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American History STAAR Review – Part 2
George Washington’s Presidency
_______________: act or decision that sets an example for others to follow, like a tradition
Precedent
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy
• Created the cabinet• Hamilton and the
Department of Treasury set up the national bank to stabilize the national economy
• Crushed the Whiskey Rebellion to establish the authority of national government
• Wanted to stay neutral
• Jay’s Treaty with England (removed redcoats)
• Pickney’s Treaty with Spain (allowed U.S. to use MI River)
• Set many precedents: Mr. President, cabinet, 2 terms, Farewell Address
• Farewell address: Warned against permanent alliances and political parties
America’s First Political Parties• In Congress, and across the nation, differences in beliefs existed about
the ____________________________on several issues, many ________• By the mid- 1790s, these differing beliefs took shape into 2 distinct
political parties, ____________ and ________________________
Federalists Democratic – RepublicansLeader: Alexander HamiltonFavored: • Rule by the wealthy• Strong Federal Gov’t• Emphasis on Manufacturing• Loose interpretation of the
Constitution• British alliance• National Bank• Protective Tariffs
Leader: Thomas JeffersonFavored: • Rule by the people• Strong State Gov’t• Emphasis on Agriculture• Strict interpretation of the
Constitution• French alliance• State Banks• Free trade
role of the national government economic
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Federalists or Democratic Republican?
“State governments should be given more power. The national government can already do too much!”
Democratic Republican
“Protective Tariffs will help American manufacturing businesses”
Federalists
“I believe the Constitution has implied powers, meaning powers not written directly in the Constitution”Federalists
John Adam’s Presidency
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy• Alien and Sedition Act:
limited the criticism of the national government
• Naturalization Act: Made it harder to become a citizen
• VA and KY Resolutions: States’ Right to nullify these laws in their state
• XYZ Affair: America’s poor relationship with France led to Adams increasing the national Army and creating a navy
• Marbury vs. Madison led to Judicial Review
• Used diplomacy to avid war
Judicial Review
Adam’s Midnight
Appointments
Supreme Court Case Marbury vs. Madison
Outcome of case: Judicial
Review
________________: The right of the Supreme Court to determine if a law is constitutional or not
Judicial Review
Gibbons vs. OgdenIssue: Dispute over who has the right to operate steamboats between New York and New Jersey
Outcome: Supreme Court ruled Federal law is above state law and Congress has the power to regulate commerce among several states
McCulloch vs. MarylandIssue: Maryland tried to put a tax on the National Bank to kill it in its states
Outcome: Supreme Court ruled the National Bank is CONSTITUTIONAL because it is “necessary and proper”
Gibbons vs. Ogden McCulloch vs. Maryland
Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy• Louisiana Purchase
from France for $15 million in 1803
• Economic Policy “Laissez Faire” which means let alone (government should leave the economy alone)
• Passed Embargo Act, which failed, and later Non-Intercourse Act to deal with impressment from England and France
• 2 Terms• Louisiana Purchase
Doubled the size of the U.S.
• Lewis and Clark Expedition gained knowledge of the Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase
Draw in the Louisiana Territory on to the map below:
Louisiana Purchase
Draw in the Louisiana Territory on to the map below:
James Madison’s Presidency
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy• War Hawks in
Congress wanted war with Great Britain to gain territory in Canada
• After war, built roads and canals to help transport goods in the expanding nation
• War of 1812 against Great Britain
• Treaty of Ghent
• War of 1812 is best known as “Mr. Madison’s War”
War of 1812
Causes• Impressments• Trade Embargos• War Hawks
Major Events• Burning of Washington D.C.• Treaty of Ghent (no land exchanged)• Battle of New Orleans (Jackson becomes famous)
Effects• War increased manufacturing of
supplies which helped boost the U.S. into the Industrial Revolution
Mr. Madison’s War
James Monroe’s Presidency
Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy• Missouri Compromise:
Missouri admitted as slave state and Maine as free, 36’30 line created and no more slavery above that line
• Era of Good Feelings: time of growth and expansion
• Adams-Onis Treaty: paid Spain $5 million for Florida
• Monroe Doctrine: warned Europe to stay out of Western affairs
• Monroe Doctrine was a policy of Neutrality
Washington vs. Monroe Venn Diagram
Washington’s Farewell Address
Monroe’sMonroe Doctrine
Directions: Fill in the Venn diagram above. In the differences area, explain the presidents policy. In the similarity area, explain why these two domestic policies are similar.
