacific salmon in America; the yellowtail in Japan; and seabass

and groupers in Greece, Malaysia and Indonesia.

In Britain, two species of fish are principally farmed: Atlantic salmon in salt- water

and rainbow trout in fresh water. This is changing with the introduction of farming of

new marine species such as cod, haddock and halibut. The major growth sector in UK

mariculture is farmed Atlantic salmon, whose production in Scotland has nearly

trebled since 1990 and is predicted to increase.

Whilst fish farming relieves pressure from exploitation of wild stocks and could be

managed in a sensitive and sustainable way, the scale of most modern fish farming in

the UK has led to environmental impacts that negate any overall environmental gain.

MCS believes the industry has developed too rapidly and to the possible detriment of

inshore marine habitats, particularly sea lochs, wild stocks of Atlantic salmon and

other fisheries such as shellfisheries.

One of the biggest impacts of fish farming on the marine environment is the

production of fishmeal used to feed farmed fish. The protein for this fishmeal is

sourced from small pelagic fish that are not targeted for human consumption, but form

48

the base of the food chain and are important prey for other species such as cod (see

Industrial Fishing).

Gill or Fixed nets

Gill nets are walls of netting which may be set at or below the surface, on the seabed,

or at any depth inbetween. Gill netting is probably the oldest form of net fishing,

having been in use for thousands of years. True gill nets catch fish that attempt to

swim through the net, which are caught if they are of a size large enough to allow the

head to pass through the meshes but not the rest of the body. The fish then becomes

entangled by the gills as it attempts to back out of the net. The mesh size used

depends upon the species and size range being targeted.

Tangle nets resemble gill nets but are slacker, shorter and have less flotation. This

results in a looser-hung net that entangles species rather than gilling them.

Trammel nets are a wall of net divided into three layers. An inner fine-meshed net is

sandwiched between two outer, larger meshed nets. The net is anchored at the base

and floated by the headline, allowing it to hang vertically. The inner net is looser than

the outer ones, ensuring that the fish become entangled within it.

Although static gears such as gill nets generally have less impact on the environment

than mobile or towed gears they pose a particular problem for cetaceans (dolphins and

porpoise). Methods to increase the ‘dolphin-friendliness’ of this fishing method

include the attachment of acoustic devices or ‘pingers’ to the net to deter the animals;

reducing the ‘soak time’,; i.e. the amount of time the net is left in the

water;restrictions on the length of net used; and the introduction of closed areas to

exclude fishermen from cetacean 'hot-spots'.

An EU Regulation (812/2004) came into force in January 2005 which lays down

measures to: reduce incidental catches (by-catch) of cetaceans in fisheries through the

mandatory introduction of acoustic devices (pingers) on vessels over 12m; monitoring

49

of vessels (over 15m) in fisheries where by-catch of cetaceans has been implicated;

phase out and eventually ban fishing with drift nets in the Baltic Sea. The first phase

of the pinger requirements is to be implemented in certain North Sea fisheries by June

2005.

In the Cornwall Sea Fisheries District a voluntary Code of Practice has been jointly

developed by Cornwall Sea Fisheries Committee, set-net fishermen and Cornish Fish

Producers Organisation to minimise accidental cetacean by-catch in nets in and

around St.Austell and Penzance Bays.To help prevent capture fishermen are required

to:Inform each other as to where concentrations of cetaceans are being observed and

to avoid setting nets in the vicinity of observed or reported concentrations of

cetaceans. If an accidental cetacean bycatch does occur fishermen are required to: let

other fishermen know where nets are experiencing a cetacean bycatch and remove

nets from a problem area.For more information contact Cornwall Sea Fisheries

Committee.

Handline

Fishing with lines and hooks is one of the oldest fishing methods. They may be used

from a stationary or moving boat. The catch is of very high quality as the fish is

usually live when brought aboard.Handlining is also a highly selective fishery in

terms of species and size. The method can be used while fish are spawning, as they

will normally only bite after completion of spawning. Handlining is used to catch cod

and other demersal species and pelagic species such as mackerel, squid and tuna (see

below). In tropical waters handlines are used to catch groupers and snappers. Because

hauling is slow, mechanised (electrical or hydraulic) systems have been developed to

allow more lines to be worked by a smaller crew.

Jigging

Jigging is widely used to capture squid. A jig is a type of grapnel, attached to a line,

which may be manually or mechanically jerked in the water to snag the fish in its

body. Jig fishing usually happens at night with the aid of light attraction.

Trolling

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Trolling involves towing baited hooks or lures through the water. The method is

particularly suited to the capture of pelagic species of high individual value. Examples

include tuna (albacore and skipjack), wahoo, dorado, barracuda and salmon.

Hand-gathering (picking) or collection

Traditional methods of harvesting molluscs involve the use of hand tools such as

tongs and rakes. Mechanical methods using hydraulic or suction dredges (see below)

at high tide, or tractor harvesting at low tide, may also be used to harvest molluscs

such as clams and cockles.

Harpoon

This method is used for fish having high individual value such as swordfish and

bluefin tuna. Harpooning is a completely selective fishery, since the target must be

seen before striking, so the size and hence age can be determined and only mature fish

taken.

Hydraulic dredges

Hydraulic dredges either use jets of water to disturb the ground in front of a towed

dredge (see above) to capture bivalves, like razorshells and cockles, or use a pump to

suck bottom sediments on board ship where bivalves are screened out and the spoil

discharged back to sea. Impacts associated with this type of fishing are removal of

local populations of the target species, removal and disturbance of sediment with

consequences for other species living there, and creation of spoil plumes and siltation.

Industrial fishing

Most fishing methods target fish for direct human consumption. Fisheries targeting

species for reduction purposes i.e. the manufacture of fish oil and meal, are referred to

as industrial fisheries. Fish meal and oil is produced almost exclusively from small,

pelagic species, for which there is little or no demand for direct human consumption.

The methods of capture are purse-seining and trawling with small mesh nets in the

range of 16-32 mm. Important industrial fisheries in South America include the

Chilean jack mackerel fishery and the Peruvian fishery for anchoveta. Industrial

51

species in the North Sea and North-East Atlantic include: sandeel, sprat, capelin, blue

whiting, Norway pout and horse mackerel. Fish oil is used in a range of products

including margarine and biscuits. Fish meal and oil has more widespread use,

however, in the manufacture of pelleted feedstuffs for intensively farmed poultry, pigs

and, not least, aquaculture.

One of the main impacts associated with industrial fishing is the removal of large

quantities of species from the base of the food chain. For example the sandeel fishery

in the North Sea, the largest single-species fishery in the area accounting for over

50% by weight of total fish landings, has been implicated in the decline of breeding

success in seabirds such as kittiwakes, and reducing food availability for marine

mammals and other commercial fish species such as cod and haddock.

Long-lining

Long-lining is one of the most fuel-efficient catching methods. This method is used to

capture both demersal and pelagic fishes including swordfish and tuna. It involves

setting out a length of line, possibly as much as 50-100 km long, to which short

lengths of line, or snoods, carrying baited hooks are attached at intervals. The lines

may be set vertically in the water column, or horizontally along the bottom. The size

of fish and the species caught is determined by hook size and the type of bait used.

Although a selective method of catching fish, long-lining poses one of the greatest

threats to seabirds. Species such as albatross, petrels, shearwaters and fulmars

scavenge on baited hooks, get hooked, are dragged underwater and drowned.The

problem occurs whilst the baited hooks are on or near the surface i.e. before the hook

sinks. Commonly the bait used is squid, the principal prey of many seabird species.

Most globally threatened species, including the majestic wandering albatross, live in

the Southern Ocean. A range of practical measures have been developed to help

prevent seabirds being hooked and drowned on longlines. These include bird-scaring

streamers that flap and scare birds away, setting lines at night when most albatross do

not feed and weighting the line so it sinks quickly, bird scaring water cannons and

setting the line nearer the water surface rather than over the side of the boat,thus

minimising the lenght of time the bait is visible/available. Any of these measures will

contribute to reducing seabird by-catch. Ask your supplier if the longline caught fish

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you buy has been caught using "seabird-friendly" methods. For more information on

‘seabird-friendly’ fishing see http://www.birdlife.net/

Pelagic trawl

When trawling takes place in the water column or in mid-water between the seabed

and the surface, it is referred to as mid-water or pelagic trawling. Pelagic trawls target

fish swimming, usually in shoals, in the water column i.e. pelagic species. These

include seabass, mackerel, Alaska pollack, redfish, herring and pilchards for example.

Their effectiveness relies on traversing a considerable volume of water, and

consequently nets are larger than bottom trawls and require a large vertical and

horizontal mouth opening to provide net stability and capture large shoals of fish. The

length of time the net is towed through the water is shorter than in bottom trawling in

order to capture the shoals of fish the net passes through. To handle the large amounts

of fish, pumps are used to transfer the catch from the cod-end to the boat.

In mid-water pair trawling the otter boards are replaced, and the mouth of the net kept

open, by a pair of trawlers. This enables vast nets, often ¼ mile wide and ½ mile long,

to be towed through the water column to capture the fish.

Pelagic trawling affects marine mammals as they are caught accidentally when

feeding on the same fish being targeted by fishermen; being unable to surface for air

they eventually drown. Capture of marine mammals in fishing nets represents a very

significant welfare problem. Animals can remain conscious for some time while

struggling in the net, causing suffering and injuries such as lacerations and broken

teeth and bones, before dying of suffocation. In response to the continuing slaughter

of dolphins in pelagic trawl nets targeting seabass and other species, the UK

Government is developing a marine mammal escape device which, if successful, will

reduce the number of dolphin casualties in these fisheries.

In the UK a Statutory Instrument came into force in December 2004 which bans

fishing for bass with pelagic pair trawls within 12 miles of the coast of England in the

Western English Channel. Other bass fisheries will be able to continue in the area.

The legislation is however unlikely to reduce the amount of dolphins dying in the

53

fishery as the major effort in it is concentrated outside 12 miles. The legislation does

not effect vessels pair trawling for species other than bass.

Pole and line

Pole and line fishing (also known as bait boat fishing) is used to catch naturally

schooling fish which can be attracted to the surface. It is particularly effective for

tunas (skipjack and albacore). The method almost always involves the use of live bait

(anchovies, sardines etc.) which is thrown over board to attract the target species near

the boat (chumming). Poles and lines with barbless hooks are then used to hook the

fish and bring them on board. Hydraulically operated rods or automatic angling

machines may be used on larger pole and line vessels.

Pots (or creels)

Pots (or creels) are small baited traps which can be set out and retrieved by the

operating vessel. They are widely used on continental shelves in all parts of the world

for the capture of many species of crustaceans and fish, together with octopus and

shellfish such as whelks. Potting is a highly selective method of fishing, since the

catch is brought up alive, and sorting takes place immediately, allowing unwanted

animals to be returned to the sea, making the method potentially sustainable.

However, in Britain, fishing effort in the potting sector is high, with currently no

restrictions on the number and type of pot used or the amount of shellfish taken. Pots

used to be constructed from ‘withy’ or willow, but are now constructed from plastic-

coated or galvanised wire with nylon netting. This makes them virtually

indestructible. Modern pots or ‘parlour pots’ are also more complex and fitted with

‘pot-locks’, making escape impossible for the crab or lobster entering it. These factors

combined with mechanical hauling allow fishermen to haul more pots and to leave

them on the seabed for longer, thus increasing efficiency and fishing capacity.

Purse seining

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This is the general name given to the method of encircling a school of fish with a

large wall of net. The net is then drawn together underneath the fish (pursed) so that

they are completely surrounded. It is one of the most aggressive methods of fishing

and aims to capture large, dense shoals of mobile fish such as tuna, mackerel and

herring.

Purse seining for yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, specifically ‘dolphin-

fishing’, where dolphins are deliberately encircled to trap the tuna swimming below

them, is probably the most widely reported example of marine mammal by-catch.

However, since the introduction of legislation to protect marine mammals in 1972

(Marine Mammal Protection Act) the number of yellowfin tuna taken in nets set

deliberately on dolphins now only accounts for a very small proportion (3.3% in

1997) of tuna on the world market. The most stringent ‘dolphin-friendly’ standards

are those developed by the Earth Island Institute (see http://www.earthisland.org/ for

details) and HJ Heinz Corporation (the largest supplier of canned tuna in the world).

Since their introduction in 1990 dolphin deaths in this area have been reduced by 98%

to about 2-3,000 reported deaths per year. Companies participating in the EII project

represent more than 90% of the world’s canned tuna market.

Seine netting

This is a bottom fishing method and is of particular importance in the harvesting of

demersal or ground fish including cod, haddock and hake and flat-fish species such as

plaice and flounder. The fish are surrounded by warps (rope) laid out on the seabed

with a trawl shaped net at mid-length. As the warps are hauled in, the fish are herded

into the path of the net and caught. Effectiveness is increased on soft sediment by the

sand or mud cloud resulting from the warps’ movement across the seabed. This

method of fishing is less fuel-intensive than trawling and produces a high quality

catch, as the fish are not bumped along the bottom as with trawling.

Trap (nets)

Walls or compounds of netting are set out in a particular way and anchored to the

seabed so that fish, once they have entered, are prevented from leaving the trap. In

some cases, e.g. salmon traps, long leader nets are arranged from the shore to

55

intercept migrating fish and guide them into the trap. Other species taken in traps

include bass, herring and tuna.

The selectivity of trap nets is determined by the mesh size used. Undersized or

unwanted fish may be returned to the sea alive. However, in many tropical or

subtropical fisheries where there is a large mix in species and size range, many fish

are likely to become gilled as they attempt to escape from the trap. Seabirds and

mammals are also prone to becoming entangled in the nets.

Use of explosives (dynamite) or poisons (sodium cyanide, bleach)

Dynamite fishing

In some countries such as the Philippines, explosives (dynamite or blast fishing) are

used on coral reefs to capture fish. Blast fishing is a particularly destructive method of

fishing and is prohibited in many regions. A single explosion can destroy square

metres of coral in the immediate area, whilst shock waves can kill fish in a radius of

50m or more from the blast. Reefs in some parts of South East Asia have been

reduced to rubble in this way.

Cyanide poisoning

Cyanide is used by fishermen in many areas of South East Asia, the Pacific and the

Indian Ocean, to stun reef fish such as grouper and Napoleon wrasse which are then

exported for the live reef fish food market or aquarium trade. Although its use is

prohibited the practice continues because of the demand for certain species (e.g.

Napoleon wrasse) as gourmet delicacies.

56

CHAPTER-6

MODEL PROJECT FOR ESTABLISHING A FISH PROCESSING UNIT FOR

SURIMI PRODUCTION

1. Introduction

At present the world fish production is around 122.3 million tonnes which comprises

of 86.03 million tonnes of marine production and 29.50 million tonnes of inland

production. The total fish production in India is about 5.96 million tonnes with a

potential of 8.4 million tonnes. 67% of the exports in value are accounted by prawns.

Fishermen in India throw away the by-catches of fish which are of no use to them. If

Surimi production units are established in the country, the unwanted fish catch which

is being thrown away can be processed into Surimi. Americans are using surimi

processing technique in a big way. Surimi is the Japanese term for minced fish.

Eighties have seen a sudden spurt in the surimi industry due to the following:

1. In surimi production underutilised and less utilised species can be used successfully

as raw materials.

2. A variety of surimi based products can be prepared by altering the appearance and

eating quality through application of various processing technologies and ingredients.

3. Current technology permits mass production with consistent quality.

4. Increasing demand of surimi products in international markets.

2. Scope for surimi production in India

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India is the largest country in the Indian Ocean and is having a long coastline of about

7500 kms with over 200 varieties of commercially important fishes and shell fishes.

The estimated potential yield of fish at various depth zones is given below:

PELAGIC RESOURCES

The important pelagic fishes constituting the total potential yield of 7.42 lakh tonnes

in the 50-200 m. depth zone are the anchovies, carangids, ribbon fishes, tunas and

sharks. Among these fishes the carangids and the ribbon fishes could be effectively

utilised for surimi production in our country. The potential yield of the above varieties

from the 0-200 m depth region of our continental shelf is given below:-

Species Potential yield 000 tonnes

Carangids 231

Ribbon Fishes 266

These varieties are rarely utilised in the domestic market, due to their low unit value

realisation.

DEMERSAL RESOURCES

The demersal resources of the 50-200 m zone is estimated as 6.25 lakh tonnes of

which 4.23 lakh tonnes can be caught from the 50-100 m. zone and the rest 2.02 lakh

tonnes from the 100-200 m. region. A few varieties of this zone are known to produce

high quality surimi and can be effectively utilised for value addition into surimi

products. The potential source of such raw material varieties are given under:-

Species/Group Potential yield upto 50-200 m. depth

(in'000 tonnes)

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Thread fin bream 110.6

Bull's eye 54.8

Perches 14.6

Mackerels 62.2

Ribbon fishes 23.3

Trevally 17.1

Lizard fish 20.9

Barracuda 3.2

Clupeids 14.3

3. Technical Parameters

Details of the process involved in production of raw surimi and surimi based products

are given in Annexure I.

4.Location of the project

The surimi processing unit can be located at sites carefully selected keeping in view

of the abundant availability of raw material viz. various types of fishes and other

infrastructural facilities like motorable roads, water, electricity, nearness to port etc.

Before selection of site consultation with MPEDA may be desirable.

5. Borrower's profile

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Complete details of the entrepreneurs, partnership firm, registered company should be

given. Qualification and experience in the field, other activities undertaken by them,

financial ability etc. have to be furnished.

6. Physical and financial outlay

Details of the physical and financial outlay for establishing a surimi production unit of

2500 tonnes per annum capacity are given in Annexure II. It can be seen therefrom

that the total cost including working capital expenses (1st year 60% capacity

utilisation) works out to Rs.536.00 lakhs. While submitting the project to the banks

for sanction of loan, entrepreneurs are expected to submit detailed plan and estimates

for all the civil works to be undertaken as also invoices of various items to be

purchased from the suppliers.

7. Margin money and bank loan

The entrepreneur has to bring in 25% of the project cost out of his own resources and

the balance of 75% will be provided by banks as bank loan. However, NABARD

could consider providing margin money assistance in suitable and eligible cases as per

the guidelines contained in circular No.DPD.67/ 92-93 dated 24.03.1993.

8. Interest rate for ultimate borrowers

Banks are free to decide the rate of interest within the overall RBI guidelines.

However, for working out the financial viability and bankability of the model project

we have assumed the rate of interest as 12% per annum.

9. Interest rate for refinance from NABARD

As per the circulars of NABARD issued from time to time.

60

10. Financial viability

For working out the income and expenditure from the surimi production unit the

following assumptions have been made:-

i. Capacity of the unit 10 tonnes per diem

ii No. of working days 250 days

iii Capacity utilisation 1st year - 60%

2nd year - 70%

3rd year - 80%

4th year - 90%

onwards

iv Income at maximum capacity utilisationof 90% -

Quantum of surimi produced

2250 metric tonnes

v Income from sale of surimi @ Rs.36.000/- per m.t. for

2250 m.t.

(US $ 1200 per m.t.)

810 lakhs

The financial analysis has been shown in Annexure III. Results of the analysis are as

under:

i NPW at 15% D.F. - Rs. 404.02 lakhs

ii BCR AT 15% D.F. - 1.67:1

iii IRR is more than 50%

61

11. Marketing

As already indicated there is an increasing demand for surimi products in international

markets. Eighties have seen a sudden spurt in the surimi industry especially in the

western countries due to the popularity of some surimi based products. For

establishing marketing tie-up the entrepreneurs may get in touch with MPEDA

offices. Japan is one of the big importer of fisheries product from India.

12. Repayment period

As can be seen from Annexure IV the borrower will be able to repay the bank loan in

5 years with a moratorium of one year on repayment of principal.

13. Security

Banks may take a decision as per RBI guidelines.

14. Conclusion

As indicated in the above paragraphs, the project to establish surimi production unit is

technically feasible and financially viable. It is recommended that banks can consider

such projects for financing.

ANNEXURE I

Details of the process involved in Surimi production

The process - Raw surimi and surimi based products

62

When fish flesh is separated from bones and skin, it is called minced fish which forms

the starting material for surimi production. When minced fish is water washed to

remove water soluble components and fats it becomes raw surimi. The raw surimi

which is a wet concentrate of myofibrillar proteins possesses enchaned gel forming,

water holding, fat binding capacities compared to the minced fish. These functional

properties are reduced rapidly once it is frozen. In order to maintain the functional

properties, the raw surimi is mixed with cryoprotectants such as sugars or alcohols

and are quick frozen in blocks and stored. These compact blocks are convenient to

handle and can be economically transported. This frozen surimi becomes the raw

material for manufacture of surimi based products. The raw surimi is ground with salt

and other ingredients, then extruded, fiberised or composite moulded depending upon

the final products and finally heated to set the shape, develop the texture and

pasteurize the products. The type of heat treatment used is altered to vary the flavour,

texture and appearance desired in the final products and may include steaming,

broiling, boiling and deep fat frying. The process is explicity depicated in the flow

diagram given below:-

FISH

Deheading and Gutting

Meat separation

MINCED MEAT

Washing

Straining

Dewatering

Raw Surimi

Mixing Cryoprotectants

Freezing into Blocks

63

FROZEN SURIMI

Grinding with Salt and Ingredients

Heat Processing

SURIMI BASED PRODUCTS

2. The Surimi manufacturing process

The widely used technique for surimi manufacture is the modified version of rotary

rinser/screw press method. This has evolved through successfull cooperation among

fish technologists, processors and fishing companies. The factors that must be

considered and controlled to ensure good quality surimi is given below:-

1. Freshness is the most important requirement as it affects the gel forming capacity

of the surimi. The fish should always be kept at a temperature below 0o C and

processed within 2 days of catch.

