Americans join war effort

Needed soldiers• 5 million volunteered

• 10 million drafted

Labor shortage at home 6 million women join labor

force2 million minorities hired

Industrial response

• Automobile plants were converted to build tanks, armored vehicles, etc.

• Factories across nation convert to war production

• Shipbuilder Henry J Kaiser– Liberty ships could be built in 2 weeks– 2,700 would be built during the war

The HomefrontThe Homefront

• The United States gov’t stirs The United States gov’t stirs patriotic feelings patriotic feelings

• Movies are used to build moraleMovies are used to build morale• Propaganda is used to keep war Propaganda is used to keep war

effort goingeffort goingEducation for DeathRacist Propaganda cartoon

• civilians rationed goods/supplies civilians rationed goods/supplies and planted “Victory Gardens”and planted “Victory Gardens”

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PropagandaPropaganda

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Women Enter the WorkforceWomen Enter the Workforce

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Japanese Americans Interned Japanese Americans Interned • Many Americans Many Americans

distrusted Japanese –distrusted Japanese –Americans Americans (Nisei)(Nisei)

• Thousands of Thousands of Japanese -Americans Japanese -Americans were forced into were forced into Internment Camps in Internment Camps in the Midwest the Midwest throughout WWIIthroughout WWII

http://www.library.wwu.edu/ref/images/japanese-evacuation.jpg

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Internment CampInternment Camp

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With the U.S. now at war

• We’ll divide our study of the war into 2 geographic areas:

• The European Theater of Operations (the ETO)…Europe and No. Africa

• The Pacific Theater of Operations (the PTO)

The Nazis had broken their pact w/USSR:Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)

By 1942 : War not going well for the Allies:– Germany controlled all of Europe and

N. Africa and were deep into Russia

Gloomy Prospects for the Allies The chain of spectacular victories disguised a

fatal weakness within the Axis alliance: Japan and Germany fought separate

wars, they never coordinated strategies.

The early defeats also obscured the Allies’ strengths: The manpower of the Soviet Union and

the productive capacity of the U.S.

Turning Points of the War: The Battle of Stalingrad

• The Pivotal battle in the war in Europe

The German Army (“Wehrmacht”) had already lost 2 million men on the eastern front.

• In 1942-43, a German army of over 300,000 was defeated and captured at the Battle of Stalingrad.

• Scenes from Enemy at the Gates: Enemy at the Gates

• The Germans then lost the battle of Kursk and began a long retreat.

• The Red Army crossed into Poland in January 1944.

Stalingrad

House by house…

Brick by brick

North Africa: El AlameinNorth Africa: El Alamein

• In 1942 German forces In 1942 German forces tried to seize Egypt tried to seize Egypt and the Suez Canaland the Suez Canal

• American invasion: American invasion: “Operation Torch”“Operation Torch”

• Yanks and Brits drove Yanks and Brits drove Germans outGermans out

• Turning point in N. Turning point in N. Africa: Africa: El AlameinEl Alamein

Defeat of Italy (1943)Defeat of Italy (1943)

• Invasion of Sicily opened door for Invasion of Sicily opened door for invasion of Italyinvasion of Italy

• Allies fought their way north up Allies fought their way north up the “boot”the “boot”

• Mussolini forced to flee… Mussolini forced to flee… captured , executed, and hung by captured , executed, and hung by his heels by anti-Mussolini Italianshis heels by anti-Mussolini Italians

The Doolittle Raid• April, 1942

• Col. Jimmy Doolittle (related to me!) put together mission to bomb Tokyo & other targets IN Japan

• Bombers taking off a carrier?

• Military value? Not much

• Psychological value? HUGE moral boost for American public

• Movie Trailer: Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo

The Pacific Theater: Early Battles

• American Forces halted the Japanese advance in two decisive naval / air battles.