• Speech gave at the end of 2nd term
• Warned against political parities and permanent alliances
• Set precedent of neutrality and
giving a farewell
address
• Warned European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere
• Policy continued throughout U.S. History
Both were policies of
Neutrality
Andrew Jackson
In the _______________, there was no winner because no one won the majority of the electoral college votes. __________________made a deal with Speaker of the House, ______________, saying that if the House of Representatives choose Adams as President, J.Q. Adams would make Henry Clay the _________________. The House of Representatives choose J.Q. Adams as president and Andrew Jackson called this the “________________”. However, voting requirements changed between 1824 and 1828, allowing Jackson to win by a landslide 1828!
Election of 1824John Quincy Adams
Henry ClaySecretary of State
Corrupt Bargain
Voting RequirementsElection of 1824 Election of 1828
• White• Male• 21 or older• Own Property
• White• Male• 21 or older
How did the Election of 1828 expand suffrage?Gave more people, who did not own property, the right to vote.
Andrew Jackson
The Democratic Party that we have today first started with Andrew Jackson. Complete the diagram below to see the progression of political parties throughout American history.
Federalists: 1790s-1815 Democratic Republicans: 1790s
Republicans: 1820s
National Republican (Whig)
Republicans - 1854
Jacksonian Democrat
Democrats – 1830s
Andrew Jackson and the Nullification CrisisThe Story: Congress passed a Tariff of 1828 that increased tariffs on goods from Europe. This Protective Tariff protected Northern Industries while making products more expense for Southern planters. Southerners nicknamed this tariff the “Tariff of Abominations”, because they hated it so much. Vice President John C. Calhoun believed in states’ rights, and believed states could limit the power the of National government in their own state. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act which declared the tariff illegal in their state. South Carolina threatened to secede, withdraw, if the tariff was not lifted. Henry Clay created a compromise lowering the tariff but also giving the President more power to use force if a state threatened to secede again.
Cause: Effects:
Nullification Crisis
• Tariff helped the North at the expense of the South
• South Carolina tries to nullify the tariff and threatens to secede from the Union
• Henry Clay creates a compromise that lowers the tariff but gives the president more power to use force if a state threatens to secede
Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act• Indian Removal Act: Gave the president power to move Native Americans west
of the Mississippi River• Jackson began to remove many Native American tribes in the Southeast to
Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma
Cherokees refused to move and took their case
to the Supreme Court
Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees and said they could stay
in Georgia
Worcester vs. Georgia
How
ever
… • President Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s ruling and made the Cherokees move anyways
• Trail of Tears: Forced removal of Native Americans to Indian Territory where they lost their homeland and many lost their lives on the way
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny: The belief in the God given right that America should expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific
What do you see in this picture that relates to Manifest Destiny?