2. The catch has to be sorted out for the target species and size manually. This sorting

will improve processing speed and yield of fillets. Washing and scaling should be

done simultaneously.

3. Filleting will influence the quality and quantity of mince. Filleting involves -

decapitation evisceration and excision of the backbone yielding a boneless fillet. The

presence of viscera gills, heart etc. will affect the quality of surimi and therefore

should be removed.

4. The most common meat separator is a belt drum type. The diameter of the holes

chosen for the roller greatly influences the subsequent leaching and dewatering

process, yield and ultimately the quality of the surmi. As per the size and freshness of

the fish the hole diameter is chosen and it generally ranges from 4-7 mm. In order to

increase the efficiency of thermal separation the fillets should be placed in such a way

that maximum surface area of the meat is in contact with the drum.

64

5. Leaching in fresh (non-salt) water is carried out to remove water soluble matter,

lipids and blood. This improves the colour, flavour and the gel strength of surimi.

Although the optimal time varies with the freshness of the raw material, water

temperature and size of the meat particles, 15-20 minutes for the entire leaching

process is usually regarded as appropriate for any commercial operation. Two

washings are generally regarded adequate from the gel strength point of view. The pH

of the wash water should be adjusted to 6.5 to 7.0 to ensure maximum functional

performance of fish protein. The temperature of the wash water should be 3-10oC to

recue microbial proliferation and protein denaturation.

6. The amount of water required for washing will be (10-20) times the amount of

mince, in shore based units. The final intermediate dewatering is carried out to keep

the moisture content around 90%. The fine particles lost from the screens and screen

press during intermediate dewatering can be recovered using centrifugation.

7. Refining of the partially dewatered and leached mince is carried out to remove the

connective tissues, skin scale or any undesirable inclusions using a strainer. Of late,

refining is done prior to final dewatering.

8. Final dewatering is done by screw press for reducing water content to about 80-

94%.

9. Blending of cryoprotective agents helps to stabilise fish proteins from freeze

denaturation and frozen storage. The percentage of these additives are:-

Sugar - 4% Sorbitol - 4-5% Polyphosphate - 0.2-0.3% (cryoprotective additive) The

actual quantities of the above ingredients/cryprotectants should be uniformly

dissolved and dispersed using a blending apparatus. Quality filling and freezing into

blocks, are done by automated machines. The equipment is operated in such a manner

so as to obtain a block center at (-) 25oC or below. The blocks thus obtained are

stored and shipped preferably at - 25oC. Surimi is normally traded in 10 kg. frozen

blocks which are individually wrapped in waxed cardboard boxes.

65

ANNEXURE – II

Estimated physical and financial outlay involved for setting up a surimi production

unit of 2500 tonne capacity per annum ( Illustrative )

   Capital Cost (Rs. lakh)

        

1 Cost of surimi line (imported component) (10 tonnes per

diem capacity)

150

2 Cost of 90 minutes plate freezer (10 tonnes per diem)

(Indigenous)

15

3 Cold storage (250 ton capacity) 25

4 Transformer (750 KVA) 5

5 Generator Set (500 KVA) 15

6 Ultra violet ray water purifier (1000 litres/hr) 1

7 Civil construction (plant room, office room, cleaning room

and labour room etc.)

25

8 Electrification 3

9 Borewell/water conveyance structures, pumping

mechanism, storage etc.

5

10 Miscellaneous 6

   Total 250

66

Recurring expenses : Calculated for maximum capacity utilisation (90%)

1 Raw material -7500 tonne@ Rs.500 per tonne 375.00

2 Additional (sugar, sorbitol, poly phosphate etc.) 240

tonnes @ Rs.2,000/tonne

4.80

3 a) Power

b) Refrigerant and fuel

22.68

5.00

4 Labour (salaries and wages) 12.00

5 Administrative expenses

(Rs.1.50 lakh as salary and Rs. 1.50 lakh and

other expenses)

3.00

6 Packaging and marketing expenses (Rs.100/tonne of

finished goods)

2.25

7 Miscellaneous expenses (approx. 10% of the

recurring expenditure)

5.00

   Total 429.73

      Say 430 lakhs

67

ANNEXURE III

STATEMENT SHOWING FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF A SURIMI

PRODUCTION UNIT OF A CAPACITY OF 2500 M.T. ( Illustrative )

(Rs. lakh)                                                 

         YEARS      

   I II III IV V TO VIII

A. COST               

Fixed Cost 250.000            

Recurring Cost 286.000 334.000 382.000 430.000 430.000

Total Cost 536.000 334.000 382.000 430.000 430.000

B. BENEFIT 540.000 630.000 720.000 810.000 810.000

Net Income 4.000 296.000 338.000 380.000 380.000

DF at 15% 0.870 0.756 0.658 0.572 1.632

Present Worth of Cost at

DF 15%

466.320 252.500 251.360 245.960 701.760 =

1917.900

Present Worth of Benefits

at DF 15%

469.800 476.280 473.760 463.320 1321.92

=3205.080

NPW       404.02      

BCR       1.67      

DF at 50% 0.667 0.44 0.296 0.197 0.317

68

NPW at 50% 2.668 131.420 100.050 74.860 120.46 =

429.458

IRR > 50%               

ANNEXURE IV

STATEMENT SHOWING REPAYMENT OF PRINCIPAL AND PAYMENT

OF INTEREST (ILLUSTRATIVE)

Total Outlay = Rs.536.000 lakh

Margin (25%) = Rs.134.000 lakh

Bank Loan = Rs.402.000 lakh

(Rs. lakh)                         

Year Bank loan

outstanding

Net

income

Repayment Bank loan

outstanding

at the end

of the year

Net

surplus

Interest

@ 12%

Principal Total

1 402.000 540.000 48.240   48.240 402.000 491.760

2 402.000 296.000 48.240 100.000 148.240 302.000 147.760

3 302.000 338.000 36.240 100.000 136.240 202.000 201.760

4 202.000 380.000 24.240 100.000 124.240 102.000 255.760

5 102.000 380.000 12.240 102.000 114.240   265.760

69

SHRIMP FARMING IN COASTAL DISTRICTS

1. INTRODUCTION

India is endowed with a long coastline and hence offers scope for large exploitation of

marine wealth. Till a few years back, fishermen in India were involving themselves in

traditional marine fishing. In the seventies fishermen started concentrating on

catching prawns more commonly known as `shrimps' due to high profitable return on

the same on account of their export value. Brackish water prawn farming started in a

big way during 91-94 especially in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil

Nadu. Subsequently due to disease problems, litigation in supreme court and other

social and environmental problems the sector suffered a huge set back and most of the

corporate farms were closed. However, the small units continued to do farming and

adopting extensive prawn farming systems. The shrimp farming has now been

regulated with the establishment of Aquaculture Authority of India as per directions

of Supreme Court for issuing licenses and overall supervision. It is commonly said

that after Green and White Revolution in India, it is time for Blue Revolution to

exploit the huge potential in fisheries sector. Shrimps are called the "Pinkish Gold" of

the sea because of its universal appeal, unique taste, high unit value and increasing

demand in the world market.

2. SCOPE FOR BRACKISH WATER SHRIMP FARMING

The over exploitation of shrimp from natural sources and the ever increasing demand

for shrimp and shrimp products in the world market has resulted in the wide gap

between the demand and supply shrimp in the International market. This has

necessitated the need for exploring new avenues for increasing prawn production. The

estimated brackish water area suitable for undertaking shrimp cultivation in India is

around 11.91 lakhs ha. spread over 10 states and union territories viz... West Bengal,

Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa,

70

Maharashtra and Gujarat. Of this only around 1.2 lakhs ha. are under shrimp farming

now and hence lot of scope exists for entrepreneurs to venture into this field of

activity. The following table gives the state-wise potential and present level of

development as on March 1996.

Sr. State Estimated brackish water

area

(ha.)

Area under cultivation (ha.)

1 West Bengal 405,000 34,660

2 Orissa 31,600 11,000

3 Andhra Pradesh 150,000 50,000

4 Tamil Nadu 56,000 2,879

5 Pondicherry 800 37

6 Kerala 65,000 14,657

7 Karnataka 8,000 3,500

8 Goa 18,500 650

9 Maharashtra 80,000 716

10 Gujarat 376,000 884

  1,190,000 118,983

3. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT

The first and foremost requirement for entering into this venture is the acquisition of

suitable land. The details of land identified/surveyed in coastal districts are available

with the department of fisheries of the concerned State Governments and with the

Regional offices of the MPEDA functioning in the coastal states of India. A suitable

site is one that can support optimum conditions for the growth of shrimps at targetted

71

production level. Most of the lands available along the coastline are owned by the

State Governments. In some cases, the entrepreneur has to get it on long term lease

from the revenue authorities of the State Government. If it is a private land, one has to

preferably purchase on outright basis. While selecting the site for the project, the

entrepreneur should ensure the following :

i) Area should be accessible preferably by a road even during the monsoon season.

ii) Mangrove area with large tree stumps should not be selected.

iii) Site should have good pollution free water supply of both freshwater and brackish

water. Water quality parameters required for maximum feed efficiency and maximum

growth of Penaeus monodon are given below :

  Water Parameters Optimum level

1 Dissolved Oxygen 3.5-4 ppm

2 Salinity 10-25 ppt

3 Water Temperature 26-32 (C 0)

4 pH 6.8-8.7

5 Total nitrite nitrogen 1.0 ppm

6 Total ammonia (less than) 1.0 ppm

7 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 10 ppm

8 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 70 ppm

9 Transparency 35 cm

10 Carbon dioxide (less than) 10 ppm

11 Sulphide (less than) 0.003 ppm

iv) The areas should be flood free

v) Location with a natural slope, for proper drainage should be selected.

72

vi) Social problems due to competing use of water resources and drainage of waste

water should be properly taken care of.

vii) Availability of necessary infrastructure namely electricity, ice factory, cold

storage, communication facilities etc., are necessary for successful management.

4. Borrowers' profile

Complete details of the entrepreneurs, partnership firm, registered company should be

given. Qualification and experience of the promoters, net worth of the borrowers,

other activities undertaken by them, financial ability etc., have to be furnished.

5. Technical feasibility of the project

As the project envisaged new technologies, the borrowers may take the help of a

competent outside agency to prepare the technical feasibility report on the project.

However, to serve as a guidelines to the entrepreneurs in this regard the technical

parameters are given in Annexure-I. However, the first and foremost requirement of

the project is to get a license from Aquaculture Authority as per the existing norms

and as per guidelines issued by Supreme Court.

6. Physical and financial outlay

Details of the physical and financial outlays involved for setting up of 5 ha. Brackish

water prawn farm are furnished in Annexure No.II. It can be seen therefrom that the

total cost including working capital expenses for raising the first crop for a 5 ha.

Prawn farm works out to Rs.37.60 lakhs. While submitting the project to the banks for

sanction of loan entrepreneurs are expected to submit detailed plan and estimates for

all the civil works to be undertaken as also invoices of various items to be purchased

from the suppliers.

7. Margin money and bank loan

The entrepreneur has to bring in 25% of the project cost out of his own resources and

the balance of 75% will be provided by banks as bank loan. However, NABARD

73

could consider providing margin money loan assistance in suitable and eligible cases

as per the guidelines contained in circular no. DPD 67/92-93 dated 24.2.1993.

8. Rate of refinance

NABARD refinance is available for projects for setting up of shrimp farms provided

the same is technically feasible and financially viable. NABARD is agreeable to

provide refinance as per existing norms.

9. Financial viability

For undertaking shrimp culture within CRZ and outside CRZ the following

assumptions have been made

   Improved Traditional (within

CRZ)

Extensive

(outside CRZ)

i. Farm Size 5 ha 5 ha

ii. Culture period 4-4 ½ months 4-4 1/2 months

iii. Stocking density ( PL-20) 50,000/- ha 1,00,000/- ha

Iv Survival 70% 65%

V Expected production 1.2 tonnes/ha/crop 2.5tonnes/ha/corp

Vii Price of shrimp has been taken as Rs.250/kg  

The financial analysis for extensive system of shrimp farming has been shown in

Annexure No. III. Results of the analysis are as under:

i. NPW at 15% DF - Rs.61.314 lakhs.

ii. BCR at 15% DF - 1.515

74

iii. IRR is more than 50 percent

10. Marketing

Because of huge gap between supply and demand of shrimps in local as well as

international market, there may not be any problem in marketing the same. Shrimps

can either be sold directly by the farmers in the market or sold to exporters for

processing before export. Shrimps can be exported in frozen form with head on , head

less, battered and breaded, or IQF products or any other form with value addition. The

prawn has to be packed as per requirements of importing countries and therefore this

should be decided after a detailed market survey. It is always advisable to get in touch

with local distributing agents of the customer country. Hygienic packaging, display

and appearance of the packet are key factors to attract consumers of importing

countries.

11. Rate of interest

As per existing RBI guidelines interest rate to be charged to the ultimate borrower for

loan exceeding Rs.2 lakhs will be as decided by the lending Bank. NABARD's

interest rate for refinance would be as per existing norms prevailing at the particular

time.

12. Repayment period

As can be seen from Annexure No.IV the borrower will be able to repay the bank loan

in 5 years with a moratorium of one year on repayment of principal.

13. Security

Security from the ultimate beneficiaries has to be obtained as per the rules of

financing banks which have to be in conformity with the guidelines of RBI.

14. Conclusion

As shrimps have got good export potential, establishment of shrimp farms as per the

model scheme indicated above is recommended for consideration by banks for

financing.

75

ANNEXURE I

Technical Parameters for establishing a extensive shrimp farm

A -1. Design and Construction of shrimp farm :

An extensive shrimp farm should be of the size 0.4 - 0.5 ha. and preferably drainable

from the management point of view. The ponds generally should have concrete dikes,

elevated concrete supply canal with separate drain gates and adequate life supporting

devices like generators and aerators.

The design, elevation and orientation of the water canals must be related to the

elevation of the area with particular reference to the mean range of tidal fluctuation.

The layout of the canals and dikes may be fitted as closely as technically possible to

existing land slopes and undulation for minimizing the cost of construction.

2. General Earth Work

It is normally carried out in the following order :

1. Site clearing

2. Top soil stripping

3. Staking of centre lines and templates

4. Preparation of dike foundation

5. Excavation of drainage canals

6. Construction of dikes (peripheral and secondary)

7. Forming and compaction of dikes.

8. Excavation of pits for gates.

76

9. Levelling of pond bottom.

10. Construction of gates and refilling of pits

11. Construction of dike protection.

The top soil may be set aside and should again be spread later to preserve pond

bottom fertility.

3. The essential components of a shrimp farm are :-

1. Ponds

2. Water intake structure

3. Store room for feed and equipments

4. An area for cleaning of the harvest

5. A workshop and pump house

6. Watch and ward room , office and a mini laboratory.

B. Ponds

From the management point of view it is better to go in for ponds of 0.4 ha-0.5 ha

size. These ponds should be preferably completely drainable. The ponds are

partitioned by secondary dykes. In order to render over all protection to the cultured

stock and all related structures a perimeter dyke also can be constructed.

The height of the perimeter dyke will depend upon the following factors, such as :

1. Height of water level in the area.

2. Elevation above mean sea level.

3. Height of free board.

4. The percentage allowance for soil shrinkage.

77

The partition dykes determine the size and limit of each grow out pond and its height

is determined by the following factors namely :

1. The height of water column in the pond

2. Free board

3. Wave action

4. Shrinkage factor

The shrinkage factor is decided by the type of soil like heavy, medium and light soils.

C. Gates

They regulate the inflow and outflow of water into the pond and also are responsible

for maintaining the desired water column in the pond. The main gates are constructed

on the perimeter dyke and are usually located on the partition dykes and they regulate

the water column in the individual ponds. It can be made out of concrete or PVC or

Asbestos piping.

D. Drain canals

They are generally trapezoidal in cross section and its discharge capability is decided

by area of cross section and velocity of water flow.

E. Pond preparation

Proper pond preparation will ensure higher production. The main objectives of pond

preparation are :

1. To eradicate weed fishes and orgnaisms

2. To remove abnoxious gases

3. To improve the natural productivity of the pond eco system

4. To maintain high water quality for proper growth and higher survival percentage.

78

Eradication of unwanted organisms is usually carried out by draining out the entire

water and drying the pond bottom till it cracks. This also helps in removal of

obnoxious gases and oxygenation of the pond bottom. It also improves the fertility of

the soil.

Liming is done for correcting the pH and to kill pathogenic bacteria and virus. In

undrainable ponds mahual oil should be applied @ 200 ppm to eradicate the weed

fishes. After around two weeks time organic and inforanic fertilisers are applied to

enrich the soil and water. Once the thick lab-lab is formed the water level is raised

and the pond is made ready for stocking.

F. Selective stocking :

The most suitable species for culture in India are the Indian white prawn Penaeus

indicus and tiger prawn P. Monodon. The stocking density varies with the type of

system adopted and the species selected for the culture. As per the directives of

Supreme Court only traditional and improved traditional shrimp farming can be

undertaken within the CRZ with a production range of 1 to 1.5 tonnes/ha/crop with

stocking density of 40,000 to 60,000/ha/crop. Outside CRZ extensive shrimp farming

with a production range of 2.5 to 3 tonnes/ha/crop with stocking density of

1,00,000/ha/crop may be allowed.

In order to have uniform growth of the cultured animal it is always advisable to go in

for hatchery reared seeds.

G. Food and feeding

Shrimp diets may be supplementary or complete. In a extensive system the shrimps

need a complete diet. Although natural food items have good conversion values but

they are difficult to procure in large quantities and maintain a continuous supply.

At present most of the aquaculture farms depend on imported feed with a FCR of

1:1.5 - 1.8. The feeding could be done by using automatic feed dispensers, or by

broadcasting all over the pond. If feeding trays are employed in selected pockets in

the pond wastage in feed can be reduced.

79

H. Harvesting :

Complete harvesting can be carried out by draining the pond water through a bag net

and hand picking. The average culture period required is around 120-150 days during

which time the prawns will grow to 20-30 gm size (depending on the species). It is

possible to get two crops in a year. Harvested shrimps can be kept between layers of

crushed ice before transporting the consignment to market.

ANNEXURE II

Estimated physical and financial outlay involved for setting up of a shrimp farm

A. CAPITAL COST Rs. lakhs

a) Earth work for construction of ponds, drainages and feeder

canals etc. (20000 m 3) Rs.25/m3

'5.0

b) Lining of feeder canal 0.7

c) Water inlet structure for ponds (2 Nos.) 0.5

d) Water outlet structure for ponds (10 Nos.) 1

c) Main outlet sluices (2 Nos.) 0.3

d) Pump House, generator shed cum workshop etc 1

g) Office, laboratory and stores 2

h) Watchman shed 0.2

i) Drinking water storage and supply network 0.75

j) Pumps (3 Nos. Mixed flow pump of 25 HP each) 2.55

k) Aerators (10 Nos. 1 HP) 2

l) Electrical installations 2

m) Generators (7 nos. X 30 KVA) 4

80

n) Lab and farm equipments` 1

o) Miscellaneous expenditure 1

  TOTAL 24

b. OPERATIONAL COST FOR THE FIRST CROP  

a) Seed @ Rs.300/1000 Nos. For 2 lakh 3

b) Feed @ Rs.40/kg for 15,000 kg 6

c) Chemicals and manures for pond preparation (@

Rs.15,000/ha)

0.75

d) Fuel and electricity 1.5

e) Repairs and maintenance 0.5

f) Harvesting 0.25

g) Labour for pond preparation 0.2

h) Staff salary 0.92

  1 Farm manager 10,000 x 4  

  1 Mechanic 5,000 x 4  

  Farm hands (2) 4,000 x 4  

  Watchman (2) 4,000 x 4  

i) Office expenses and Misc. expenses 0.5

    13.62

  Total outlay for 5 Ha Rs.37.62 lakh Say 37.60

  Total outlay per Ha. Rs.7.52 lakh appx.

Note : 1) Detailed plan and estimates are to be furnished alongwith the project.

2) Invoices for purchase of various items to be enclosed.

81

ANNEXURE III

Statement showing Financial Analysis for Shrimp Culture in 5 ha. Farm (Rs. lakhs)

   I year II to VIII

years 

A COST      

1 Fixed Cost 24 --  

2 Recurring Cost 13.6 27.2  

  TOTAL COST 37.6 27.2  

B. BENEFIT 25 50  

  NET INCOME -12.6 22.6  

  Discount Factor at 15% 0.87 3.17  

  Net Present worth of cost -32.71 86.22 = 118.936

  Net Present worth of benefits 21.75 158.5 = 180.25

 NPW at 15% discount factor 61.314

BCR = 1.515

  

  Discount factor at 50% 0.67 1.25  

  NPW at 50% -8.44 28.25 = 19.808

   Internal Rate of Return is

more than 50%   

82

ANNEXURE IV

STATEMENT SHOWING REPAYMENT OF PRINCIPAL AND PAYMENT

OF INTEREST (ILLUSTRATIVE)

Total Outlay = Rs.37.6 lakhs

Margin (25%) = Rs.9.4 lakhs

Bank Loan = Rs.28.2 lakhs

(Rs. lakhs)

Year Bank Loan

Outstanding at

the beginning

of the year

Net

Income

  Repayment   Bank Loan

Outstanding

at year end

Net

Surplus

      Interest Principal Total    

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 28.20 25.00 4.23 -- 4.23 28.20 20.77

2 28.20 22.60 4.23 7.07 11.30 21.13 11.30

3 21.13 22.60 3.17 8.13 11.30 13.00 11.30

4 13.00 22.60 1.95 9.35 11.30 3.65 11.30

5 3.65 22.60 0.55 3.65 4.20 -- 18.40

83

FRESHWATER PRAWN FARMING

1. INTRODUCTION

Indian aquaculture has been evolving from the level of susbsistence activity to that of

an industry. This transformation has been made possible with the development and

standardization of many new production and associated techniques of input and

output subsystems. In recent years aquaculture has created great enthusiasm and

interest among entrepreneurs especially for shrimp farming in coastal areas. Shrimp

farming is capital intensive activity and uncontrolled mushrooming growth of it has

led to outbreak of diseases and attributed environmental issues calling for closure of

shrimp farms.