– Coral Sea (May 1942) • U.S. stopped a fleet carrying Japanese troops to New

Guinea

• Japanese designs on Australia ended

– Midway (June 1942)• Japanese Admiral Yamamoto hoped to capture Midway

Island as a base to attack Pearl Harbor again

• U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese by surprise and sank 3 of the 4 aircraft carriers, 332 planes, and 3500 men.

U.S. strategy to defeat Japan:

““Island-hopping”Island-hopping”• No need to capture EVERY No need to capture EVERY

island…”hop” over some, leaving island…”hop” over some, leaving Japanese troops isolatedJapanese troops isolated

• 1 island chain after another1 island chain after another

U.S. Marines assault an island

Allied Island – Hopping (1942-45)

Europe: Operation Overlord

• Stalin had pressed FDR and Churchill for over a year to open a 2nd front against the Nazis…a cross-Channel invasion

• All logistics in place for the invasion of Normandy, France in June, 1944

June 6, 1944: D - DayJune 6, 1944: D - Day

• Combined American, British, Canadian assaultCombined American, British, Canadian assault• Dwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Allied CommanderDwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Allied Commander

Invasion of Europe (con.t)

• Allies cont. drive into France…by Aug., 1944: liberation of Paris

The Allies Advance

•Into Holland: “Operation Market Garden”•Into Belgium:•Nazis mount major counter-offensive•Battle of the Bulge

Germany’s Defeat

Americans advanced into Germany from the west while the Russians closed in on Berlin from the east

American and Russian soldiers meet at the Elbe River

Berlin 1945

Hitler’s Last DaysIn the underground bunker: committed suicide with companion Eva Braun

With Berlin in ruins, the Nazis surrendered May,

1945

Victory in Europe at last

Time Magazine cover - 1945

Sec. 4 The Politics of War

The Wartime Conferences

• The Allied Leaders met several times during the War to discuss goals and to map strategy :

• The most important conference was at Yalta: Churchill, FDR, & Stalin

• The Allies were clearly winning the war and the end seemed near. The questions of what would happen once Germany was defeated were of huge importance:

Yalta Conference: Feb. ‘45

The Polish Question

• Stalin maintained that historically, Poland had been used as a corridor to invade Russia…

• He therefore believed it was critical that Poland become a “buffer zone” , meaning that a Polish gov’t friendly to Russia was necessary

• Translation: “friendly” gov’t = communist gov’t.• The Big 3 agreed that free elections were to be

held in Poland…let the people choose their own gov’t.

Yalta Conference (1945)

• A 2nd point:

USSR would enter war against Japan once Germany was defeated

• A 3rd point:

Germany would be divided and occupied by the Allies

• Other points of agreement:– War-crimes trials– Further discussion on creating a United Nations

Potsdam Conference: July ‘45

• In the Berlin suburb of Potsdam:

– Churchill– Truman (FDR had

died)– Stalin

Potsdam

• Stalin balked at free elections in Poland

• Specifics of Germany’s occupation after the war

Berlin

• The capital city which lay entirely in the Russian zone of occupation was ALSO divided into 4 zones

Sec. 5 War, the Bomb, and Final Victory

After V-E Day: After V-E Day: War in the PacificWar in the Pacific

• Focus turns to Focus turns to JapanJapan

• US continues US continues “island-hopping” “island-hopping” strategystrategy

• Goal: control of Goal: control of islands close enough islands close enough to Japan to stage to Japan to stage bombing raidsbombing raids

Iwo Jima and OkinawaIwo Jima and Okinawa

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

FDR had died in office and new

President Harry S. Truman

learned of a new weapon.

He ordered it to be used

Atomic BombAtomic Bomb

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Hiroshima: Aug. 6th, 1945

No surrender: Japanese military attempted a coup to seize power from the Emperor…wanted to continue to fight

Aug. 9th: 2nd bomb on Nagasaki

Victory over Japan:

VJ-DAY Aug 15, 1945

Victory Over Japan DayVictory Over Japan Day

Formal Japanese Surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay

The U.S.S. Indianapolis

Quint's monologue: (Jaws, 1976)