Westward Expansion Map
Label: 1. Original 13
Colonies2. Northwest
Territory3. Florida4. Louisiana
Purchase5. Oregon Country6. Texas Annexation7. Mexican Cession8. Gadsden
PurchaseOr
igin
al 1
3 Co
loni
es
Northwest Territory
Florida
Louisiana Purchase
Oregon Territory
Texas Annexation
Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase
Westward Expansion Map
Oregon Country,
1846
Economic Social PoliticalFur Trade Bring
Christianity to Native Americans
Split the territory with Great Britain at the 49th parallel
Westward Expansion Map
Texas Annexation,
1845
Economic Social PoliticalTexas could pay off war debt with money from annexation
Many Americans lived in Texas
Polk won election of 1844 by supporting annexation of Texas
Westward Expansion Map
Mexican Cession,
1848
Gadsden Purchase,
1853
Economic Social PoliticalU.S. paid $15 million for Cession and $10 million for Gadsden after Mexican War
Gain California and Utah, which led to Gold Rush and Mormon Migration
Ended the disputes between Mexico and the U.S.
Westward Expansion MapEconomic Social PoliticalAgriculture, shipping, and trade expanded
Many groups,49ers, rushed to California, boomtowns
California applied for statehood as a free state
California Gold Rush,
1849
U.S.-Mexican War
Put the following era of US history in order on the timeline above.
Mexican American WarTexas gains independence from Mexico
Manifest Destiny is complete
Texas as RepublicU.S. Purchases Gadsden Purchase
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, U.S. gain Mexican Cession
Mexico is angered by Texas annexation
Border dispute leads to fighting
Texas annexed to the U.S.
U.S.-Mexican War
Texas gains independence from Mexico
Texas as a Republic
Texas is annexed to the U.S.
Mexico is angered by Texas annexation
Border disputes lead to fighting
Mexican American War
Treaty of G.H./Mexican Cession
U.S. buys Gadsden Purchase
Manifest Destiny done
Mexican-American WarTexas gains independence from Mexico
Manifest Destiny is complete
Texas as a RepublicU.S. buys Gadsden Purchase
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, U.S. gains Mexican Cession
Mexico is angered by Texas annexation
Border disputes leads to fighting
Texas is annexed to the U.S.
Industrial Revolution
• _______________built the first factory in the U.S. after he memorized the plans and brought them from England
• Factory System: a system of bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency
• _____________________opened the first textile mill in Massachusetts using the factory system
Francis Cabot Lowell
Samuel Slater
North: Rocky, thin soil, rushing rivers, coal and iron supply, good coasts for portsSouth: Fertile soil, swampy coasts, long growing season
• Soil was rocky and could not farm• Many rushing rivers for power• Close to coal and iron for supplies• Close to many ports for trading
How was the geography different in the North and the South?
Most of the factories were in the North because….
Industrial Revolution
Invention Inventor What did it do? What was its effect?
Cotton Gin Eli Whitney Machine that removed the
seeds from the cotton fibers
Increase the need to slave labor, slave trade, and
increased cotton growing in the
South
Industrial Revolution
Invention Inventor What did it do? What was its effect?
Interchangeable Part
Eli Whitney Parts that could be put together
to create a product
Mass production of goods, use of assembly lines, lowered cost of
goods
Industrial Revolution
Transportation Inventor/Builder
What did it do? What was its effect?
Steamboats Robert Fulton, Clermont was
the first steamboat to
travel from New York to Albany
Steam engines used to power boats up river
against a current
Improved the transportation of goods that was
cheaper and faster
Population Growth in Urban Centers
What are reasons why population is growing in urban areas and shrinking in rural areas?
Towns developed on railroad lines and canal
People are moving west Example: Boomtowns in California
People move to cities in search of new economic opportunities
Women migrating to cities to work in factories
www.elderweb.com
Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were reforming?
Important Individuals
Impact/Significance?
Abolitionists Movement
William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman
- 13th Amendment freed slaves after the Civil War - Paved the way for the Women’s Rights Movement
End slavery in the U.S.
Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were reforming?
Important Individuals
Impact/Significance?
Women’s Rights Movement
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony
- Held first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls in 1848, wrote the Declaration of Sentiments - Women eventually gained the right to vote in 1920
Suffrage (voting) for women
Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were reforming?
Important Individual(s)
Impact/Significance?