Although India has vast freshwater resources they are not fully exploited except for

carp culture in limited scale. Fresh water fish culture employing composite fish

culture technology has become popular for use in large number of tanks and ponds in

the country. To meet the raw material required by the processing units for export

demand there is urgent need to expand our production base. In addition it is always

stressed that there is a need to utilise our natural resources productively to ensure the

much needed food security.

2. Scope for Fresh Water Prawn Culture

Considering the high export potential, the giant fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium

rosenbergii, the scampi, enjoys immense potential for culture in India. About 4

million ha. of impounded freshwater bodies in the various states of India, offer great

potential for fresh water prawn culture. Scampi can be cultivated for export through

monoculture in existing as well as new ponds or with compatible freshwater fishes in

existing ponds. It is exported to EEC countries and USA. Since the world market for

scampi is expanding with attractive prices, there is great scope for scampi production

and export.

84

3. Technical Parameters

The giant freshwater prawn is suitable for cultivation in tropical and subtropical

climates. It is a hardy species by virtue of its ability to adapt to various types of fresh

and brackish-water conditions. It accepts pelleted feed and has omnivorous feeding

habit. In the natural enviroment, lower reaches of rivers, tidal inlets, where water is

directly or indirectly connected with sea are their preferred habitat specially during

spawning. The breeding takes place in low saline waters which is also needed for

larval and post larval development after incubation. Breeding of M.rosenbergii takes

place in estuaries.

Though seed may be available in natural sources to a limited extent, for large scale

culture there is a need to ensure regular supply of seed. For ensuring availability of

quality seed in predictable quantity freshwater prawn hatcheries should be

encouraged, technology for which is already developed. Freshwater prawn hatcheries

are coming up in many states.

The techno-economic parameters required for establishment of prawn farm and its

successful operation are briefly described in this booklet. The parameters are averaged

out and the costs are only illustrative.

3.1. Site selection

The site selection plays an important role as the entire management aspect of the farm

ultimately depends on specific conditions of the site. The aspects to be considered are

topography of the area, soil type, availability of quality water etc.. The area should be

free from pollution and flooding. Other considerations like approach roads etc. have

also to be taken into account.

3.2 Soil quality

The ideal soil for Macrobrachium culture should be clay silt mixture or sandy loam

comprising of 60% sand and 40% silt with good water retention capacity.

3.3. Water quality

There should be availability of abundant and good quality water.The water should be

free from any kind of pollution. The pH should be maintained at 7 to 8.5. The

85

temperature should range from 18 0 to 340C with an optimum range of 270 C to 310

C. Dissolved oxygen content should be higher than 75% saturation.

3.4 Pond construction

Rectangular ponds are suitable mainly from the harvesting point of view. A

convenient width is 30-50 m, whereas length of the pond depends on site, topography

and farm layout. Normally a size of 0.5 to 1.5 ha is found suitable. The average depth

of the ponds should be 0.9m with a minimum of 0.75m and a maximum of 1.2m. Dike

and pond slope may be kept at 2:1. Bund must have a freeboard of at least 60 cm

above the highest water level in the pond. Designing and layout of the farms may be

done keeping in view the water intake and water outlet facilities. The drainage system

should be designed carefully to prevent mixing of outlet water with incoming water.

3.5. Water supply and drainage

Appropriate water supply and drainage systems have to be designed keeping in view

the water source and topography of the area. Tubewell and pumping system may be

considered if required for water intake/exchange. Water exchange on weekly or

fortnightly basis as required is desirable and provisions are to be made accordingly.

4. Farm Management

The type of pond preparation to be adopted before stocking is based on the type of

culture and its intensity and nature of the culture pond. Liming of the pond assumes

great importance here than in the case of freshwater fish culture. The application of

fertilisers is restricted in case pelletised feed is used. However, occasionally cow

dung, single super phosphate, urea etc. can be applied on assessing the productivity.

The stocking density normally varies from 4000 to 50000 nos. of post larvae per ha

depending on the type and intensity of the management practices. The culture system

may be monoculture or polyculture with carps. In case of polyculture with carps the

more pond depth is preferred at 4-5 feet. In case of polyculture the stocking density of

prawn may vary from 2500-20000 post larvae. The carp fingerlings may be of the

order of 5000 - 2500 Nos. Nursery may be incorporated where the post larvae

obtained from hatcheries could be reared for a period of 4-5 weeks till they attain 40-

50 mm or 1-3 gram.

86

In order to get desired production, feeding, aeration, water exchange, periodic

monitoring should be continued. The quality and type of feed is based on culture

system. Macrobrachium with its omnivorous feeding habits can make use of a variety

of feeds from common wet feed made from rice bran and oil cake to scientifically

formulated pelleted feed. The rate of feeding is determined by the stage of growth of

prawn, water quality, density of stock and other manuring practices. Generally the

feeding rate my be 5% of the body weight.

The duration of culture varies from 6 to 12 months depending on the type of culture

practice. Generally in monoculture the culture period may be 6-8 months under

monoculture and 8-12 months under polyculture. The average growth of prawn may

range from 50 gms to 200 gms depending on the duration, density, water quality,

feeding etc. The survival rate may range 50% to 70% depending on the type of

management practices.

5. Extension services

The borrower should have experience in prawn farming and should be conversant

with production technology, trade etc. Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDA)

have been established in almost all districts for providing necessary training. The

offices of Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) in most of the

coastal states also provide necessary assistance.

6. Marketing

There is good demand for fresh water prawn in both local and international markets,

as such there may not be any problem in marketing the same. Fresh water prawns can

be sold directly by the farmers either in the market or to exporters for processing

before export.

7. Financial outlay

Details for the financial outlay have been indicated in Annexure I. It can be seen

therefrom that the capital cost for a 1 ha. unit has been estimated as Rs. 2.075 lakh

while the operational cost for one crop works out to Rs.1.214 lakh. The items and cost

indicated under the model are indicative and not exhaustive. While preparing projects

87

for financial assistance the costs have to be assessed taking into account actual field

conditions.

8. Margin money and bank loan

The entrepreneur is expected to bring margin money out of his own resources. The

rates of margin money stipulated are 5% for smaller farmer, 10% for medium farmer

and 15% for other farmers. For corporate borrowers the margin stipulated is 25%.

NABARD could consider providing margin money loan assistance in deserving cases.

9. Rate of Refinance

NABARD provides refinance assistance for freshwater prawn farming to commercial

banks, cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks. The rate of refinance is fixed by

NABARD from time to time.

10. Financial viability

The following assumptions have been made for working out the financial viability of

the project.

i) Farm size 1 ha.

ii) Culture period 6-8 months

iii) Stocking density 30,000 /ha

iv) Survival 60%

v) Feed conversion ratio 2.5:1

vi) Expected production 1260 kg/ha/crop

vii) Only one crop of 6-8 months culture period has been considered

 Sale price of prawn has been taken as Rs. 170 per kg.

The financial analysis has been shown in Annexure I.

88

  The results of analysis are:  

  i) NPW at 15% Discounting = Rs. 2.33 lakhs

 ii) BCR at 15%

Discounting = 1.37:1 

  iii) IRR = 77%  

11. Rate of interest

Interest rate to be charged would be as indicated by bank/RBI/NABARD from time to

time.

12. Repayment period

The borrower will be able to repay the bank loan in 8 years (Annex -I) with a grace

period of one year on repayment of the principal.

13. Security

Security from the ultimate beneficiaries may be obtained as per the guidelines of RBI

issued from time to time.

Annexure - I

89

ESTIMATED FINANCIAL OUTLAY FOR GIANT FRESH WATER

PRAWN (MACROBRAHIUM RESENBERGII) CULTURE IN 1 HA WATER

AREA 

A. Capital Cost

    Units Quantum Rate (Rs.) Total

1 Construction of pond

including digging, bund

construction and

compaction and

consolidtion

Cum 7500 15 112500

2 Shallow tubewell and

pumpset 5 HP

Nos   L/s 35,000

3 Pump house cum store

room-AC roof

    L/s 20,000

4 Inlet/outlet sluices       10,000

5 Nets and other implements     L/s 10,000

6 Aerator Nos 1 15,000 15,000

7 Miscellaneous including

laying of pipe line etc.

    L/s 5,000

  Total A       207,500

B. Operational cost for one crop (6-8 months)

90

    Units Quantum Rate (Rs.) Total

1 Lime Kg 300 5 1,500

2 In organic fertiliser (super

phosphate)

kg 75 5 375

3 Fertiliser - Organic-Cow

Dung

tons 2 300 600

4 Seed Nos 30,000 0.6 18,000

5 Feed-pelletted feed Kgs 3,150 20 63,000

6 Pumping and aeration

charges

    L/s 10,000

7 Watch and Ward Mandays 240 40 9,600

8 Miscellaneous including

insurance, harvesting and

medicine etc.

L/s     5000

  Total B       108,075

  Total Cost        315,575

Annexure -I(Contd.)

C. Production

91

1 Survival(%) 60%

2 Average weight at harvest (gms) 70

3 Total production (Kg) 1,260

4 Farm gate price (Rs.) 170

5 Number of Crops per annum 1

6 Income during 1st year (85% of total

production)

1,82,070

  Income from 2nd year onwards 214,200

D. Financial Analysis

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Capital

cost

207,50

0

           

Recurrin

g cost

108,07

5

108,07

5

108,07

5

108,075 108,07

5

108,075 108,075

Total cost 315,57

5

108,07

5

108,07

5

108,075 108,07

5

108,075 108,075

Income 182,07

0

214,20

0

214,20

0

214,200 214,20

0

214,200 214,200

New

benefit

-

133,50

5

106,12

5

106,12

5

106,125 106,12

5

106,125 106,125

NPW of

cost

630,07

2

           

92

NPW of

benefit

863,22

2

           

NPW 233,15

0

           

BCR 1.37            

IRR 77%            

SPORT FISHING IN ANDAMAN ISLANDS

Fishing in the untouched reefs of the Andaman Islands, for long inaccessible and

untouched this Island group is the last frontier for true big game sport fishing. These

tropical islands of rainforest, mangroves and deep drop offs, makes an ideal location

for any form of saltwater angling.

Our associate Sea Fishing India offers sport fishing from Port Blair and Havelock

Island with their 23 feet and 30 feet boats with a capacity to carry 3 anglers and 4

anglers at a time for day fishing. The boats are equipped with a pair of 75 HP and 225

hp Yamaha outboard engine to offer a comfortable 20 knots cruise. These boats are

suitable for stand-up type fishing and they are equipped with GPS, VHF and Sounder.

Usually the trip starts by 0800 hours and ends by 1600 hours.

Sport Fishing from Port Blair

From Port Blair we are able to access the spectacular fishing between the Middle and

Little Andaman Islands. These areas are up to 35nm away and are difficult to access

without a fast boat. Cinque, Passage, Sister and Brother Islands along with their

surrounding reef systems and tides make them a fishing paradise.

Sport Fishing from Havelock Island (Ritchies Archiplago)

93

The Archipelago is a 45nm long expanse of islands with diverse landscapes including

beaches, tropical rainforest, mangrove and reef, the continental shelf is in some places

no more than 6 nm off the islands.

Tariff for sport fishing trip from Port Blair (0800-1600 hours)

Full boat charter Euro 544 per day

The above charges includes all tackle, bait, 8 hours guided fishing per day, packaed

lunch & refreshments while fishing and transfers to and from the jetty where the boat

will start.

Not a professional sport fisherman & interested to experience fishing scroll down

MODEL PROJECT FOR PADDY CUM SHRIMP CULTURE

Introduction:

Coastal saline soil extends from the main sea coast to a few or even 50 km at places

interior to the main land. The ground water table under these soils is generally present

at a shallow depth and contains high amount of soluble salts. These salts accumulate

on the surface of the soil due to capillary rise of saline groundwater during dry

periods of the year rendering the soil highly saline. Almost the entire area of the rain

fed coastal saline soil is mono cropped in nature. The major agricultural crop of kharif

is rice, grown during monsoon period when soil salinity is low. During the rest of the

year, the land usually remains fallow due to high salt content of the soil.

The kharif paddy varieties widely used in such areas are Mahsuri, Sadamota,

Kalomota, Talmugur, Damodar, Dasal, Getu, Nona-patnai, Jaya, Ratna, Pankaj,

Patnai-23, Luni, Cuttackdhandi, Pokkali, Vytilla, Bilikagga, CSR-4, CSR-6, Matla,

Hamilton, Palman 579, BKN, RP-6, FR-46B, Arya, etc. Paddy cum brackish water

fish/ shrimp culture aims at utilizing the summer fallow period of the coastal saline

soil through a short term brackish water aquaculture without affecting the subsequent

kharif paddy crop. This type of activity provides the farmers with a substantial

subsidiary income during the fallow season.

94

In West Bengal, where the salinity is either low or lowered by fresh water discharge

diluting the tidal water, the cultivation of fish is undertaken in paddy fields. In pokkali

fields of Kerala, summer fallow months are utilized for brackish water aquaculture.

The production of fish in such culture varies from 300 to 1000 kg/ha. The brackish

water shrimp culture is introduced in a big way in such areas as the remuneration is

very high. The species commonly cultured are Penaeus monodon, Penaeus indicus,

Metapenaeus dobsonii and Metapenaeus monoceros.

Technical Parameters

The coastal area is mostly low lying, the elevation varying usually between sea level

and 8 m above the MSL. Fields having elevation between low and high tide levels are

desirable for water exchange during brackish water aquaculture and also for frequent

draining of monsoon water during desalination process. The sluice in the embankment

is essential for regulating the flow of tidal and drainage waters. The area having more

than 1 m tidal amplitude is considered suitable for paddy cum shrimp culture.

Soil quality

Medium textured soils like silty clay or silty clay loam are most suitable for paddy

cum fish/ shrimp culture.

Water quality

Heavy monsoon precipitation for the site is essential for desalination of the soil after

brackish water aquaculture. Intake of brackish water must be suspended before the

onset of monsoon. The cultured species is harvested and then the land is exposed to

monsoon precipitation for the purpose of desalination.

Pond construction

The paddy plots should be renovated suitably for the purpose of paddy cum brackish

water aquaculture. Construction of an earthen dyke surrounding the paddy plot is

essential for retaining water and also for holding the fish and shrimp during

aquaculture. The height of the dyke is required to be maintained between 50 and 100

cm depending upon the topography of the plot and tidal amplitude at the site. A

95

perimeter canal is necessary on the inner periphery of the plot. For a one ha paddy

plot, the width and depth of the canal may be about 2 m and 1 m respectively. The

earth removed from excavating the canal may be utilized for constructing or

strengthening the dyke. In addition to the perimeter canal, two cross trenches of about

1 m width should also be constructed at both the directions. The bottom of the

trenches should be above the perimeter canal so that during the course of desalination,

entire water can be easily removed to the canal. The area covered by the perimeter

canal and the trenches will be about 12% of the total land area.

Water supply and drainage

The entry of tidal water during the culture is made through feeder canal and the flow

of water into the field is regulated by a sluice gate fitted with wooden shutters and

placed at about 30 cm height from the main plot. During high tide, water is taken into

the plot after sieving through velon nets and split bamboo mats to prevent entry of any

kind of fish/ shrimp and other undesirable species, especially carnivores. Another

sluice is used for draining out water from the culture plot to the feeder canal at low

tide periods for water exchange, desalination and drainage of excess water. On the

entry and exit mouths of the slice gate, wooden shutters are provided to regulate the

movement of water.

Pond management

The plots are prepared in two phases, once for brackish water aquaculture and again

for paddy cultivation. For aquaculture crop, the plot is sun dried after the kharif

harvest. If necessary, to rectify acidic soils, lime is applied depending on requirement

of the soil. Usually no inorganic fertilization is done. However, urea may be used in

extreme cases of nitrogen deficiency of soils @ 60 kg N/ha. Some shade zones are

provided over the perimeter canal with twigs, hay, palm leaves etc., so that during

summer the shrimp can take shelter and also hide themselves from predation.

Stocking

The paddy field is made ready for stocking and Penaeus monodon or Penaeus indicus

are stocked @ 3 nos/sq.m .

96

Feeding

Although natural food items have good conversion values but they are difficult to

procure in large quantities and maintain a continuous supply.Hence only

supplementary feed is given .

Harvesting

Complete harvesting can be carried out by draining the pond water through a bag net

and hand picking. The average culture period in paddy fields is around 100-120 days

during which time the shrimps will grow to 35 gm size (depending on the species).

Harvested shrimps can be kept between layers of crushed ice before transporting the

consignment to market.

Production & Income

The expected production for an area of 0.5 ha. is around 350 kg. The income from 0.5

ha. has been assessed to be Rs.87500/-.

Marketing

Frozen shrimp contributes 70% by value and 30% by volume of our marine products

exports. Japan, USA, European Union, South East Asia, China and the Middle East

are the major markets for our shrimp. The shrimp catches from the wild are fast

dwindling due to over exploitation and culture of shrimp is an alternative to increase

shrimp production for export and also for local consumption.

Financial outlay

Details of the financial requirement for paddy cum shrimp culture in 0.5 ha. area have

been indicated in Annexure I. The items and cost indicated under the model are

indicative and not exhaustive. While preparing projects for financial assistance the

costs have to be assessed taking into account actual field conditions. The projected

capital cost for 0.5 ha. unit has been estimated to be Rs.67500 and operational cost for

one crop to be Rs.51000.

Financial viability

97

The following assumptions have been made for working out the financial viability of

the activity taking only aquaculture into account assuming that paddy cultivation was

being done prior to taking up aquaculture and will also be continued after taking up

aquaculture. The economics would remain unchanged for paddy, hence not taken into

account for calculating economics and repayment. 

1 Pond Size 0.5 ha

2 Culture Period 100 to 120 days

3 Stocking density 3 nos/sq.m

4 Survival 70%

5 Size at harvest 35 gm.

6 Expected production 350 kg /0.5 ha

7 Crops per year One alternating with one paddy

crop

8 Farm gate price Rs. 250 / kg

The financial analysis has been shown in Annexure III. The results of the analysis are

(i) NPW at 15% DF : Rs. 105092

(ii) BCR at 15% DF : 1.37:1

IRR is more than 50%

Margin money and bank loan

The farmer is expected to bring margin money out of his own resources. The rates of

margin money stipulated are 5% for small farmers, 10% for medium farmers and 15%

for other farmers.

98

Rate of Refinance

NABARD provides refinance assistance for paddy cum shrimp culture to commercial

banks, cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks. The rate of refinance is charged

as fixed by NABARD from time to time. The long term investments under the above

scheme can be disbursed only under schematic lending and cannot be booked under

ARF.

Interest rate for ultimate borrowers

Banks are free to decide the rate of interest within the overall RBI guidelines.

However, for working out the financial viability and bankability of the model project

we have assumed the rate of interest as 12% per annum.

Interest rate for refinance from NABARD

As per the policycirculars of NABARD issued from time to time.

Repayment Period

Repayment of bank loan is possible in 8 years with no moratorium

Security

Banks may take a decision as per RBI guidelines.

Special Conditions

1. Clearance from National Aquaculture Authority for undertaking the activity.

2. Water level to be maintained at 1.5 m, with a minimum of 1.2 m water column.

3. Stocking should not exceed 10 nos/sq.m

4. Seed should be PCR tested.

99

5. Site feasibility and intake water quality to be ascertained from competent agency

like MPEDA / BFDA.

6. Effluent treatment units for WSA of 5 ha. and above.

Annexure - I

Estimated financial outlay for paddy cum shrimp culture in 0.5 ha water area

Capital Cost

  Items of Investment Units Quantum Rate (Rs.) Total

1 Modification of the paddy field by

digging perimeter canal, trenches, bund

construction and compacting &

consolidation

Cum 1,200 25 30000

2 Inlet / outlet sluices (lump sum) Nos 2 6250 12500

3 Cost of 3 HP Diesel pump set with

accessories and pump shed

    LS 20000

4 Nets and other items     LS 2000

5 Miscellaneous     LS 3000

  Total       67500

Operational Cost for one crop

 

    Units Quantum Rate (Rs.) Total

1 Seed Nos 15000 0.50 7500

100

2 Removal of predator     LS 500

3 Fertilizers and liming     LS 1000

4 Diesel cost (for

pump)

    LS 2500

5 Feed Kg 700 Rs 45/kg 31500

6 Pump set

maintenance

    LS 3000

7 Harvesting and

marketing charges   

LS 2500

8 Miscellaneous       2500

  Total       51000

Annexure II

Production & Income

1 Survival 70%

2 Average weight at harvest (gms) 35

3 Total production (kg) 350

4 Farm gate price (Rs) 250

5 Number of crops per annum 1

6 Income per crop (Rs.) 87500

101

Annexure III

Financial Analysis

(Amt. in Rs.)

Items Years

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Capital

cost

67500              

Recurring

cost

51000 51000 51000 51000 51000 51000 51000 51000

Total cost 118500 51000 51000 51000 51000 51000 51000 51000

Income 87500 87500 87500 87500 87500 87500 87500 87500

Net

Benefits

-31000 36500 36500 36500 36500 36500 36500 36500

PW of

costs @

15% DF

103043 38563 33533 29159 25356 22049 19173 16672

PW of

benefits

@ 15%

DF

76087 66163 57533 50028 43503 37829 32894 28604

NPW 105092              

BCR 1.37:1              

IRR >50%              

102

 

Annexure IV

Repayment Schedule

Capital cost:Rs.67500

Operational cost:Rs.51000

Total financial outlay:Rs.118500

Margin money @ 5% of TFO:Rs.5925

Total loan amount:Rs.112575

Say :Rs. 112600

(Amt. in Rs.)

Year Principal Gross

surplus

Interest

@ 12%

Repayment Net

SurplusPrincipal Interest Total

1 112600 36500 13512 14000 13512 27512 8988

2 98600 36500 11832 14000 11832 25832 10668

3 84600 36500 10152 14000 10152 24152 12348

4 70600 36500 8472 14000 8472 22472 14028

5 56600 36500 6792 14000 6792 20792 15708

6 42600 36500 5112 14000 5112 19112 17388

7 28600 36500 3432 14000 3432 17432 19068

8 14600 36500 1752 14600 1752 16352 20148

103

MODEL PROJECT ON CULTURE OF EDIBLE OYSTERS

1.Introduction

The oysters are highly esteemed sea food and considered a delicacy in USA, Europe,

Japan etc. In India there is a growing demand for oyster meat in some parts of the

country. It is said that 'oyster ' is scientifically the best known marine animal. It is one

of the most widely cultivated species. As early as the first century BC the Romans

were the first to develop simple methods of collecting oyster seeds and growing them

for food. the Japanese developed 'Habitat culture technique' i.e., culture in nets fixed

to bamboo poles during the seventeenth century and at the turn of the 20 th century

they evolved off bottom culture, especially hanging methods.These methods yielded

good results and were adopted by majority of oyster farmers of Japan as the

environmental conditions of the coastal areas were highly favourable for practicing

these methods. Until recently, oyster farming has been considered as a traditional

practice followed only in the temperate countries.The awareness about the vast

potentialities for development of oyster farming in tropics is recent. Serious efforts

are now being directed in its development under tropical conditions.

2. Scope for oyster farming in India

In India pioneering attempts were made by James Hornell in 1910 in developing

Oyster Culture in erstwhile Madras state. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

undertook scientific investigations at Tuticorin from early 70's and as a result,

complete package of the technology is now available in the country. Vast stretches of

backwaters, estuaries and bays spread over several lakh ha. are present along Indian

coast harbouring natural population of the oyster suggesting suitability of the habitat

for oyster culture. Being filter feeders, the oyster converts primary production in the

water into nutritious sea food. Permission from State Governments will have to be

taken for establishing the unit in the suitable area. The site selection criteria is

indicated in the annexure - I.

104

Six species of oysters namely the Indian backwater oyster Crassostrea madrasensis

(Preston), Chinese oyster, C.rivularis (Could), West coast oyster, C.gryphoides

(schlothim), Indian rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata (Born), Bombay Oyster,

Saxostrea cucullata (Await and Rai), and giant oyster Hyostissa hyotis (Linnaeus) are

found in India. The first four species mentioned above are of commercial value.

C.madrasensis is more widely distributed, is euryhaline and inhabits backwaters,

creeks, bays and lagoons and occurs in the coastal areas of the States of Orissa,

Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andamans. C.gryphoides is also

euryhaline and occurs along north Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra coast. C.rivularis

is found along Gujarat and Maharashtra coast while Saccostrea cucullata is found all

along the main land coast and Andamans and Lakshadweep islands. Culture of these

species is possible at places where the seed is easily available.

3. Technical Parameters

The biology of C.madrasenis, technical parameters required for the culture of the

species and farming methods are described in detail in annexure-I.

4. Borrower's Profile

The Borrower should have experience in Oyster farming and should be able to

manage culture, marketing and other related aspects.

5. Financial Outlay

Details of the financial outlay have been indicated in Annexure II. It can be seen from

that the capital cost for 0.4 ha. unit has been estimated as Rs.55,000/- while the

operational cost for one crop works out to Rs.46,000/-. The unit cost indicated is,

however, illustrative and actual cost will have to be worked out based on actual field

conditions while submitting the project to the Bank.

6. Margin Money and Bank Loan

The entrepreneur is expected to meet 25% of the project cost out of his own resources

and the balance of 75% will be available as bank loan.

7. Rate of refinance

105

NABARD refinance is available for such of these projects that are technically feasible

and financially viable.

8. Financial viability

The following assumptions have been made for working out the financial viability of

the project as per the experiments conducted at Tuticorin.

(i) Unit area 0.4 ha.

(ii) Culture period One year

(iii) Survival rate 55%

(iv) Expected production 70 tonnes/ ha/ year

(v) Sale price for meat Rs.30/- per kg

(vi) Sale price of oyster shell Rs.300/-kg

The financial analysis has been shown in Annexure III. The results of the analysis are

(i) NPW at 15% DF : Rs.1.247 lakh

(ii) BCR at 15% DF : 1:62:1

IRR is more than 50%

9. Marketing

There is limited domestic demand for oyster meat as it is not conventionally eaten.

However, there is great demand for oyster meat in international market and can be

exported especially to South East Asian Countries. The product can be exported in

frozen, canned or in smoked form. A marketing tie up with the processing plant will

have to be done for marketing of the product.

106

10. Interest rate for ultimate borrowers

Banks are free to decide the rate of interest within the overall RBI guidelines.

However, for working out the financial viability and bankability of the model project

we have assumed the rate of interest as 12% per annum.

11. Interest rate for refinance from NABARD

As per the policy circulars of NABARD issued from time to time.

12. Refinance

Refinance to the banks is available from NABARD for such activities which are

technically feasible and financially viable and the rate of refinance will be as

prescribed by NABARD from time to time.

13.Repayment period

As can be seen from Annexure IV the borrower will be able to repay the bank loan in

five years with a moratorium of one year for repayment of principal.

14. Security

Banks may take a decision as per RBI guidelines.

Annexure - I

BIOLOGY, TECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND FARMING PRACTICES OF

C.madrasensis

(I) Biology of C.madrasensis -

The edible oyster is a sedentary animal. The soft body of the animal is encased by two

shell valves out of which the upper valve acts as a lid to open and close by contraction

and relaxation of adductor muscle.

107

The food of oyster mainly consists of organic detritus and phytoplanktonic organisms

like diatom and nanoplanktons. It is reported that spores and particulate matter of sea-

weeds were also found in the stomach. They are also capable of absorbing dissolved

organic matter in the water through the surface of gills, palps and mantle.

Oysters are generally dioecious but hermaphrodites are not uncommon. Young

oysters of C.madrasensis, primarily function as males (60-75 per cent) and later

become females. In zero age group upto 78 mm. in length, 75 per cent are males and

in one year and above with 80 - 115.5 mm. length, females represents 72 per cent. The

peak spawning period is reported to be during March-April and July-September.

(II) Technology of oyster culture

The technology of oyster culture consists of two important phases namely oyster seed

production and farming to grow oyster seeds to marketable size.

(A) Oyster seed production/collection

The seed requirement for culture of oyster is met either from natural spat collection or

through hatchery system. For collection of spat from natural grounds, suitable spat

collectors or cultch materials are provided at appropriate time which may be oyster

shells, coconut shells, asbestos sheets, mussel shells or other materials. These are

arranged on Nylon rope or G.I. wire as strings and suspended from racks in the water

at suitable spots. The larval period of C.madrasensis is 15 to 20 days and as such

exposure of collectors will be ideal just after a week or 10 days of spawning activity.

Mass production of oyster seed is also possible in hatchery system for which

technology is available.

(B) Culture of Oyster seed

Site Selection

For selecting suitable site for farming, several factors like water depth, bottom

characteristics, protection from wave action, tidal flow and height, turbidity, water

quality including chemical parameters, predation, fouling, pollution and accessibility

108

are considered. Optimum requirements for several factors are not worked out for

C.madrasensis, however, based on the distribution of species and performance at

Tuticorin the following generalities are made. Selected areas should be sheltered from

strong wave action, should be from 22 to 35 ppt and temperature range should be

from 210 to 310 C.

Farming methods

Farming methods are normally grouped as bottom culture and off bottom culture.

Raft, rack, long-life and stake are used in various off-bottom culture practices. The off

bottom culture methods are advantageous over the bottom culture in the following

respects :

(i) The growth and meat yield is relatively better.

(ii) It facilitates three dimensional utilization of the culture area.

(iii) Biological functions like filtration, feeding etc. become independent of tidal flow.

(iv) Silting and predatory problems are minimum.

The bottom culture method is yet to be experimented in India. Various off bottom

culture methods are as follows :

a. Rack and string method

It is also called ren method. The racks are constructed at 1 to 1.25 m. depth. Rack is a

fixed structure, comprising several wooden poles vertically driven into the substratum

over which a wooden frame is made at a height of 0.5 m, above the water level. The

shell rings are suspended from racks. A rack covering 80 sq.m. area holds 90 strings

and 125 racks in a ha. At the end of 12 months, each string may weigh 7 to 7.5 kg.

and the production of oyster is estimated at 80 t / ha. The mortality is about 45 per

cent.

b. Rack and tray method

109

The nursery reared single spat (cultch-free) measuring about 25 mm. are transferred to

trays of size 40 x 40 x 10 cm. at a density of 150 to 200 oysterlings / tray. The tray is

knitted with 2 mm. synthetic twine of appropriate mesh and is suspended from rack.

Once the oyster reaches 50 mm. length they are segregated and transferred to

rectangular tray of size 90 x 60 x 15 cm. and these trays are placed on the rack which

occupies 25 sq.m. area and holds 150-200 oysters. The average growth rate of oyster

is 7 mm/ month and at the end of 12 months, the oyster attains an average length of 85

mm. The production estimated is 120 t/ ha/ year which compared to string method is

higher, but the production cost is high.

c. Stake culture

In this culture, a stake is driven into the substratum and one nail on the top end and

two nails on the sides are fixed, which hold a shell with spat attached. The stakes are

placed 60 cm. apart. In this method, the nursery rearing of spat is carried on the same

stake. Initially for 2 months, the spat is covered with velon screen till a size of 25-30

mm. is attained and in another 10 months they reach marketable size. The production

is estimated to be 20/ t/ ha/ year.

d. Raft culture

Raft is the most suitable farm structure in sheltered bays where the depth is 5 m. and

above. It is made of wooden poles placed parallelly and tied across with coir rope to

make a rigid frame. Four empty airtight barrels of about 200 litre capacity are tied to

the underside of the raft at corners. It is moored by two anchors and a chain. The size

of the raft varies and the rafts of 6 x 5 m. size are found to be quite suitable. PVC

pipes instead of wooden poles and styrofoam floats in place of barrels may be used.

However, this method has not been tried in India so far.

e. Long line culture

In this system long ropes or cables are anchored at each end and are supported at

intervals by floats. Long lines of 50-100 m. length are easy to manage. Double long

lines comprising of one line on either side of the floats are also used.

Farm management and Harvesting

110

Farm management practices involve periodic cleaning of the oyster, oyster rearing

trays, farm structure like racks and manual removal of predators and foulers. Oysters

are harvested when the condition of the meat reaches high value which in case of

C.madrasensis is found to be good during March-April and August-September.

Harvesting is done manually and oysters are transported to shore in dinghies.

ANNEXURE--II

ESTIMATED FINANCIAL OUTLAY AND PRODUCTION

FOR CULTURE OF C.madrasensis

By rack and string method in 0.4 ha. unit area (illustrative)

    Unit Rs

A Capital Cost    

1 Construction of pond for nursery   20000

2 FRP dinghy 1 No 10000

3 Outboard motor (8 HP) 1 No. 15000

4 Pump set (3.5 HP) 1 N0. 5000

5 Farm accessories   5000

    TOTAL 55000

B Operational Cost    

1 Cost of seed   6000

2 Cost of stakes 50 No. 15000

3 Nylon rope   5000

4 Other farm materials, repairs etc.   3000

5 Labour   10000

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6 Harvesting Charges   7000

    TOTAL 46000

C Production    

1 Total harvest of meat 3.00 tonne  

2 Oyster shell 25 tonne  

3 Income from sale of meat Rs. 30 per Kg 90000

4 Income from sale of Oyster shells Rs 0.30 per Kg 7500

    TOTAL 97500

Annexure III

Financial Analysis

(Amt. in Rs.)

 

Items Years

  1 2 3 4 5

Capital cost 55000        

Recurring cost 46000 46000 46000 46000 46000

Total cost 101000 46000 46000 46000 46000

Income 97500 97500 97500 97500 97500

Net Benefits -3500 51500 51500 51500 51500

112

PW of costs @

15% DF

87826 34783 30246 26301 22870

PW of benefits

@ 15% DF

84783 73724 64108 55746 48475

NPW 124810        

BCR 1.62:1        

IRR >50%        

Annexure - IV

ESTIMATED BANK LOAN AND REPAYMENT PERIOD (ILLUSTRATIVE)

Total Outlay 101000

Margin ( 25 % ) 25250

Bank Loan 76000

(Amt. in Rs.)

Year Bank

Loan

Net Income Repayment Net

surplusInterest

@ 12% pa

Principal Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 8

             

1 76000 97500 9120 - 9120 88380

2 76000 51500 9120 19000 28120 23380

3 57000 51500 6840 19000 25840 25660

4 38000 51500 4560 19000 23560 27940

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5 19000 51500 2280 19000 21280 30220

ORNAMENTAL FISH BREEDING

Introduction

Ornamental fish keeping is one of the most popular hobbies in the world today. The

growing interest in aquarium fishes has resulted in steady increase in aquarium fish

trade globally. The trade with a turnover of US $ 5 Billion and an annual growth rate

of 8 percent offers a lot of scope for development. The top exporting country is

Singapore followed by Honkong, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Srilanka, Taiwan,

Indonesia and India. The largest importer of Ornamental fish is the USA followed by

Europe and Japan. The emerging markets are China and South Africa. Over US $ 500

million worth of ornamental fish are imported into the USA each year.

India's share in ornamental fish trade is estimated to be Rs 158.23 lakh which is only

0.008% of the global trade. The major part of the export trade is based on wild

collection. There is very good domestic market too, which is mainly based on

domestically bred exotic species. The overall domestic trade in this field cross 10

crores and is growing at the rate of 20 per cent annually. The earning potential of this

sector has hardly been understood and the same is not being exploited in a technology

driven manner. Considering the relatively simple technique involved, this activity has

the potential to create substantial job opportunities, besides helping export earnings.

Why breeding?

Ninety five per cent of our ornamental fish export is based on wild collection.

Majority of the indigenous ornamental fish trade in India is from the North Eastern

states and the rest is from Southern states which are the hot spots of fish bio diversity

in India. This capture based export is not sustainable and it is a matter of concern for

the industry. In order to sustain the growth it is absolutely necessary to shift the focus

from capture to culture based development. Moreover most of the fish species grown

for their ornamental importance can be bred in India successfully. Organised trade in

114

ornamental fish depends on assured and adequate supply of demand, which is possible

only by mass breeding.

Technology

There are quite a large number of tropical aquarium fishes known to aquarists. While

many of the fish are easy to breed, some of these are rare, difficult to breed and

expensive. Most of the exotic species can be bred and reared easily since the

technology is simple and well developed. It is advisable to start with common,

attractive, easily bred and less expensive species before attempting the more

challenging ones. An ornamental fish project can be either 1) rearing only 2) breeding

only 3) breeding and rearing depending upon the space available. The technology

involves the following activities

Culture/rearing : The culture/rearing of these fishes can be taken up normally in

cement tanks. Cement tanks are easy to maintain and durable. One species can be

stocked in one tank. However in case of compatible species two or three species can

occupy the same tank. Ground water from dug wells / deep tube wells are the best for

rearing. The fishes reach the marketable size in around 4 to 6 months. Eight to ten

crops can be taken in a year.

Feeding : Young fish are fed mainly with Infusoria, Artemia, Daphnia , Mosquito

larvae Tubifex and Blood worms. For rearing, formulated artificial or prepared feed

can be used. At present no indigenous prepared feed for aquarium fish is available.

The amount and type of food to be given depends on the size of the fry. Feeding is

generally done twice in a day or according to requirement. For rearing from fry stage

dry/ prepared feed can be used.

Breeding: The method of breeding is based on the family characteristics of the fish.

The success of breeding depend on the compatibility of pairs, the identification of

which is a skill born out of experience. Generally the brooders are selected from the

standing crop or purchased and reared separately by feeding them with good live

food. However, it is always better to buy good brooding stock. Otherwise, the original

characteristic of the species keeps on getting diluted because of continuous

inbreeding. Brooders especially egg layers should be discarded after few spawnings.

115

Health care

Water exchange, is a must for maintaining water quality conducive for the fish health.

Only healthy fish can withstand transportation and fetch good price. Chemicals /

antibiotics, Methylene Blue, Methylene Yellow, Malachite Green, Ampicilin,

Vitamins, Potassium permanganate, Copper sulphate etc can also be used for

preventing / treating diseases.

Market

At present the market is mainly domestic. There is a good domestic market which is

increasing. The export market for indigenously bred exotic species is also increasing.

Ornamental Fishes

Aquarium fishes are mainly grouped into two categories, viz., Oviparous (egg -

layers) and Viviparous (live-bearers). Further, the fresh water ornamental fish

varieties can be broadly grouped into Tropical and Cold water species also.

Management of these two categories are different in nature. According to water

tolerance fishes are hard water tolerant, soft water tolerant species and those with

wide tolerance. The fishes and the details of grouping is given below

.

Species Water Quality Season Breeding Type EggType/ Care

Molly Hard water Sp. Summer/Monsoon Live Bearer Young Ones

Guppy Hard water Sp. Summer/Monsoon Live Bearer Young Ones

Platy Hard water Sp. Summer/Monsoon Live Bearer Young Ones

Swordtail Hard water Sp. Summer/Monsoon Live Bearer Young Ones

Blue Gourami Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Nest Builder Male Guard eggs

Pearl Gourami Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Nest Builder Male Guard eggs

116

Rosy Barb Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Adhesive

Gold Fish Wide Tolerance Monsoon/Winter Egg Scatterer Adhesive

Z/P/Vl Danio Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Non Adhesive

S Fighter Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Nest Builder Male Guard eggs

Catfish Wide Tolerance Monsoon/Winter Egg depositer Enclosures Reqd.

Angel* Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg depositor Parents Fan Eggs

FM Cichlid Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Depositors Enclosures Reqd.

R D Cichlid Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Depositors Enclosures Reqd.

Bl W Tetra Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Adhesive

B A Tetra Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Adhesive

Serpa Tetra Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Adhesive

Manila Carp Soft Water Monsoon/Winter Egg Scatterer Adhesive

 

Ornamental Fish breeding project

The basic requirements for successful breeding and rearing of ornamental fish are

adequate space, quality water and sufficient feed. Considering this the following

investments are required for starting an Ornamental fish project

Tanks : The tanks can be of RCC or brick masonry work having flat bottoms with

inlet and outlet pipes. Clay, cement, fibre glass or plastic tanks can also be used.

Rearing of fishes should be done in large tanks. Size of the tanks vary according to

the space, the number and type of fish cultured.

Aquariums : Glass tanks of varying size are required for breeding. Small glass bottles

of 250 ml are used for keeping individual male fighter fishes. Number and size of the

117

glass tanks depend on the specific breeding / spawning behavior of the species

selected.

Over head tank : An over head tank of suitable size for storing and to enable

sedimentation of water is required.

Water Supply : Deep tube wells would be the best source of water. Recycling of water

through bio-filters or other sort of filtering mechanism can be tried. Other sources like

dug wells, Municipal water if available can also be used . A small pump to lift the

water to over head tank and a network of pipes are needed to feed the culture tanks.

Work Shed : Work shed should be designed in such a way that the tanks get filtered

sunlight. Translucent HDPE sheets can be used. This also protects the culture tanks

from falling debris and bird dropping etc.

Aeration equipments : A blower pump with net work of tubes for aeration is a must.

Continuos power supply should also be ensured through generator set or UPS or

inverter.

Financial viability

Considering the seasonality in breeding and consequent availability of seed material

for stocking, the operations are going to be seasonal. In order to best utilise the

installed capacity, it may be necessary to combine operations by breeding a main

species during summer / monsoon with another species that may be breeding in

winter. The fecundity and the number of spawnings assumed of some of the popular

species are given below 

Species Average Fecundity Spawning/year

Molly/Guppy /Sword

tail

20 12

Blue gourami 3500 10

Pearl Gourami 800 10

118

Rosy Barb 700 10

Tiger Barb 500 10

Zebra/Pearl/Veil tail

Danio

1000 10

Angel 800 12

B/W Tetra 3000 10

Serpae Tetra 800 10

Gold Fish 3000 3

Assumptions

For the purpose of working out economics of breeding unit , a unit size of 330 sq.mt.

with tank volume of 60 m3 has been considered with an average production capacity

of 2 lakh fry per year. A combined operation of summer / monsoon species and winter

species (Gold fish ) has been considered for working out the economics in this model.

Unit of this size has been designed considering the small entrepreneurs in view.