Temperance Movement
Carrie Nation 18th Amendment which banned the production and sale of alcohol (later repealed by the 21st)
Campaign against the sale and drinking of alcohol that was linked to alcohol abuse and breaking up families
Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were reforming?
Important Individual(s)
Impact/Significance?
Prison Reform and Care of the
Disabled
Dorthea Dix –went to teach Sunday school in prisons
Improvements in prison life through laws
Terrible treatment of mentally ill and prisoners in prison
Reform Movements
Reform Movement What they were reforming?
Important Individual(s)
Impact/Significance?
Public Education
Horace Mann Free public education expanded
Education was seen as a way to decrease poverty and crime
North vs. South Perspective on Slavery
Northern Perspective Southern Perspective•Slavery was a moral issue
•Slavery was evil
•If slavery was not abolished, it could bring God’s judgment
•Slavery was an economic necessity
•Slavery was a way of life and part of their society
•Wanted to move slavery west
The North and the South had differing view on slavery. This was a leading cause of the Civil War.
Causes of the Civil War
Right of a state to limit the power of the Federal government
Tax on imports that protected Northern industries at the expense of Southern planters
John C. Calhoun and S. Carolina threaten to secede if tariff of 1828 and 1832 is not lifted
South saw this as an economic necessity, however North saw it as a moral issue
Book by H.B. Stowe about the evils of slavery, abolitionists movement grows in the North
Kansas and Nebraska would use popular sovereignty to determine slavery in their state
Settlers from both sections rushed to Kansas to vote, violence broke out, mini-civil war
Abe Lincoln becomes the first Republican President and S. Carolina is first to secede
States’ Rights
States’ Rights
Tariff of 1828 and 1832
Tariff of 1828 and 1832
Nullification
Crisis
Nullification Crisis
Slavery
Slavery
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
Election of
1860
Election of 1860
CompromisesBecause the North and the South could agree on many issues, ________________ came up with several compromises to help keep the Union together for a short time before the Civil War.
Henry Clay
Missouri Compromise Compromise of 18501. Missouri would be a slave state2. Maine would be a free state3. Creation of 36’30’’ line – no slavery
above that line in the Louisiana Territory only
1. California would be a free state2. Harsher fugitive slave law3. New Mexico and Utah will use
popular sovereignty to determine slavery
1. In the Missouri Compromise, why did Missouri and Maine have to be admitted at the same time?
2. What parts of each compromise would the South agree with, and which parts would the North agree with?
So the number of slave and free states would stay equal in Congress
South: Missouri slave state and harsher fugitive slave lawNorth: Maine free state and California free state
Dred Scott DecisionThe Story: ___________moved with his owner from a ________state to a _______ state. When his owner died, Scott sued for his ____________
Dred Scott slave freefreedom
Supreme Court’s
decided…
1. Slaves were not citizens and could
not bring lawsuit to court
2. Slaves were property
3. Congress could not ban slavery in
territories
4. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
The Civil War BattlesBattle Date What Happened Importance
Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 South refused to give up fort, firing broke out but no one was injured
First battle of the Civil War
Antietam Sept 18, 1862 Confederate loss, bloodiest battle of war
Lincoln used victory to issue Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Confederate loss meant they would never invade Union again
Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address after this battle
Appomattox Courthouse
April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee (confederate commander) surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant (Union commander)
Civil War is over, Union Victory
Assassination of Lincoln
April 15, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in Ford’s theatre
Reconstruction will look very differently than what Lincoln wanted
?
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?
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Reconstruction
13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th AmendmentFreed the slaves in the U.S.
Gave citizenship to former enslaved people
Allowed all male citizens the right to vote
Remember the phrase:“Free Citizens
Vote”
Free: 13th
Citizens: 14th Vote: 15th
1. How did these amendments impact the American way of life?
2. What time period later on in history will be effected by these amendments?
These 3 amendments expanded the rights of all citizens in the U.S.
These amendments lay the foundation for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s