However the same could be increased on modular basis and the economics can be

worked out in project situation accordingly. The larval rearing has been assumed as

40 days . The recurring cost has been assumed with a fecundity of 800 and a survival

of 50 per cent upto 40 days . The breeding percentage is taken as 60 per cent. The

number of brood fish depends on the fecundity and survival of each species so as to

get the combined annual production of about 2.5 lakh fry at the end of 40 days. Only

50 per cent production is assumed for the first year. The sale price is assumed at Rs

1.00 per fry for monsoon species and Rs 2.50 per fry for Gold Fish.

The financial analysis has been shown in Annexure III. The results of the analysis are

(i) NPW at 15% DF : Rs. 244436

119

(ii) BCR at 15% DF : 1.36:1

(iii) IRR is 35 %

Margin money and bank loan

The entrepreneur is expected to bring margin money out of his own resources. The

rates of margin money stipulated are 5% for small farmer, 10% for medium farmer

and 15% for other farmers. For corporate borrowers the margin stipulated is 25%.

NABARD could consider providing margin money loan assistance in deserving cases.

Rate of Refinance

NABARD provides refinance assistance for ornamental fish rearing to Commercial

banks, Cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks. The rate of refinance is fixed by

NABARD from time to time.

Interest rate for ultimate borrowers

Banks are free to decide the rate of interest within the overall RBI guidelines.

However, for working out the financial viability and bankability of the model project

we have assumed the rate of interest as 12% per annum.

Interest rate for refinance from NABARD

As per the policy circulars of NABARD issued from time to time.

Repayment period

The borrower will be able to repay the bank loan in 6 years with a grace period of one

year on repayment of the principal.

Security

Banks may take a decision as per RBI guidelines..

Subsidy

120

The MPEDA provides subsidy at the rate of 50 per cent of capital cost towards

construction of cisterns, glass aquarium tanks, aeration system, oxygen cylinder,

electrical fittings, and essential accessories excluding cost of construction of shed,

subject to a maximum of Rs. 40000 per unit. Some State Governments also provide

subsidy through their departments.

Model Project for ornamental fish breeding unit

A model of ornamental fish seed hatchery is given below. The parameters are

averaged out and the costs are only illustrative. The cost of different parameters

change depending on the area, the type of tanks and the species bred. According to the

place and requirement of the project, some of the items can be excluded or more items

as required may be included. 

Annexure - I

Project cost for Ornamental fish Hatchery

Hatchery Tank area( sq.m) 100

Hatchery total area (sq.m) 330

Item of investment Quantity Rate in Rs. TotalCost

A. Building & civil works      

1. Hatchery shed with A/C sheet roofing

& side wall (sq. m.)

330 1200.00 396000

2. Tank volumes (lts) 60000 1.25 75000

3. Flooring (sq. m.) 200 10.00 2000

4 Drainage pit and net work     12000

5. Water supply net work     3000

6. Filtration system / outlet     3000

121

7. Electrification and Installation     5000

B. Machinery & Equipments      

1. Air blower (3 hp x 1 no.)     12000

2. DG set ( 8 hp with 6/8 KVA alternator)     36000

3. Heater     3000

4. Sand filter     2000

5. Pump (3 HP)     17000

6. Tube well     40000

7. Pump House     5000

C. Misc. Fixed Assets      

7. Plastic pools     5000

8. Glass aquarium     3000

9. Lab instruments     2000

10 Glass wares     2000

11. Furniture     2000

D. Preliminary Expenses      

. Preoperative expenses     20500

Total     645500

E. Recurring cost      

Cost of Brooders     5000

Feed     10000

122

Medicines     500

Electricity     3000

Miscellaneous     2000

Labour     10000

Total     35500

Total cost     676000

F. Production / Income      

Summer /Monsoon species 150000 fry 1.00 / fry 150000

Gold Fish 50000 fry 2.50 / fry 125000

Total Income per year     275000

 

Annexure - II

Financial Analysis

(Amount in Rs)

 

A. Cost 1st year 2 - 06 years

1. Fixed Costs 645500 -

2. Recurring Costs 30500 30500

Total 676000 30500

B. Benefits    

1. Income from sale of fish 137500 275000

123

2. Net Income -538500 244500

Analysis  

1. Net Present worth of costs 676731

2. Net Present worth of Benefits 921168

3 Net Present worth 244436

4 BCR 1.36:1

5. IRR 35 %

Annexure - IV

ESTIMATED BANK LOAN AND REPAYMENT PERIOD (ILLUSTRATIVE)

124

Total Outlay 676000

Margin ( 25 % ) 33800

Bank Loan 642200 AMOUNT in Rs.

Year Bank

Loan

Net Income Repayment Net

surplusInterest

@ 12% pa

Principal Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 642200 137500 77064 - 77064 60436

2 642200 244500 77064 128440 205504 38996

3 513760 244500 61651 128440 190091 54409

4 385320 244500 46238 128440 174678 69822

5 256880 244500 30826 128440 159266 85234

6 128440 244500 15413 128440 143853 100647

MODEL BANKABLE PROJECT ON

MUSSEL CULTURE

125

Introduction

Mussels are bivalve molluscs and are found attached to rocks or any other hard

substratum by means of byssus thread secreted by the body. They belong to the family

Mytilidae. In India two species of marine mussels namely Perna viridis the Green

mussel and Perna indica the Brown mussel forms the major part of the fishery. Kerala

State can be called as the Mussel fishery zone of India since extensive beds of both

the green and brown mussel occur in this state which also account for the bulk of

mussel production in India.

Of the two species commercially important the green mussel P. viridis is widely

distributed and found in the beds of Chilka lake , Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Madras ,

Pondichery, Cuddalore and Porto Nova on the East coast and extensively around

Quilon, Alleppey, Cochin, Calicut to Kasargod, Manglore, Karwar, Goa, Malwan ,

Ratnagiri and the Gulf of Kutch on the West coast. P. viridis occurs from the inter

tidal zone to a depth of 15 m. On the other hand , P indica has restricted distribution

and is found along the southwest coast from Varkala near Quilon to Kanyakumari and

from there to Tiruchendur along the southeast coast. It occurs from the inter tidal zone

to 10 m depth. P.viridis is widely distributed and hence more suitable for farming.

2. Area suitable for farming

For sea farming, coastal waters beyond surf zone at 10 - 15 mt depth is normally

selected. The area should be sheltered from strong wave action. The site should be

free from any major industrial effluent and should not interfere with transport or any

other fishing activity. Clear water with good phytoplankton production and moderate

current to bring in the food and carry away waste products is required. A salinity

range of 30-35 ppt is preferred.

3. Technical parameters

126

The biology, technical parameters required for the culture of green mussel P. viridis

and farming methods are described in detail in Annexure - I.

4. Borrowers profile

The borrowers should have experience in Mussel farming and should be able to

manage culture , marketing and other related aspects.

5. Financial outlay

The details of the financial outlay have been indicated in Annexure - II . The capital

cost for 400 sq m rack culture unit works out to be Rs 21,500/- , while the operational

cost for the first year is estimated to be Rs 20,050/- which may be capitalised for

working out the bank loan. The unit cost is illustrative and actual cost need to be

worked out based on the field level conditions while submitting the project to the

Bank.

6. Margin Money and Bank loan

Depending on the borrowers profile he is expected to meet 5-25 % of the project cost

as margin money out of his resources. The balance would be provided as loan from

the Bank.

7. Refinance

Refinance to the scheduled banks is available from NABARD for such activities

which are technically feasible and financially viable and the rate of refinance will be

as prescribed by NABARD from time to time.

8. Financial viability

The following assumptions have been made on the basis of the farming practiced in

Kerala for working out the financial viability of the project.

1 Unit size of rack ( Area )    400 sq m

2 Culture period    6 months

127

3Size of the seed (Spats) at the time of

seeding   35-65 mm

4 Size at harvesting    80-100 mm

5Number of mussel that could be harvested

from   

400 sq m 2

lakh

6 Production       

     1st year 70%     

     2nd year 80%    

     Third year and onward 100%  

7 Sale price   

 Rs 22 per 100

No of

mussels.  

The financial analysis has been shown in the annexure-III. The broad indicators

exhibiting financial viability are

1. NPV at 15% DF : Rs 43434

2. BCR at 15% DF : 1.51 : 1

3. IRR : 169 %

9. Marketing

There is only limited demand for the mussel meat due to lack of awareness among the

consumers . However , there is scope for its export to Southeast Asian countries. A

marketing tie-up with the processing plants will be useful for marketing of the

product.

10. Interest rate for ultimate borrowers Banks are free to decide the rate of interest

within the overall RBI guidelines. However, for working out the financial viability

128

and bankability of the model project we have assumed the rate of interest as 12% per

annum.

11. Interest rate for refinance from NABARD

As per the circulars of NABARD issued from time to time..

12. Repayment period

The loan amount of Rs 39,500/- can be repaid in five years starting from first year

onwards as the culture period is for 6 months and it is possible to take the first crop

during the first year itself.

13. Security

Banks may take a decision as per RBI guidelines.

ANNEXURE - I

Farming Technology of Green Mussel

1. Biology

The scientific name of the green mussel is Perna viridis. The mussel has organ

systems similar to those found in oysters with some modifications. It has a foot as in

clams though smaller in size, providing limited mobility. A mussel can discard the

byssal strands and secrete new ones for enabling it to change position. Phytoplanktons

forms the food of the mussels, and they are filter feeders. P.viridis in the natural

conditions grow to 63 mm in 6 months to 133 mm in 4 years. However , the growth in

culture operations have been more than in the natural conditions. In mussel the sexes

are separate and the gonads which are located in the body proliferate in to mantle. The

male gonad is creamy white in colour while in the female it is pink or reddish. The

mussel attains first maturity at 15.5 to 28 mm size.

2. Technology of mussel culture

A) Seed collection / Availability

129

The spawning season of the green mussel is between July and September and the

spats are found carpeting the inter tidal and submerged rocks. At present they are

collected manually and during the peak season an individual would be able to collect

10-12 kg of seed in one hour. The seeds can also be collected using spat collectors

such as roof tiles, coir ropes and nylon ropes. Even though the hatchery technique for

commercial mussel spat production has been perfected by Central Marine Fisheries

Research Institute , Cochi, there is no commercial hatchery at present in India. As

such the culture operations have to depend on the availability of natural seed .

B) Farming models

Three types of farming are practiced for culture of the mussels as follows:

i. Sea Farming - Longline culture of mussel is practised in shallow waters of 10 - 15

m depth . This method of culture can withstand the severe monsoon conditions in the

west coast. The longline unit consist of 60 mt long horizontal HPD rope of 20-24 mm

thickness anchored at both the ends with 150 Kg concrete blocks and a series of 100

liters capacity barrels as floats fixed at 3 m intervals. Vertical lines of 6 m length

seeded with mussel spats are hung at a distance of 75 cm between two floats in the

main line. A longline unit of 60x60 mt can accommodate 12 horizontal ropes and 920

- 1000 vertical ropes. The distance between two horizontal lines is 5 mt . At every 20

mt the horizontal lines are connected using additional horizontal lines.

ii) Estuarine farming - Pole culture and stake culture are done in estuaries at a depth

of 1.5 to 3 m. The spats of 15 to 25 mm are wrapped around the poles or stakes with

cotton mosquito nettings. The spats gets attached to the poles in three or four days and

by this time the cotton netting will disintegrate. Periodical thinning is necessary.

iii) Rope culture - Rope culture of mussel is widely adopted in Northern Kerala.

Ropes are suspended from rack made of casuarina and bamboo poles. The average

area of rack is 400 sq m and length of the ropes used for seeding ranges from 1-1.25

mt depending on the depth of the water column. Poly propylene ropes wound with

coir ropes are used for seeding. These ropes are hung down from the racks at an

interval of 1 feet and nearly 500 - 550 ropes could be suspended from one rack. The

seeds collected from wild are being sold in units of one bag and one bag of seed can

130

be used to seed 8-10 ropes. The normal size of the seed ranges from 35-65 mm. Seed

collected has to be seeded on the same day and it is estimated that one person can

seed around 60-70 ropes in a day. The culture period in Northern Kerala where the

activity is taken up fairly on a large scale starts from November and ends in the

middle of May before the rains. Once in a fortnight the ropes are lifted for monitoring

the growth and removal of fowling organisms . The mussel grows to 80-100 mm size

with in 6 months of culture period and it is estimated that around 2 lakhs mussels can

be harvested from 400 sq mtrs.

3. Harvesting of Mussels

The mussels are harvested after attaining a size of 80-100 mm with in a period of six

months. Indication of good mussel could be measured by the condition index which is

the ratio of wet meat weight to the total weight of the mussel. The condition index

shows seasonal changes and is usually related to reproductive cycle. It is generally

high before spawning. The wet meat normally forms 33 to 40% of the total weight in

mussel as found in different experiments.

4. Processing

Before removing the meat from the mussel it is necessary to carry out depuration

which is a process in which the mussels are kept for 18 hours in clean sea water which

will purify the mussels of bacterial pollution. The mussels can be processed in

different forms like frozen, canned, smoked, dried and marinated. The mussel shell is

used as a liming agent in coconut plantations. The mussel shell gives good quality

lime which finds application in many industries. 

Annexure - II

131

Estimated financial outlay for culture of Green mussel P.viridis in 400 sq m area

Rack culture unit

A. Capital Cost

S.No Particulars Amount ( Rs )

1 Small Dugout Cannoe 5000/-

2 Bamboo Poles 3000/-

3 Polypropylene Rope ( 10 mm thickness) 9450/-

4 Coir Rope ( 10 mm thickness ) 1950/-

5 Tarpaulin 1500/-

6 Nylon Net 500/-

7 Lease Amount ( for 5 years ) 125/-

  Total 21525/-

B. Recurring Cost

S.No Particulars Amount ( Rs )

1 Seed cost 70 bags @ Rs 215 per bag ( including

transportation )

15050/-

2 Cloth for seeding 1000/-

3 Labour charges ( L.S ) 3000/-

4 Miscellaneous ( including basket , twine etc. ) 1000/-

132

  Total 20050/-

C. Total Cost ( A + B ) = ( Rs 21525 + 20050 ) = Rs 41575

D. Income

S.No Particulars  

1 Total Production 2,00,000 Nos

2 Sale Price Rs 22 per 100

No of mussels

3 Gross Income Rs 44000

Annexure - III

Financial Analysis

 

Items Years        

  1 2 3 4 5

Capital Cost 21525        

Recurring Cost 20050 20050 20050 20050 20050

Total 41575 20050 20050 20050 20050

Income 30800 35200 44000 44000 44000

Net Benefits -10775 15150 23950 23950 23950

PW of Costs @

15 % DF

85928        

PW of Benefits 129362        

133

@ 15 % DF

NPW 85928        

BCR 1.51 : 1        

IRR 169%        

Annexure - IV

Estimated Bank Loan and Repayment Period ( Illustrative )

Total Outlay = Rs 41575/-

Margin 5 % = Rs 2080/-

Bank Loan = Rs 39495 Say Rs 39500/-                   ( In Rs )

Year Bank

Loan

Net

Income

  Repayment   Bank Loan

Outstanding

Net

Surplus

      Interest

@ 12 %

Principal Total    

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 39500 30800 4740 3480 8220 36020 22580

2 36020 15150 4322 4768 9090 31252 6060

3 31252 23950 3750 10620 14370 20633 9580

4 20633 23950 2476 11894 14370 8739 9580

5 8739 23950 1049 8739 9788 0 14162

CHAPTER-6

134

DETAILS STUDY ON ANDAMAN AND NICOBER ISLANDS

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS

GEORGRAPHICAL LOCATION :

Longitude : 92o-94o East

Latitude : 6o-14o North

Length of coast : 1,912 Kms.

Area of Continental Shelf : 35,000 Sq. Kms

Exclusive Economic Zone : 6.00 lakh Sq.Kms.

Coral Reef : 2000 Sq.Kms.

Mangrove Cover : 906 Sq.Kms.

islands, islets, reefs : 572

EXPOSED ROCKSAREA:

South Andaman District : 3,106 SqKms.

N&M Andaman District : 3,302 Sq.kms

Nicobar District : 1,841 Sq. Kms.

Total Islands/islets : 556

Inhabited Islands : 38

135

ANDAMAN DISTRICT NICOBAR DISTRICT

25 13

Un-Inhabited Islands : 518

Revenue village : 204

Census village : 547

INHABITED UN-INHABITED

501 46

CLIMATE

Normal Rainfall at Port Blair - 3000-3500 mm

Average Rainy days at Port Blair - 130-200days

Average minimum temperature at Port Blair - 20-23. 0C

Average maximum temperature at Port Blair - 30-34 0C

Average relative Humidity at Port Blair - 80-90 %

Mean wind speed at Port Blair (Km/hr) - 8.0

136

POPULATION DISTRICT WISE

Andaman District : 2,08,471

Male : 1,14,262

Female : 94,209

North & Middle District : 1,05,613

Male : 56,057

Female : 49,556

Nicobar District : 42,068

Male : 22,653

Female : 19,415

Sex ratio : 846

(Female per 000’ males)

Density of Population (per sq. Km) : 43

Species of fishes found in A&N Islands: 1368

Crustaceans : 580

Molluscs : 900

Echinoderms : 300

Commercially important species : 350

137

THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF ANDAMAN AND NIKOBER ISLAND

138

Present status of fishing

From 0 to 12 Nautical Miles, fishing in Andaman and Nicobar Waters is regulated by

the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, as per the Andaman and

Nicobar Islands Marine Fishing Regulation. Details of fishing boats of different kinds

operated are given as follows:-

Boats Nos.

Local Made Dinghi 1451

Engine Fitted Boats 1257

Mechanized Boats 12

Total 2720

MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES & INFRASTRUCTURES

S.

No

Nation/U.T of

A & N Islands

Continental

Shelf ( ‘000

Sq. Kms)

No. of

Landing

Centres

No. of

fisher

Villages

Approx

Length of

Coastline

(Kms.)

Resource

Potential

(lakh tonnes)

1) India 506 2,333 3,726 8,041 39.21

2) Andaman &

Nicobar

Islands

35 57 45 1,912 1.48

POTENTIAL FISHERY RESOURCES & INFRASTRUCTURES

(BASED ON FSI REPORT)

139

S. No Nation/U.T of

A & N Islands

Oceanic Pelagic Demersal Total

1) India 489200 1357500 458662 2305362

2) Andaman & Nicobar

Islands

60000 56000 32000 148000

(in tonnes)

EXPLOITATION (In M. tonnes)

S.

No.

Resource

s

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

1. Pelagic 1641

5

14416 18174 2923

9

1136

6

5506 1478

9

1494

9

1773

2

2. Demersal 9683 12095 9898 1819 6399 6395 1380

0

1389

4

1458

5

3. Oceanic 1520 510 156 387 194 154 11 12 18

Total 27618 27021 28228 3105

8

1776

5

1250

3

2860

0

2885

5

3233

5

The exploitation of different types of fishes have increased from 2000-01 to 2003-04.

But after that it decreases . From 2006-07 to till 2008-09 it has a increasing trend. It

is due to introduce of new technology and technique of fishing. New high capacity

trollers and mechanised boats has a great contribution upon this increasing.

CHAPTER-8

140

FISHERY POTENTIAL AND EXPLOITATION DURING 2003-04

to 2008-09

(Qty. In MT)

S.

No.

Species/group Potential

yield

Exploitation (in tones)

2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-

06

2006-

07

2007-08 2008-

09

Demersal Resource

1. Elasmobranch 4200 329 257 52 2219 2234 2295

2. Silver bellies 5000 747 982 255 2981 3000 3214

3. Perches 8000 8920 6299 4367 5520 5530 5672

4. Pomfrets 1900 322 214 278 309 314 323

5. Cat fish 1000 135 383 44 279 286 379

6. Thread fins

(Polynemids)

400 17 12 9 50 50 53

7. Croakers

(Sciaenids)

1200 58 17 39 890 895 886

8. Gerrids 1400 - - - 135 139 218

9. Goat fishes

(Upenoids)

900 - - - 9 10 08

10. Silver grunt 100 - - - 8 13 16

11. Drift fish

(Areomaea

indiea)

300 - - - 0 0 0

12. Threadfin breams 500 - - - 247 254 282

141

S.

No.

Species/group Potential

yield

Exploitation (in tones)

2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-

06

2006-

07

2007-08 2008-

09

13. Lizard fish 150 - - - 10 12 13

14. Flat fish 50 - - - 10 11 26

15. Bulls eye

(Priacanthids)

100 - - - 0 0 0

16. Cephalopods 100 - - - 45 46 43

17. Penaeid shrimps 800 613 260 128 565 586 594

18. Crabs 1000 552 168 208 513 514 563

19. Deepsea lobster 120 38 65 53 0 0 0

20. Deepsea shrimps 110 - - - 0 0 0

21. Deepsea fishes 1970 - - - 0 0 0

22. Others 2700 2482 521 961 0 0 0

Total 32000 14213 9178 6394 13790 13894 14585

Pelagic Resources

1. Anchovies 6200 1161 1116 579 2339 2286 2315

2. Sardines 8000 2988 2392 686 3600 3573 3910

3. Hilsa shad 2500 251 143 100 153 168 261

4. Wolf Herring

(Chirocentrids)

600 37 43 - 75 77 68

5. Mackerel 4500 1518 833 422 2000 2016 2225

142

S.

No.

Species/group Potential

yield

Exploitation (in tones)

2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-

06

2006-

07

2007-08 2008-

09

6. Round scads

(Decapterids)

1300 - - - 175 173 171

7. Other carangids 6000 4571 1812 1675 1070 1082 2811

8. Ribbon fish 1000 85 68 46 232 252 214

9. Half beaks & full

beaks(Belonids)

600 79 51 22 294 232 215

10. Barracuda 2200 1249 350 547 611 508 677

11. Mullets 2500 1325 768 405 938 944 1010

12. Seer fish 1800 1679 456 547 1236 1238 1215

13. Neritic tunas 18000 626 233 189 2076 2400 2640

14. Others 800 741 155 287 0 0 0

Total 56000 16310 8420 5505 14799 14949 17732

Oceanic Resources

1. Yellowfin tuna 24000 97 36 29 2 02 05

2. Skipjack tuna 22000 88 32 26 0 0 0

3. Bigeye tuna 500 2 01 02 1 01 01

4. Bill fishes

(Marlin, sailfish,

swordfish)

2800 348 98 97 1 01 02

5. Wahoo 200 - - - 0 0 0

143

S.

No.

Species/group Potential

yield

Exploitation (in tones)

2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-

06

2006-

07

2007-08 2008-

09

6. Pelagic sharks 7000 - - - 7 8 10

7. Dolphin fish 200 - - - 0 0 0

8. Barracuda 200 - - - 0 0 0

9. Flying fish 300 - - - 0 0 0

10. Oceanic squids 2000 - - - 0 0 0

011. Others 800 - - - 0 0 0

0 Total 60000 535 167 154 11 12 18

Grand total 148000 31058 17765 12053 28600 28855 32335

144

Potential (32000) Achieved (14585)0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Demersal Resources

Potential (56000) Actual (17732)0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Pelagic Resources

From the data shown in above table it is observed that there is a huge gap between the

potentiality of exploitation of fishes expected by the organization and the actual

exploitation of different types of fishes during the period under consideration . these

gap is mainly due to the high expectation of the organization without considering the

real situation , lack of co ordination between the organization and fisherman and the

lack of proper arrangements which are essential to achieve the target.

145

Potential (56000) Actual (17732)0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Pelagic Resources

Potential (60000) Actual (18)0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Oceanic Resources

MARINE FISHERIES CENSUS – 2005 IN ISLANDS GROUPS CONDUCTED

BY FISHERY SURVEY OF INDIA PROVISIONAL SUMMARY REPORT OF

FISHERMEN POPULATION

DISTRICT ANDAMAN:

S.

No

Area/ Island No. of

fishing

villages

HH in

Earlier

Data*

No.

of

HH

Population details Family

sizeMale Female Total

Adult Children Adult Children

North

Andaman

1. Diglipur 26 284 664 1007 610 881 570 3068 4.62

2. Mayabunder 04 300 146 261 108 247 137 753 5.16

Middle

Andaman

3. Long Island 0115

18 38 10 36 08 92 5.11

4. Kadamatalla 02 81 158 49 152 67 426 5.26

5. Rangat 19 220 364 644 262 584 253 1743 4.79

South

Andaman

6. Port Blair

(Urban)

03 290 548 805 553 681 516 2555 4.66

146

S.

No

Area/ Island No. of

fishing

villages

HH in

Earlier

Data*

No.

of

HH

Population details Family

sizeMale Female Total

Adult Children Adult Children

7. Port Blair

(Rural)

05 110 462 769 357 689 343 2158 4.67

8. Havelock 03 31 119 239 97 195 120 651 5.47

9. Neil Island 05 390 75 135 46 111 52 344 4.59

Little

Andaman

10. Hut Bay 05 90 311 492 218 450 210 1370 4.41

Total 73 1730 2788 4548 2310 4026 2276 13160 4.72

DISTRICT NICOBAR:

S.

N

o

Area/ Island No. of

fishing

villages

HH in

Earlier

Data*

No.

of

HH

Population details Family

sizeMale Female Total

Adult Children Adult Children

Nicobar

1. Car Nicobar 16 130 195 291 109 276 106 782 4.01

2. Nancowry/

Kamorta

03 130 98 263 105 172 84 624 6.37

3. Campbell

Bay

01 112 124 169 93 156 86 504 4.06

4. Katchal 04 93 69 70 70 59 51 250 3.62

147

Total 24 465 486 793 377 663 327 2160 4.44

Grand total for

A&N Islands97 2195 3274 5341 2687 4689 2603 15320 4.68

NO.OF LICENCED FISHERMEN (2000-01 TO 2008-09)

(in Nos.)

2000-01 2001-

02

2002-03 2003-

04

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-2009

2673 2964 2791 2973 3812 3448 5617 6272 6340

FISHING BOATS IN OPERATION

S. No Fishing Boats

in operation

2000-01 2001-

02

2002-03 2003-04 2004-

05

2005-06 2006-

07

2007

-08

2008-

09

1. Mechanised

Boats

18 14 6 - - - 05 12 12

2. Motorised Boat 325 208 296 356 523 953 1274 1257 1257

3. Non

Mechanised

(Country crafts) 1640 1821 1762 1738 1334 1364 1524 1451 1451

(in Nos.)

FISHING GEARS IN OPERATION DURING THE YEAR 2000 –2001 to 2007-08 (in

Nos.)

148

Sl.

No.

Name of the

Gears

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

1. Gill Net 1792 1064 1715 1555 2348 4184 4287 2192

2. Shore Seine Net 08 110 10 19 -- 12 13 20

3. Anchor Net 01 54 01 -- -- 06 8 04

4. Cast Net 298 584 517 534 2101 2250 2350 925

5. Hook & Line 431 1306 1042 1218 11381 15500 15750 3170

6. Long Line -- 28 06 -- -- -- -- 240

7. Disco Net 01 441 48 -- -- -- -- 56

8. Others -- -- -- -- 98 -- -- --

Fish

Production

(in Tonnes)

2000-01 2001-

02

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Marine 27,618 27021 28228 31,058 17765 12053 28600 28855 32335

Inland 66 61 74 90 110 43 85 158.70 158

MARINE AND INLAND FISH PRODUCTION – 2000-01 to 2007-08

(in tonnes)

DISPOSITION OF FISH CATCH (MARINE)

Sl.

No.

Nature of

disposition

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

1 Marketing

(Fresh)

19332.6 18914.7 19807.2 21801.1 11547.25 7834.45 18590

149

2 Freezing 2761.80 2702.10 2870.40 3166.3 4441.25 3013.25 4293

3 Salting and

Drying

5523.60 5404.20 5550.40 6090.6 1776.5 1205.30 5718

( in tonnes)

REGIONWISE FISH LANDING FROM 2000-2007 (in tonnes)

Name of

Region

Distance

from Port

Blair2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Diglipur 185 Kms. 637 1031 1125 1336 1374.93 914.04 6823.3 9823

Mayabund

er

157 Kms. 578 547 381 221 201.10 174.08 714.3 687

Billiground - - - -

8.27 36.49 338.45 222

Rangat 93 Kms. 2780 2729 1659 847 192.49 159.56 801.4 769

Kadamtala 93 Kms. - - - - 387.09 224.49 365.45 231

South

Andaman

-- 24661 21523 21161 27157 22834.83 6584.72 13871.3 15124

Neil Island 37 Kms. - - - - 591.59 218.64 219.75 157

Havelock 39 Kms. - - - - 391.76 162.10 232.75 180

150

Little

Andaman

122 Kms. 1013 823 791 619 498.88 35.85 170.75 261

Car

Nicobar

278 Kms. 22 18 9 6 8.52 - 71.26 64

Nancowry 435 Kms. 270 299 319 331 275.83 73.28 264.55 217

Katchal 422 Kms. - - - - 20.30 5.18 62.08 93

Campbell

bay

544 Kms. 378 203 116 119 121.50 27.03 107.05 99

Teressa via

Car

Nicobar

380

Kms- - - - - - 42.61 66

FSI - - - - - 13.40 19.91 11.0 12

Total 30339 203 116 30636 26920.50 8635.37 24096 28005

NO.OF LICENCED FISHERMEN (2000-01 TO 2008-09)

(in Nos.)

2000-01 2001-

02

2002-03 2003-

04

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-2009

2673 2964 2791 2973 3812 3448 5617 6272 6340

FISHING BOATS IN OPERATION

S. No Fishing Boats

in operation

2000-01 2001-

02

2002-03 2003-04 2004-

05

2005-06 2006-

07

2007

-08

2008-

09

1. Mechanised 18 14 6 - - - 05 12 12

151

Boats

2. Motorised Boat 325 208 296 356 523 953 1274 1257 1257

3. Non

Mechanised

(Country crafts) 1640 1821 1762 1738 1334 1364 1524 1451 1451

(in Nos.)

From the above table showing the different types of boats used in the process of fishing, it is

seen that the no of traditional boat have a decreasing tendency where as the no of motorised

boat have an increasing tendency over the period under study. This picture corroborates with

the observation about increased exploitation of fishes over time as explained earlier.

REGIONWISE FISH LANDING FROM 2000-2007 (in tonnes)

152

Mechanised Boats (12)

Motorised Boats (1257)

Non-mechanised Boats (1451)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Fishing Boats in Operation

2008-09

Name of

Region

Distance

from Port

Blair2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Diglipur 185 Kms. 637 1031 1125 1336 1374.93 914.04 6823.3 9823

Mayabund

er

157 Kms. 578 547 381 221 201.10 174.08 714.3 687

Billiground - - - -

8.27 36.49 338.45 222

Rangat 93 Kms. 2780 2729 1659 847 192.49 159.56 801.4 769

Kadamtala 93 Kms. - - - - 387.09 224.49 365.45 231

South

Andaman

-- 24661 21523 21161 27157 22834.83 6584.72 13871.3 15124

Neil Island 37 Kms. - - - - 591.59 218.64 219.75 157

Havelock 39 Kms. - - - - 391.76 162.10 232.75 180

Little

Andaman

122 Kms. 1013 823 791 619 498.88 35.85 170.75 261

Car

Nicobar

278 Kms. 22 18 9 6 8.52 - 71.26 64

Nancowry 435 Kms. 270 299 319 331 275.83 73.28 264.55 217

Katchal 422 Kms. - - - - 20.30 5.18 62.08 93

153

Campbell

bay

544 Kms. 378 203 116 119 121.50 27.03 107.05 99

Teressa via

Car

Nicobar

380

Kms- - - - - - 42.61 66

FSI - - - - - 13.40 19.91 11.0 12

Total 30339 203 116 30636 26920.50 8635.37 24096 28005

CHAPTER-9

THE EXPORT POTENTIAL IN THE A&N ISLANDS

QUANTITY OF MARINE PRODUCTS EXPORTED BY 100% E.O.U.

(QTY.IN KGS.)

Sl.

No.

Year A.F.L. I.M.P.L. OYA EXIM

Fish

(chilled different

varieties)

Shrimp

(chilled)

Fish

(chilled

different

varieties)

Shrimp

(chilled)

Fish

(live grouper)

1 2000-01 48730 20 Nil 30155.6 --

2 2001-02 106000 Nil 81095 47332 --

3 2002-03 48000 Nil 9500 8500 4754

4 2003-04 40350 Nil 13000 9600 7572.300

5 2004-05 46176 Nil Nil Nil 10220

6 2005-06 47420 NIL NIL NIL 3010

7 2006-07 65701 NIL 31500 NIL 4173

154

DETAILS OF SHRIMP NAUPLII (SHRIMP LARVAE) PRODUCED ,

AGENCY WISE EXPORTED AND ROYALTY REALIZED

(Qty in lakhs) (value in Rs.)

Year Agency

CARI M/s Santir

Aquatic Ltd

M/s Oceanic

Shrimping

M/s BMR

industries,

KodiyaghatTotal

Royalty

realized

2000 575.90 -- -- -- 575.90 --

2001 237.65 -- -- -- 237.65 --

2003 -- -- -- -- -- --

2004 -- 6.50 0.50 456.50 463.50 2,78,100

2005 -- -- -- 484.50 484.50 2,90,700

2006 -- -- 204.50 254.25 458.75 2,75,250

2007 -- -- -- 503.00 503.00 3,26,950

2008 -- -- -- 282.50 282.50 1,83,625

Total 813.55 6.50 205.00 1980.75 3005.80 13,54,625

ROYALTY ON TRANSPORTATION OF FISH & FISHERY PRODUCTS.

( it indicate that there is a huge potential in exporting marine products. It may be revealed

from the MPDEA data.) Quantity(kg) Amount(Rs.)

2005-06 Crab 53255.00 266275.00

155

Lobster 9916.00 49580.00

Prawn 2546.00 12730.00

Fish 151715.00 151715.00

Shark fin 1718.00 85900.00

Total 219150.00 566200.00

2006-07 Crab 70822.00 354110.00

Lobster 17355.00 86775.00

Prawn 731.00 3655.00

Fish 308506.00 308506.00

Shark fin 6264.00 313200.00

Total 841978.00 2198646.00

2007-08 Crab 25076.00 125380.00

Lobster 7263.00 36315.00

Prawn 55.00 275.00

Fish 193501.00 193501.00

Shark fin 4280.00 214000.00

Total 1914131.00 4966763.00

156

157

Crab Lobster Prawn Fish Shark fin Total2005-06

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

219150

566200

Qty. (Kg)Amt. (Rs.)

Crab Lobster Prawn Fish Shark fin Total 2006-07

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

841978

2198646

Qty. (Kg)Amt. (Rs.)

Inference:- The Govt assistance in terms of royalty on transportation of fishes and

fish products increases over time . therefore it is obvious that there is a positive

outlook on the part of the Govt. as regard the development of this activity and the

upliftment of the socio economic condition of the people engaged in this activity. But

till now there is a huge gap between the need and the actual assistance provided by the

Govt.

SALE OF ICE AT DEPARTMENTAL ICE PLANT- PORT BLAIR AND

RANGAT, REVENUE REALISATION

Year Ice Produced/sold

(in kgs.)

Revenue collected (in Rs.)

2000-01 11,13,010 5,56,505.00

2001-02 9,06,093 4,51,824.50

2002-03 11,93,420 5,96,707.00

2003-04 10,39,223 5,19,611.00

2004-05 4,87,330 2,43,703.50

158

Crab Lobster Prawn Fish Shark fin Total 2007-08

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

1914131

4966763

Qty. (Kg)Amt. (Rs.)

Year Ice Produced/sold

(in kgs.)

Revenue collected (in Rs.)

2005-06 94,710 40,507.50

2006-07 7,36,600 3,68,884.00

2007-08 8,27,850 4,13,996.00

FISH/OTHER PERISHABLE ITEMS STORED IN THE DEPARTMENTAL COLD

STORAGE AND REVENUE COLLECTED

YearFish/Perishable items stored

(in kgs.)

Revenue collected (in Rs.)

2000-01 3,07,340 1,47,808

2001-02 3,44,297 1,45,587

2002-03 2,93,857 1,28,252

2003-04 1,00,571 50,916

2004-05 3,07,120 1,50,382

2005-06 1,33,992 86,552

2006-07 2,00,070 2,03,489

2007-08 2,33,120 1,36,863

Existing Infrastructure a) Ice Plant

Type of

Infrastructure

LocationCapacity (in

tones/day)

Ownership

159

Existing Govt.

Port Blair

Rangat

Hutbay

Campbell Bay

Private

Dhanikhari

Sippighat

Undertaking

Garacharma

Havelock

Durgapur

15

10

10

10

45

10

10

20

05

05

05

15

Department of Fisheries

-do-

-do-

-do-

M/s Islanders Marine Products Ltd.

M/s Rubin Sea Foods.

M/s AFL

M/s ANIIDCO

M/s ANIIDCO

Cold Storage

Type of

Infrastructure

LocationCapacity (in

tones/day)

Ownership

Existing Govt.

Port Blair

Rangat

Hutbay

Campbell Bay

Private

Lambaline

Dhanikhari

Undertaking

Garacharma

25

15

15

15

70

25

55

80

100

Department of Fisheries

-do-

-do-

-do-

M/s Andabar Cold Store

M/s Islanders Marine Products Ltd.

M/s AFL

160

Havelock

Durgapur

10

10

120

M/s ANIIDCO

M/s ANIIDCO

INLAND WATER BODIES

a) Minor Irrigation Ponds in A&N Islands used for Pisciculturists as on 30th June 2008.

S.No Place/Tehsil No. of Ponds Water Area in ha.

1. South Andaman 382 22.92

2. Baratang 25 1.50

3. Billiground 255 15.30

4. Diglipur 465 27.90

5. Havelock 63 3.78

6. Mayabunder 89 5.34

7. Neil Island 37 2.22

8. Hutbay 75 4.50

9. Rangat 118 7.08

10. Kadamtala 134 8.04

11. Car Nicobar 07 0.42

12. Campellbay 26 1.56

Total 1676 100.56

161

b) Reservoirs:

S.No Name Area in ha.

1. Dhanikari Reservoir 65

2. V.K. Puram Reservoir 48

3. R.K. Puram Reservoir 65

4. Dilthaman Tank 03

5. Chakkargaon Tank 03

6. Nayagaon Tank 03

7. Kalpong Reservoir 180

Total 367

c) Fresh water Fish hatchery : 1 No.

d) Departmental Fish Farm : 1 No.

e) Indian Major Carps seed supplied to Fish Farmers by the department:

Year Seed supplied in lakhs

2000-01 4.50

2001-02 5.69

2002-03 7.56

2003-2004 5.52

162

Year Seed supplied in lakhs

2004-2005 4.96

2005 -2006 7.13

2006-2007 5.80

2007-2008 5.10

2008-2009 7.00

BRACKISHWATER FISHERIES

a) Total Estimated Area : 33,000 ha.

b) Total area identified suitable for Brackish water

Aquaculture : 618.806 ha.

ANDAMAN NICOBAR

(1) Area under Government (ha.) : 221.640 17.65

(2) Private Sector (ha.) : 379.516 --

Total: 601.156 17.65

RENOVATION ASSISTANCE PROVIDED TO PISCICULTURISTS

DURING 2000-2001 TO 2007-08

163

S.

No

Area 2000-

2001

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

&

2007-08

@

1. Diglipur 2 2 7 11 09 --

2. Mayabunder 1 7 2 -- 01 02

3. Billiground 8 8 -- 11 14 --

4. Rangat 3 -- -- 02 04 07

5. Kadamtala 2 3 -- 1 04 05

6. Baratang -- -- -- -- 01 --

7. Havelock 1 1 -- 2 03 --

8. Neil Island 5 -- -- -- Nil --

9. South

Andaman

4 7 9 7 09 44

10. Hut Bay 3 2 2 -- 09 --

11. Campbell

Bay

1 -- -- 1 02 --

12. Car Nicobar -- -- -- 4 02 --

Total 30 30 20 39 58 58

YEAR WISE OUTLAY AND EXPENDITURE DURING X FIVE YEAR

(Rs. in lakhs)

Year Approved Actual Expenditure Percentage (%)

164

Outlay

Annual Plan 2002-03 425.95 416.51 97.7838

Annual Plan 2003-04 500 395.26 79.052

Annual Plan 2004-05 358.8 328.29 91.4967

Annual Plan 2005-06 590 264.23 44.7847

Annual Plan 2006-07 400 355.11 88.7775

Inference :- From the above table it is seen that the actual investment expenditure by the

Govt. In the areas of fishing of A&N Islands ranges from 79% to 97% out of the planned and

approved outlay except in the year 2005-06. In the year 2005-06 this expenditure is only 44%

of the approved outlay. Therefore, it may be said that within the budgetary allocation, though

it is insufficient, actual investment expenditure is highly satisfactory.

YEAR WISE TRIBAL SUB-PLAN OUTLAY AND EXPENDITURE DURING X

FIVE YEAR (Rs.in lakhs)

Year Approved Outlay Actual Expenditure

Tribal Sub-Plan 2002-03 64.20 56.53

Tribal Sub-Plan 2003-04 68.75 143.36

Tribal Sub-Plan 2004-05 36.05 25.67

Tribal Sub-Plan 2005-06 51.42 11.56

Tribal sub- plan 2006-07 62.00 43.30

YEAR WISE BUDGET ESTIMATES AND EXPENDITURE for

the year 2002-03 to 2006-2007

165

(Rs.in lakhs)

.Year Approved Outlay Actual Expenditure

Non Plan 2002-03 99.00 94.82

Non plan 2003-04 99.00 99.59

Non Plan 2004-05 124.00 116.92

Non Plan 2005-06 128.00 122.05

Non-Plan 2006-07 143.00 126.92

Revenue receipts of the Department from 2000- 01 to 2007-2008

(Rs.in lakhs)

Year Target

(Rs. in lakhs)

Achievement

( Rs. in lakhs)

2000-01 40.00 31.610

2001-02 40.00 42.03

2002-03 40.00 41.92

2003-04 45.00 31.87

2004-05 20.00 49.83

2005-06 30.00 38.05

2006-07 35.00 36.38

2007-08 30.00 26.91

Number of Tribal families assisted under TPP

166

Year Families assisted (Nos.)

2000-2001 134

2001-2002 125

2002-2003 111

2003-2004 135

2004-2005 329

2005-2006 566

2006-2007 250

2007-2008 198

E.F.R DISTRIBUTION DURING 2000- 2001 TO 2007-08

Sl No Year Amount (in Rs.)

1 2000-01 15,70,689/-

2 2001-02 26,22,066/-

3 2002-03 24,91,302/-

4 2003-04 36,74,000./-

5 2004-05 5,82,485/-

6 2005-06 79,006/-

7 2006-07 2,93,000/-

8 2007-08 6,22,000/-

YEAR WISE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED UNDER

WELFARE SCHEME

167

S.

No.

Component 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

1. Renovation of house. * 37 ** 19

2. Replacement/thatching of roof. * 14 ** 06

3. Old age pension. * 16 36 57

4. Loss of craft & gear while fishing/

natural calamity.

* 11 ** 8

CENTRALLY SPONSORED SCHEMESCENTRALLY SPONSORED SCHEMES

1. GROUP ACCIDENT INSURENCE SCHEME

S.No YearNo. of Fishermen insured

1 2000-01 2,524

2 2001-02 2,524

3 2002-03 2,717

4 2003-04 2,763

5 2004-05 3,812

6 2005-06 3,448

7 2006-07 5514

8 2007-08 6272

9. 2008-09 5429

2. SAVINGS -CUM-RELIEF-SCHEME

168

S.No. Year No.of Fishermen

enrolled

Central funds utilised

(Rs.)

1 2000-01 375 2,25,000.00

2 2001-02 374 --

3 2002-03 374 2,24,400.00

4 2003-04 336 Fund not received

5 2004-05 336 Fund not received

6 2005-06 366 Fund not received

7 2006-07 228 1,36,800.00

Inference:- From the above two tables it is found that the no. Of beneficiaries under group

accident insurance scheme has increased over time where as the no. Of beneficiaries under

savings cum relief scheme has decreased over time. Therefore it may be said that there is a

provision of risk coverage for the beneficiaries on the part of the Govt. However, there are

some problems to the continuation of the benefits derived from the schemes.

List of fishers brought from mainland and settled

169

Year No. of families Settled Place of Settlement

1959-60 05 families from Kerala Hope Town

1960-61 05 families from Kerala Dundas Point

1962-63 24 families from Kerala Hope Town

1968-69 09 families from Andhra

Pradesh

Prem Nagar

1971-72 10 families from Andhra

Pradesh

05 families at Campbell Bay and 05 families at

Little Andaman

1972-73 03 families from Tamil Nadu Prem Nagar

1973-74 11 families from Andhra

Pradesh

6 families at Campbell Bay and 5 families at

Hutbay

1976-77 26 families North Bay

1978-79 19 families North Bay

1979-80 10 families 08 at Campbell Bay and 02 at Havelock

1981-82 12 families Rangat

1982-83 25 families 17 at Betapur and 08 at North Bay

1983-84 12 families 09 at Diglipur, 01 at Havelock and 02 at Neil

Island.

1984-85 15 families 08 at Uttara and 07 at Diglipur

1987-88 38 families Namunaghar

1988-89 19 families 10 at Little Andaman, 04 at Long Island and 05

at Havelock

1989-90 20 families Namunaghar

1990-91 20 families Diglipur

1991-92 19 families Diglipur

1995-96 20 families Mayabunder

170

Total 331 families

BEACH FISH LANDING CENTERS IN ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR

ISLANDS

Zone Beach Landing Centre Total No.

North Andaman Areal Bay, Smith Island, Laxmipur, Durgapur, Kalipur. 5

North/Middle

Andaman

Mayabunder proper, Kalighat, Tugapur, Webi. 4

Middle Andaman Rangat Bay, Yaratta, Kadamtala, Long Island, Betapur, Sabari,

Bakultala.

7

South Andaman Phoenix Bay, Haddo, Writmyo, 0Wandoor, Bambooflat, Hope Town,

Baratang, Neil Island, Havelock, Chidiyatapu, Chouldari, Lohabarrack,

Shoalbay, North Bay, Dunduspoint, Dignabad.

16

Little Andaman Hutbay, Baludera, Vivekanandpur, Dugong Creek, Harminder Bay, R.

K. pur.

6

Car Nicobar Tee top, Malacca, Sawai, Pursa, Mus, Kimus. 6

Nancowry Attabiak, Champion, Hitui, Tapong, Balubasti, Kamorta, Trinket. 7

Katchal West Bay, Katchal, Kapanga, East Bay Katchal. 3

Great Nicobar Campbell Bay, Vijaynagar 2

Total 56

FISH MARKETS CONSTRUCTED IN A & ISLANDS

BY THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES

171

S.No. Localities Year of construction

1. Hut Bay,Little Andaman 1991-1992

2. Mohanpura,Port Blair 1993-1994

3. Diglipur,North Andaman 1994-1995

4. Neil Island,South Andaman 1996-1997

5. Havelock,South Andaman 1996-1997

6. Bambooflat,south Andaman 1996-1997

7. Mayabunder,North Andaman 1996-1997

8. Billi Ground, Middle Andaman 1996-1997

9. Kadamtala,Middle Andaman 1998-1999

10. Gandhi Nagar,Great Nicobar 1998-11999

11. R.K.Pur, Little Andaman 1999-2000

12. Ferrar Gunj, South Andaman 2002-2003

COOPERATIVES :

172

1. No. of Primary Fisheries Cooperative Society : 67 Nos.

2. Apex Cooperative Society (Federation) : 01 No.

S.

No

Name of Society Total

membe

rs

Financial

Position

(Rs.)

A. Middle Andaman:

1. Mechanised Fishing Cooperative Society Ltd, Nimbutala 191

2. Sreekakulam Fisheries Cooperative Society Ltd., Diglipur 215

3. Padmanabhapuram Fisheries Cooperative Society Ltd. 81

4. Kalighat Fishermen Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd. 34

5. Mechanised Fishing Cooperative Society Ltd., Mayabunder. 127

B. South Andaman :

6. Surmai Fisheries Cooperative Society, Port Blair 332

7. Ograbraj Fisheries Cooperative Society, Ograbraj 29

8. Chitra Fishermen Multipurpose Cooperative Society, Haddo 13

9. Chouldari Fisheries Cooperative Society, Chouldari. 15

10.Numunaghar Fisheries Cooperative Society, Namunaghar 18

11. Youth Fisheries Cooperative Society, 91

12. Mechanised Fisheries Cooperative Society, Hope Town 73

13. Andaman Deep sea Fishing Cooperative Society. 10

14. Rabindra Nagar Fisheries Cooperative Society 13

15. Andaman Sea Food Fisheries Cooperative Society, 12

173

16. Islands Fisheries Cooperative Society 17

17. A&N Fisheries Cooperative Federation 9

18. Bay Islands Fisheries Marketing Cooperative Society 11

19. Offshore Fisheries Cooperative Society 11

20. Havelock Fisheries Cooperative Society 14

21. Wandoor Fishermen Multipurpose Cooperative

Society,Wandoor.

13

22. Machidera Fishermen Cooperative Society

FISHERMEN COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES:

S.No

.

Name of the societies

1 M/s. Surmai Fisheries Coop. Society Ltd., Port Blair

2 M/s. Mech. Fishing Coop. Society, Rangat

3 M/s. Mech. Fisheries Coop. Society, Mayabunder

4 M/s Srikakulam Fisheries Coop. Society, Diglipur

5 M/s. Mech. Fisheries Coop. Society, Hopetown

6 M/s. Great Industrial Coop. Society, Junglighat

7 M/s. Youth Fishermen Coop. Society, Prem Nagar

8 M/s. Andaman Deep Sea Fishing Coop. Society, Port Blair

9 M/s. Ograbranch Fishing Coop. Society, Ograbranch

10 M/s. Machidera Fishing Coop. Society, Hut Bay

174

11 M/s. Agradoot Fishing Coop. Society, Millangram, Diglipur

12 M/s. Off-Shore Fishing Coop. Society, School line

13 M/s. Jai Bulakmatha Fisheries Coop. Society, Mohanpura

14 M/s. Uma Fisherwomen Multi-Purpose Coop. Society, Junglighat

15 M/s. Marigold Shipping Coop. Society, Supply line

16 M/s. Jaidungrumatha Fisheries Coop. Society, Dugnabad

17 M/s. Sagar Multi-purpose Fisheries Coop. Society, Mohanpura

18 M/s. Sri Parmeshwari Fisheries Coop. Society, Dairy Farm

19 M/s. Santhosi Matha Fisheries Coop. Society, Prem Nagar

20 M/s. Deep Mahila Fisheries Coop. Society, Mohanpura

21 M/s. Jai Chintamani Fisheries Coop. Society, Port Blair

22 M/s. Durga Fisherwomen Coop. Society, Dairy Farm

23 M/s. Baratang Fisherwomen Coop. Society Oralkatcha, Baratang

24 M/s.Sri Kanaka Durga Fisherwomen Multipurpose Coop. Society, Hut Bay

25 M/s. Jai Gangamatha Fisheries Coop. Society Haddo

26 M/s. Fisherwomen Welfare Coop. Society, Dairy Farm

27 M/s Ramakrishnapuram Fisheries Cooperative Society Ltd., Hutbay

28 M/s Sri Saijyoti Fisheries Youth Cooperative Society Ltd., Dairyfarm

29 M./s Uttara Fishermen Cooperative Society Ltd., Uttara, M/Andaman

30 M/s Archipelago Marine Fisheries Cooperative Society Ltd., Nimbutala, Rangat

31 M/s Kadamtala Fisheries Cooperative Society Ltd., Kadamtala, M/ Andaman

32 M/s Dweep Juhak Shell Fishing Coop. Society

33 M/s Chouldari Fisheries Coop. Society

34. M/s Meenakshi Fisheries Co-operative Society Ltd., Mohanpura, Port Blair.

175

35. M/s Tonna Fisheries Co-operative Society, Chunna Bhatta, Panighat.

36. M/s. Anjaneya Fishermen Co-operative Society Ltd , Carbyns Cove

37. M/s Padmanabapuram Fisheries Co-operative Society, Betapur

38. M/s. Swapna Fisheries Co-operative Society Ltd, Mohanpura, Port Blair

39. M//s. Om Sai Baba Fisheries Co-operative Society Ltd., Little Andaman

40. M/s. Fishermen Housing Co-operative Society Ltd., Namunaghar

41. M/s. Bangada Fisheries Co-operative Society Ltd., Chunnabhatta

42. M/s. Tsunami Welfare Fisheries Co-operative Society Ltd., Haddo

43. M/s. Sri Krishna Fisheries Co-operative Society Ltd., Prem Nagar

44. M/s. Kalapani Fisheries Co-operative Society Ltd., Dairyfarm

45. M/s. Island Fisheries Co-operative Society Ltd., Mohanpura

46. M/s. Shivani Fisherwomen Co-operative Society Ltd., Round Basti

OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES

176

Telephone Numbers

Office Residence

1. Director of Fisheries, Directorate of Fisheries, Port Blair 232770 232821

2. Administrative Officer, Directorate of Fisheries, Port Blair 232719

3. Zonal Fisheries Office , South Andaman , Phoenixbay. 231473

4. Assistant Engineer, Ice Plant & Cold Storage, Aberdeen jetty, Port

Blair

232402

5. Fisheries Training Centre, Marine Hill, Port Blair -

6. Freshwater Fish Farm, Nayagaon, Port Blair 229247

7. Zonal Fisheries Office, Car Nicobar 275542

8. Zonal Fisheries Office, Mayabunder 273295

9. Office of the AFDO, Diglipur, North Andaman 272338

10. Office of the Supdt of Fisheries , Billiground, Middle Andaman

11. Office of the AFDO, Rangat, Middle Andaman 274131

12. Office of the Supdt of Fisheries, Kadamtala, Middle Andaman 277092

13. Office of the Supdt of Fisheries, Neil Island, South Andaman -

14. Office of the Supdt of Fisheries, Havelock, South Andaman -

15. Office of the AFDO, Hutbay, Little Andaman 284338

16. Office of the AFDO, Nancowry 263236

17 Office of the Supdt of Fisheries, Katchal -

18 Office of the Inspector of Fisheries, Teressa -

19. Office of the AFDO, Campbellbay 264302

OTHER ORGANISATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THE FISHERIES

DEVELOPMENT IN A&N ISLANDS

177

Phone No.

1. Fishery Survey f India (FSI), Port Blair- 744 103 : 232677

2. Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Haddo, Port Blair - 744 104 : 233148 /

230115

3. National Institute of Ocean Technology, MB-9, R.G.T. Road, Port Blair -

744 101

: 233476 /

233736

4. Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI), Bathubasti, P.B.No.151 -

Port Blair - 744 101.

: 233276

5. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation Ltd.,

(ANIIDCO), Vikas Bhavan, P.B.No. 180, Port Blair - 744 101

: 232098/

234108

6. Andaman Fisheries Limited (AFL), Middle Point, Port Blair – 744 101 : 232501

7. A&N Fisheries Cooperative Federation Ltd., Vegetable shopping complex,

phoenix Bay, Port Blair – 744101

178

Subsidy scheme of A&N island

1. Pattern of Assistance:

• 25% subsidy up to a maximum of Rs. 25.00 lakh.

• 25% margin money by entrepreneurs

• 50% loan component from financial institutions/ANIIDCO.

2. Target:

Initially there were interactions with the stakeholders to fix targets. There is

good response from the stakeholders for this venture. To ensure sustainability, it is

proposed to introduce 50 vessels measuring 17-20 mtrs with engine power more than

30 HP having assured durability and endurance for deep sea and off shore fishing in a

period of 3 years. In the first year, it is proposed to extend assistance for 10 vessels. In

the second year 15 vessels and in the third year 25 vessels are proposed. The fishing

capacity is proposed to be expanded further based upon the resource surveys and

sustainability.

3. Budget

The cost of a boat with all facilities for fish storage with durability and

endurance for deep sea and off shore fishing having adequate voyage time would

require about Rs. 1 crore per boat. In the Stakeholders meeting held in 07.05.2008, a

view was taken to work out a scheme to provide 25% subsidy subject to a maximum

ceiling of Rs. 25.00 lakhs for the purchase of deep sea tuna fishing vessels. 25% of the

cost of boat shall be the contribution of the beneficiary and 50% loan either from

ANIIDCO or from any financial institutions. Accordingly, the budget has been

projected in the following table:

178

(Rs. In Lakh)

Year 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total

Nos. of Boats 10 15 25 50

Budget-Govt. Subsidy 250 375 625 1250

Budget-beneficiaries

contribution

250 375 625 1250

Loan from financial

institutions/ANIIDCO

500 750 1250 2500

4. Criteria for selection of beneficiaries:

1. The interested party shall prepare the project report. The feasibility of which

would be assessed by a Committee constituted for the purpose by the A & N

Administration. The feasible projects would be recommended for consideration

under the scheme for extending subsidy.

5. Procedure for release of subsidy:

1. The party should submit the application in the prescribed format supplied by the

Department of Fisheries along with the project report.

2. The Department shall scrutinize the applications and assess the feasibility of the

project through a constituted Committee.

3. The party should give the details of construction cost of all the components of

the boat and submit all the documents of construction etc.

4. The value of the boat with accessories would be assessed by a Committee with

one member from MMD and Naval Architect from Central Institute of Fisheries

Technology (CIFT).

5. The boats with assured durability, endurance for sufficient voyage duly

approved by the MMD and Naval Architect would be considered.

6. The subsidy amount shall be released in stages as follows:-

• Stage-I 30% on completion of keels & frame work.

• Stage-II 30% on completion of plank work and other deck fitments.

• Stage-III 20% on fixing of engine.

• Stage-IV Final release of remaining 20% of the subsidized amount on

completion of remaining works i.e. painting, wiring, fixing of life saving and

fire fighting appliances and on launching of the boat after necessary

certification by the MMD and Naval Architect.

7. In the event of purchase of readily built boat, the subsidy amount would be

released in lump sum based on valuation made by the Committee constituted for

the purpose.

CHAPTER-10

SCOPE OF DEEP SEA FISHING VESSELS FOR FISHING

IN A&N WATERS

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a coastline of 1912 kms. i.e. 25% of the

coastline of India. The Continental Shelf is 35,000 sq.kms. which is 6.92% of the shelf

area of the country. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the islands is 6 lakh sq.kms.

amounting to 28% of the EEZ of India.

In the EEZ of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, there is an estimated annual

harvestable fishery potential of 1.48 lakh tones.

As per the report of the Fishery Survey of India, the present level of fishery

resource exploitation is to the tune of 28,800 tonnes leaving wide gap between the

estimated resources potential and the level of exploitation.

Of the fishery resources available in the Islands, 44% constitutes tuna. The present

level of tuna exploitation is negligible, as it is not a locally preferred fish and also

requires high investments for preservation, storage and export. The tuna fish has high

export potential. Therefore, its fishery is proposed to be promoted for utilization and

socio-economic development of the islands.

In order to promote fisheries in the islands an action plan has been drawn with a

special reference to promotion of tuna fishery in the islands. It is proposed to provide

25% subsidy subject to a maximum ceiling of Rs. 25.00 lakhs for the purchase of deep

sea tuna fishing vessel with the scheme proposed by the Department of Industries for SSI

units. Accordingly, 25% shall be the subsidy of the Govt. 25% of the cost of the boat

shall be the contribution of the beneficiary and remaining 50% loan from any financial

institutions. The budget requirement for providing 25% subsidy to 50 numbers of deep

sea tuna fishing vessel shall be Rs. 1250 lakhs. 181

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a coastline of 1912 kms with the

Exclusive Economic Zone of 6.00 lakhs sq.kms accounting for 30% of the total EEZ of

the country (20.20 lakhs sq.kms). In view of the geographical nature, the continental shelf

of the islands is narrow, which is about 35,000 sq.kms forming 6.83% of the shelf area of

the country (5.12 lakh sq.km). The estimated annual fishery potential of Andaman and

Nicobar Islands is 1.48 lakh tones constituting about 3.8% of the fishery potential of the

country (39 lakh tones)

The fishery potential of the Islands is least exploited with the present level of

catch of only 28,000 tonnes (18.92%). It has been estimated that the Tuna fishery

resources alone accounts for 44% (64,500 tonnes) of the total fishery resource of the

islands (1.48 lakh tones), whereas only 2404 tonnes of it was harvested during 2007-08.

There is a wide gap between the level of exploitation and the estimated fishery

potential. In view of its potential fisheries is recognized as a priority sector for socio-

economic development of the islands.

Justification/Potentiality:

In the Territorial Waters, currently, 12 mechanized boats, 1257 motorized Boats

and 1451 non motorized Boats are engaged in fishing. The present level of exploitation in

the territorial waters is only to the tune of 28,800 tonnes per annum against the

exploitable potential of 1.48 lakh tones.

The Marine fishery in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands within the Territorial

Waters is regulated under the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Marine Fishing Regulation,

2003 and rules framed there under.

The boats which are presently fishing in the A & N Waters are small with the

engine capacity less than 30HP. All these boats are operating for fishing within 6 NM.

Fishery resources in the zone between 6-12 NM with in the territorial waters are least

exploited. There is an estimate of 64500 tonnes of Tuna resources (44% of the fishery

resources of the islands) available in Andaman and Nicobar waters which are normally

located in deep sea and off shore sectors. To explore the under explored deep sea and off

shore fishery including Tuna fishery, there is need for introduction of deep sea going

fishing vessels with engine capacity more than 30HP having durability and endurance for

fishing in deep sea and off shore areas. These vessels can also venture into the EEZ of the

A & N Islands for fishing with necessary approvals of the Govt. of India, if required.

Stakeholders in the Islands also insist for building the local fishing capacity. The

Marine Fishing Policy, 2004 also stipulates promotion of off shore fishery through

introduction of large deep sea fishing vessels. Promotion of off shore and deep sea fishery

with the harvest facilities based in the islands will also improve the employment potential

in the islands.

• .

CHAPTER-11

MY FINDINGS FROM FISHERMEN OF A&N ISLANDS AND

WEST-BENGAL

Data analysis:

Age:-

Table 1:

Place15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

A&N

Island    4 80% 1 20%     5 100%

Kakdwip         2 40% 3 60% 5 100%

Deegha &

Sankarpu

r

    2 40% 3 60%     5 100%

Inference:-

The ages of most of the fishermen lies between 25-45 years. Therefore in this area

young generation have there tendency to choose the fishing occupation which is,

according to their opinion , is more profitable than other occupation .Actually the youths

belonging to the fisherman families have there experiences in this field from the very

beginning of their life and as a result they are highly habituated with such type of

occupation than others.

Occupation:-

Almost 100% of the fishermen primarily depends upon fishing. There is no

alternative way of living for them. 183

Educational Qualification:-

Table:-2

 

Illeterate Primary High School Total

No. % No. % No. % No. %

A&N

Island5 100%         5 100%

Kakdwip 1 20% 1 20% 3 60% 5 100%

Deegha &

Sankarpu

r

4 80% 1 20%     5 100%

Most of the fishermen are illiterate.They need education for improvement of there

lifestyle as well as their profession.

Sex:-

Cent percent of the total people engaged in fishing are male. No female person is

engaged in this high risk occupation directly. However females do the work of net

repairing and grading of fishes with their male counterpart in addition to their household

activities.

Experience:-

It is observed that almost all the fishermen have long(15-25 years) experience in the field

of their profession in our study area. 184

Family size:-

It is seen that the average no. of children per couple in A&N islands, is 4.0 which

is above the happy family norms. This is mainly due to their illiteracy and ignorance. On

the other hand, the average number of children per couple in Digha-Sankarpur region is

2.25 which is nearly equal to the happy family norms. Comparatively the fishermen

residing in the Digha-Sankarpur region are more conscious about their health, education,

and economic condition of their family.

From my study it is clear that there is a need to take an initiative by the govt. to

enhance the livelihood status of the fishermen specially in A&N Islands for the all round

development of the society at large.

Occupational Information:-

 

Traditional

Boat Motorised boat

Mechanised

Boat Total

No. % No. % No. % No. %

A&N

Island1 20% 4 80%     5 100%

Kakdwip         5 100% 5 100%

Deegha &

Sankarpu

    2 40% 3 60% 5 100%

r

185

Inference:- It is observed that in A&N Island fishermen use 20% traditional boat, 80%

Motorized boat. In Kakdwip, almost 100% Mechanized boat are used and in Deegha-

Sankarpur, 40% Motorized boat and 60% Mechanized boat are used. Almost all the

fishermen in A&N Island, Kakdwip, Deegha-Sankarpur, use rented boat for fishing. They

have no own boat at their disposal due to their insufficient fund for bying it. All such

boats are rented from the owners. Therefore it is observed that there is enough scope to

finance the fishermen directly by the financial institutions for the betterment of the

fishermen in the one hand and increase the credit worthiness of those people on the other.

Moreover financial institutions have also the scope of earning incomes in terms of interest

in this sector

Fishing Trip:-

Mainly the duration of the fishing trips are 6 days / week in A& N islands. But in

Kakdwip it is for a period of 15 days / trip. The no. of fishermen per trip is 6-7 people in

A&N Islands., but in Kakdwip it is 15-20 persons. In all the cases there is a fishing

holiday for 1.5-2.5 months (April-June) because it is the high time for breeding of fishes.

 Own Boat Rented Boat Total

No. % No. % No. %

A&N

Island    5 100% 5 100%

Kakdwip 1 20% 4 80% 5 100%

Deegha &

Sankarpu

r

    5 100% 5 100%

So govt. declares the fishing holiday. Fishing in this time is a punishable offence. In this

time fishermen are engaged in different types of laborious job.

186

Fish Types:-

In A&N Islands the list of fishes which are caught by fishermen are-

Surmai , Katabangri, Dondoz, Cokari, Mrigal, Parse, Rohi, Gobra, Turni, Maya, Shark,

Potty, Prone, Cooki, Katla, etc

In Deegha-Shankarpur, Kakdwip area – Hilsa, Pomplet, Prawn, Rupsa, Ratan, Vetki,

Shankar etc.

Loan- In A&N island fishermen are generally taken loan from Mahajan (3%).They

mainly preferred term loan. There preferred interest rate from bank is -(1.5-2%). In

Kakdwip area during the fishing holiday period at the time of repairs of the trawler and

advance to boatmen, they need loan for meeting these expenses.

Insurance:- In A&N Islands the insurance sector are mainly captured by LIC and

Pearless. In Kakdwip, Diamond-harbor area the insurance sector are captured by The

New India Assurance Co. Ltd, which is tie up with State bank of India. So there is also a

scope of introducing SBI life for personal life insurance of the fishermen.

Market:- In A&N Islands there is no provision of auction sales of fishes . fishermen are

bound to sell there fishes to the owner of the boats at nominal prices . As a result the

maximum benefits derived from the fishing goes to the pocket of the owner of boats not

to the fishermen. Therefore the fishermen in these area suffered from the acute problem

of marketing. As a result the socio economic condition of fishermen are not noteworthy .

but in the region of Kakdwip& deegha the market of auction selling exists. Though the

auction sell market is not good enough for fishermen it is better than nothing. Obviously

the socio economic conition of the fishermen is slightly better than A&N Island. (187)

Average income statement of the owners of the mechanized boat of

A&N Island (yearly)

Capital Cost-

Cost of boat- Rs. 500000

Cost of net- 600kg ×Rs. 300/kg = Rs. 180000

Total capital cost- Rs. 680000

a) Average sales per year-

30000Kg × Rs. 70 = Rs. 2100000

Workings-

Monthly fish capture- 3000Kg

Fishing trip per month- 4

Fish capture per trip- 3000Kg/4 = 750Kg

Yearly fish capture- 750Kg × 40 = 30000Kg

Average sale price of fishes- Rs. 70

b) Total expenses incurred per year-

i) Labour cost- (875×6)×40 = Rs. 210000

ii) Ice- (200 pcs. × Rs. 90) × 40 = Rs. 720000

iii) Fuel- (150Ltr.× rs. 35) × 40 = Rs. 210000

iv) Food- (Rs. 50× 6 persons× 6 days) ×40 =Rs. 72000 188

v) Repairs and maintenance- (Yearly) = Rs. 125000

vi) Depreciation- (Yearly) = Rs. 50000

Total Expenses(per year)- Rs. 1387000

Workings-

Calculation of depreciation-

Estimated economic life of a boat- 10 years

Cost of boat- Rs. 520000

Less- Scrap value- Rs. 20000

Rs. 500000

Estimated depreciation- Rs. 500000/10 years

= Rs. 50000

Monthly salary of a labour- Rs. 3500

Monthly trip- 4

Per trip salary of a labour- Rs. 3500/4 = Rs. 875

No. of labour per trip- 6 persons

Price of a block of Ice-Rs. 90

Per trip ice required- 200 pcs.

Food charges- Rs. 50 per labour/day

c) Profit from Mechanized boat per annum-

189

Sales(a) – Expenses(b) = Rs. 2100000 –Rs. 1387000 = Rs. 713000

Profit Margin= (Profit / Sales)×100 = (713000 / 2100000)×100=

34%(approx)

My Suggestion:- The profitability position of the owner of Mechanized

boat in A&N Island is highly satisfactory. There is ample scope to enhance the

volume of business by making an additional investment. This additional

investment can be made either by using the own fund or by taking loan from bank

or any other financial institution.

Average income statement of the owners of the trawler of Kakdwip(15 days

trip)

Capital Cost-

Cost of boat- Rs. 750000

Cost of net- 600kg ×Rs. 300/kg = Rs. 180000

Total capital cost- Rs. 930000

a) Average income per year- Rs- 15,00,000

b) Total expenses incurred per year-

i) Labour cost- (1750×15)×15 = Rs. 393750

ii) Ice- (200 pcs. × Rs. 40) × 15 = Rs. 120000

iii) Fuel- (150Ltr.× rs. 35) × 15 = Rs. 78750

iv) Food- (Rs. 50× 15persons× 15 days) ×15 =Rs.168750 190

v) Burnishing, Painting(annum) = Rs-55000

v) Repairs and maintenance- (Yearly) = Rs. 125000

vi) Depreciation- (Yearly) = Rs. 75000

Total Expenses(per year)- Rs- 10,16,250

Workings-

Calculation of depreciation-

Estimated economic life of a boat- 10 years

Cost of boat- Rs. 750000

Estimated depreciation- Rs.750000/10 years

= Rs. 75000

Monthly salary of a labour- Rs. 3500

Monthly trip- 2

Per trip salary of a labour- Rs. 3500/4 = Rs. 1750

No. of labour per trip- 15 persons

Price of a block of Ice-Rs. 40

Per trip ice required- 200 pcs.

Food charges- Rs. 50 per labour/day

191

c) Profit from Trawler per annum-

Sales(a) – Expenses(b) = Rs. 15,00,000 –Rs. 10,16,250= Rs. 4,83,750

Profit margin- (profit/ sales)×100= 4,83,750/15,00,000)×100=32.25%(approx)

My suggestion- After analyzing the data collected from A&N island and Kakdwip

it is very clear that in both the places the scope of financing in trawler, mechanized

boat are very fruitful places for investing. So here it has a ample scope of financing

for State Bank in both the places. As the return per Trawler in A&N Island is more

so There State Bank can financed easily and hugely. But in Kakdwip return per

trawler is not so less but the no of trawler is huge. So there bank can invest in a

large volume without hesitation.

Average income statement of the income of the owner of troller of Digha-

Sankarpur

Capital Cost-

Cost of boat- Rs. 750000

Cost of net- 600kg ×Rs. 300/kg = Rs. 200000

Total capital cost- Rs. 950000

192

a) Average sales per year- Rs. 15,00,000

b) Total expenses incurred per year-

i) Labour cost- (875×6)×40 = Rs. 210000

ii) Ice- (200 pcs. × Rs. 40) × 40 = Rs. 320000

iii) Fuel- (150Ltr.× rs. 35) × 40 = Rs. 210000

iv) Food- (Rs. 50× 6 persons× 6 days) ×40 = Rs. 72000

v) Repairs and maintenance- (Yearly) = Rs. 125000

vi) Depreciation- (Yearly) = Rs. 75000

Total Expenses(per year)- Rs. 10,12,000

Workings-

Calculation of depreciation-

Estimated economic life of a boat- 10 years

Cost of boat- Rs. 750000

Estimated depreciation- Rs.750000/10 years

= Rs. 75000

Monthly salary of a labour- Rs. 3500

Monthly trip- 4

Per trip salary of a labour- Rs. 3500/4 = Rs. 875

No. of labour per trip- 6 persons

Price of a block of Ice-Rs. 40

Per trip ice required- 200 pcs.

Food charges- Rs. 50 per labour/day 193

c) Profit from Mechanized boat per annum-

Sales(a) – Expenses(b) = Rs. 1500000 –Rs. 1012000 = Rs. 4,88,000

Profit Margin= (Profit / Sales)×100 = (4,88,000 / 15,00,000)×100=

32.5%(approx)

194

CHAPTER-12

FISHERY PROJECTS

FISHERY PROJECT OF KAKDWIP

INTRODUCTION : Kakdwip is famous for Coastal Fishing as well as brakish water

fisheries, as sea is in closed vicinity of Kakdwip. Major in this locality depend on coastal

fishing as well as brakish water fisheries.

COASTAL FISHING : Trawler and trawley are used for coastal fishing or Marine

fishery. Mainly two seasons are identified for this activity.

01. Rainy season coastal fishing : This is the main season for catching Hilsha fish

form June to August. During this season fishermen drive their trawler or trawley

to the sea in the early morning and usually come back in the evening ( or stay one

or two days) after catching fish. This season is also known as peak season of

coastal fishing.

02. Winter season coastal fishing : In this season the fishermen use different types of

nets for catching simul, pomfrate,others, etc. Fishermen drive their trawler/

trawley to the deep sea and stay for 7 – 10 days at deep sea for catching fish.

During this time they have to carry ice for preservation of fishes.

Backward Linkages for Coastal Fishing : Presently mechanized trawlers or trawley

are used fishing purpose. For one trawler at least 15-16 skillrd Boatmen are required

for fishing in sea. Fishing net, ball, threads etc. for catching fishes are most common

equipments for catching fish. These are easily available at Kakdwip local market.as

Ice is also very important elements of coastal fishing for preservation of fishes during

fishing time as well as preservation time. Here minimum 10 ice plants are exist which

extend support a lots for successful of coastal fishing business.

195

Forward linkages for coastal fishing : In Kakdwip three (3) big fish markets are

running well for buying catched fishes by trawlers. The fish traders supply these fish

to Kolkata, Sealdah, Howrah, Siliguri and other places as transportation facility is also

available.

Therefore, with the support of the above backward and forward linkages coastal

fishing of Kakdwip has able to built a success story.

SCOPE OF THIS BUSINESS : Although, Kakdwip is famous for coastal fishing,

there are further scope for enhancing of such business. About 225 Trawlers owners,

50 fish traders, 10 ice-plants, 25 fishing input suppliers has established their success.

At least 6000 fishermen together with their family depend on this business.

Here for Marine fisheries all the backward and forward linkages are exist. Therefore, we

have formed a value chain on marine fishery by financing all the linkages of marine

fishery and have great success on it.

VALUE CHAIN ON MARINE FISHERY BY FINANCING :

01. No. of financed trawlers owners : 105

No. of Trawlers financed: 420 ( Average no. of trawler per owner = 4 )

Amount involved for trawler financed: 5.50 crores

02. Fishing input suppliers : No. of unit = 3, Amount = 38.00 lacs

196

03. Fish Traders : No. of unit = 9 , Amount = 38.00 lacs

04. Ice plants : No. of unit = 2 , Amount = 50.00 lacs

05. Transportation for fish : No. of unit = 2, Amount = 8.00 lacs

BRAKISH WATER PRAWN CULTURE: It is also famous at Kakdwip area as

river is near by the cultured area. We have financed 2 big projects on brackish water

prawn culture for Rs. 24.00 lacs.

PRAWN HATCHERY: We have also financed a prawn hatchery for introducing

prawn seedlings rearing at Kakdwip area.

OUR TARGETED UNIT FOR VISIT TO THIS DAY : We will visit to our some

successful unit, details as below :

01. Trawler unit : Sri Utpal Kumar De – He is an experienced businessman regarding

coastal fishing. He is engaged in this type of business with us from 2002. Loan

sanctioned to Sri De for Rs. 6.00 lacs for meeting working capital requirement for

his two trawler on 01.06.2002 and till now this unit is running very well.

02. Fishing input supplier : Sri Utpal Kumar De – He has also one unit for supplying

fishing inputs like Different types fishing nets, threds, ball etc. at Rathtala,

Kakdwip. Loan sanctioned to Sri De for this purpose is Rs. 8.00 lacs on

30.01.2006 and this unit is also running well.

03. Fish traders : Sri Ranajit Das – He is very much experienced in this line of activity

and he is engaged for this business with us from 2005. This unit is situated at

Kakdwip Birendra Fish Market. Loan sanctioned to Sri Das for trading of fishes is

Rs. 10.00 lacs on 20.06.2006. This unit is also running very well.

197

04. Ice plant : Jai Jagannath Ice plant situated at Namkhana. This unit is financed by

us as value chain component on 05.06.2006 for Rs. 34.20 lacs and is a running

unit.

05. Brakish water prawn culture : Ma Ganga Aqua Farm situated at Ganesgpur. This

unit is financed by us first on 15.07.2005 for Rs. 3.00 lacs. This unit is so

successful that they have now enlarged their farm and present finance to them is

20.00 lacs.

06. Prawn Hatchery : This unit is implemented by Sri Gourhari Maity at

Shibkalinagar. He is an experienced man regarding prawn hatching and he is

engaged in this business since 1995. He has taken finance from us on 02.02.2005

for Rs. 7.50 lacs.

Total No. of Trawler in Kakdwip =450

Already State Bank Of India financed trawler = 5 pcs

Loan status = Term loan

Loan Amount = 50 lacs

Total No of fishermen in kakdwip= 250-300(approx)

Already working capital financed by SBI = 180 persons

My Suggestion-

a) So there is a huge scope of financing the trawler , because among the

450 trawlers only 5 trawlers are financed by State Bank, but we have to target the remain

trawlers.

b) Among the 250-300 fishermen , SBI has already provide loan to 180

persons, so there is also a scope of financing the working capital .

198

DIGHA FISHERIES PROJECT

The State Fisheries Development Corporation Ltd.

YEA

R

TIGER

PROWN

PROD. &

REVENUE

GALDA

PROD. &

REVENUE

I.M.C.

PROD. &

REVENUE

Misc.Excrap,Talapi

a PROD. &

REVENUE

BHAGAN/

PARSEY PROD. &

REVENUE

TOTAL

PROD. &

REVENUE

EXPENDITUR

E

1999-

2000

Kg-6437.725

Rs.23,72,704.6

5

kg-2271.80

Rs.5,90,700.5

0

Kg-11139.350

Rs.3,97,377.7

0

Kg-1239.950

Rs.-3,13,192.15

Kg-6168.250

Rs.-2,91,312.10

Kg.38336.55

5

Rs.-

39,82,315.85

Sal-

19,92,928.20

Ors-

18,91,756.55

T.Rs-

38,84,684.75

2000-

2001

Kg.7439.325

Rs.27,51,526.2

0

kg.1655.575

Rs.-

5,11,491.37

kg-15,520.300

Rs-

5,78,161.30

Kg-9854.750

Rs-3,17,238.15

Kg-5456.150

Rs-2,94,890.25

Kg-

39836.100

Rs-

44,79,735.87

Sal-

26,77,793.15

Rs-21,34,880.70

T.rs-

48,12,673.85

2001-

2002

Kg-3459.775

Rs-8,44,993.00

Kg-985.550

Rs-

2,27,152.00

Kg-12398.350

Rs-

4,49,086.20

Kg-9917.000

Rs-3,14,156.80

Kg-5090.550

Rs-2,72,185.00

Kg-

31851.225

Rs-

21,34,830.30

Sal-

22,16,593.20

Rs-10,19,360.40

32,35,953.60

2002-

2003

Kg-2819.520

Rs-6,79,025.40

Kg-3291.250

Rs-

7,26,658.25

Kg-9724.900

Rs-

3,89,489.10

Kg-5926.650

Rs-1,93,461.30

Kg-2173.800

Rs-1,23,147.25

Kg-

23936.120

Rs-

21,43,463.25

Sal-

19,97,416.25

Rs-8,04,272.00

T.Rs-

28,01,688.25

2003-

2004

Kg-2555.350

Rs-5,41,309.90

Kg-2593.700

Rs-

6,21,097.75

Kg-

17,890.900

Rs-

7,40,358.20

Kg-6,693.800

Rs-2,33,213.60

Kg-1180.450

Rs-67,310.10

Kg-

30,913.300

Rs-

22,28,912.75

Sal-

22,46,446.05

Ors-

11,27,063.20

T.Rs-

33,73,509.25

2004-

2005

Kg-2183.550

Rs-4,64,127.75

Kg-2199.500

Rs-

4.34,143.85

Kg-

12,855.750

Rs-

5,09,828.25

Kg-5095.000

Rs-1,70,499.90

Kg-2692.000

Rs-1,51,664.75

Kg-

25055.800

Rs-

17,52,334.50

Sal-25,41.643

Ors-

32,19,555.53

T.rs-

57,61,198.93

2005-

2006

Kg-3840.050

Rs-8,60,901.40

Kg-2626.570

Rs-

5,19,349.85

Kg-

15,665.050

Rs-

6,37,456.40

Kg-9150.075

Rs-3,09,545.30

Kg-2238.850

Rs-1,29,433.00

Kg-

33,520.595

Rs-

24,56,685.95

Sal-

28,66,509.00

Rs-16,85,385.55

T.rs-

45,51,894.55

2006-

2007

Kg-1990.00

Rs-5,67,378.15

Kg-2518.990

Rs-

6,09,853.50

Kg-31,613.35

Rs-

13,16,327.90

Kg-15,183.800

Rs-5,75,799.60

Kg-7156.850

Rs-4,64,004.05

Kg-

58,462.990

Rs-

3,53,3363.2

Sal-

28,15,323.00

Rs-14,55,303.57

T.rs-

42,70,626.00

2007-

2008

Kg-2818.600

Rs-4,47,801.65

Kg-2478.950

Rs-

5,60,986.80

Kg-

43,287.300

Rs-

18,98,881.50

Kg-8726.65

Rs-363599.10

Kg-8811.850

Rs-6,68,498.00

Kg-

66,123.350

Rs-

39,39767.05

Sal-

27,62,418.00

Rs-15,95,036.00

T.rs-

45,26,342.00

2008-

2009

Kg-1956.050

Rs-4,89,767.90

Kg-4119.975

Rs-

9,67,436.45

Kg-39048.450

Rs-

18,83,436.50

Kg-12852.60

Rs-5,55,363.00

Kg-11,727.15

Rs-9,71,098.25

Kg-

70133.925

Rs-

49,21098.85

Sal-

47,29,385.25

Rs-49,38,474.60

SCOPE OF FINANCE IN MARINE FISHERY-

For this purpose i have identified four major areas-

a) Improvement of fishing by using more and more modern equipments

b)To increase the fishing vessels engaged in fishing

c)Provision of loan to purchase new fishing boats

d)Provision of preservation system for storing of unsold fishes, if any

200

CONCLUSION

From the discussion so far it is clear that there is an ample scope of improving the marine

fishery by way of improvement of fishing, extending bank loan, training, provided

subsidies etc. Some steps can be taken into consideration. They are as follows:-

a)Provided education to the illiterate fishermen.

b)Adequate infrastructure at the harbor& adequate support for fisherman(minimum

support price)

c)Help them to open the bank account at a very little cost.

d)Give loan against a very little amt. of guarantee or grout guarantee and at nominal

interest.

e)Taking initiative measure at the time of making Fishing boats.

f)Make easy installment system for payment of the lending money.

g) No collateral for loan up to Rs. 5 lacs

h) Soft interest rate for EPC for exporters

i)Loan to fish processing unit CGTSME

j)The scheme should be so prepared with insurance component , so that in case of natural

calamities , the entire loan is repay.

k)Some of the owner of trawlers do not repay their loan amount , although they earn huge

amount of profit per troller,- because lack of follow up and some cases recalcitrant

borrowers. 201

l) Based on the potential available in states of west Bengal and A&N island, I feel if these

scheme are properly utilized, bank will also be benefitted and fisherman will also be

able to increase their income with a great extent.

If the suggestions stated above are followed then the socio economic condition of people

engaged in fishing will be uplifted. There purchasing power will be enhanced and they

will lead better life and ultimately they will be included into the main stream of

development of the economy as a whole.

.

202

WORD OF THANKS

I also like to thank my guide DR.B.R.DAS for giving me full support and motivation for

accomplishment of project. I also thank all employees of State Bank of India. I thank all

those who directly or indirectly supported me morally, financially and through providing

knowledge by which I could complete my summer training.

I would also like to thank chairman sir, Dr. D.K.Garg sir for providing me such a huge

opportunity to do Summer Training under State Bank of India.

Thanking You,

AMIT DATTA BANIK

ENR.NO. FMR- 2001

203

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Main references:

Commercial fishing methods: an introduction to vessels and gears. Sainsbury JC (1996).

Third Edition. Fishing News Books. Oxford.

Commercial fishing: the wider ecological impacts. Edited by G Moore & S Jennings

(2000). Blackwell Science Ltd.

204