Launching a Launching a New RepublicNew Republic

WashingtonWashington’’s Presidencys Presidency

Objectives:Objectives:

To explain how the nationTo explain how the nation’’s court s court system was established.system was established.

To describe the first cabinet.To describe the first cabinet. To analyze HamiltonTo analyze Hamilton’’s financial plans.s financial plans. To identify interpretations of the To identify interpretations of the

Constitution and explain how they Constitution and explain how they influenced attitudes toward the national influenced attitudes toward the national bank.bank.

Republican Form of GovernmentRepublican Form of Government

Republic- people elect representatives to Republic- people elect representatives to make decisions for them.make decisions for them.

Democratic-people are allowed to voteDemocratic-people are allowed to vote

Democratic-Republic- People (many as Democratic-Republic- People (many as possible) (extending the voting rights) to possible) (extending the voting rights) to vote and elect representatives to make vote and elect representatives to make decisions for them.decisions for them.

George Washington is elected.George Washington is elected. Electoral College selects the President!Electoral College selects the President!

Wrote down two namesWrote down two names Top vote-getter would be President.Top vote-getter would be President. Runner-up would be Vice-President (J. Adams)Runner-up would be Vice-President (J. Adams)

Washington was inaugurated (sworn into Washington was inaugurated (sworn into office) on April 30,1789 at the Federal Hall in office) on April 30,1789 at the Federal Hall in New York City (national capital).New York City (national capital).

WashingtonWashington’’s actions would set a s actions would set a precedent precedent for all other Presidents. (a way to behave)for all other Presidents. (a way to behave) ““Mr. PresidentMr. President”” Presidents donPresidents don’’t go to Congress to debate t go to Congress to debate

legislation.legislation.

Setting Up the Courts!Setting Up the Courts! Congress passed the Congress passed the

Federal Judiciary Act (law)Federal Judiciary Act (law)

of 1789of 1789.. Supreme CourtSupreme Court would would

have have six memberssix members.. Five judges and one Chief Five judges and one Chief

Justice (head judge).Justice (head judge). Washington appointed Washington appointed John Jay John Jay

as Chief Justice.as Chief Justice.

Created lower, less powerful Created lower, less powerful federal courtsfederal courts..

Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances

Federal Judiciary Act Federal Judiciary Act of 1789of 1789

Congress makes the new bill or legislation!

A bill or legislation only becomes a law when the President signs it.

Washington Washington appointed John Jay appointed John Jay as Chief Justiceas Chief Justice

Senate must confirm the President’s appointments.

President nominates judges, ambassadors, cabinet members and other positions.

George WashingtonGeorge Washington’’s Cabinets Cabinet A cabinet is a group of people that gives advice to A cabinet is a group of people that gives advice to

the president.the president. Secretary of War-Henry KnoxSecretary of War-Henry Knox Secretary of State-(deal with foreign affairs) Thomas Secretary of State-(deal with foreign affairs) Thomas

JeffersonJefferson Secretary of the Treasury-Alexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury-Alexander Hamilton Attorney General-(National Lawyer) Edmond RandolphAttorney General-(National Lawyer) Edmond Randolph

Washington as Washington as PresidentPresident

Faced Domestic (Home) and International (Foreign)

Issues

Economic Problems $$$$$$Economic Problems $$$$$$ Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of the Treasury

Alexander Hamilton faced Alexander Hamilton faced these problems.these problems.

Domestic IssueDomestic Issue Huge war (American Huge war (American

Revolution) debts we need Revolution) debts we need to pay.to pay. 1789-National Debt was over 1789-National Debt was over

$52 million dollars$52 million dollars Individuals (soldiers)Individuals (soldiers) Countries (France)Countries (France)

How will other countries How will other countries view America if we donview America if we don’’t t pay off these debts?pay off these debts?

Alexander Hamilton's Financial PlanAlexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

In 1790, he introduced his In 1790, he introduced his three point three point planplan to Congress. to Congress.

1.1. Pay off all war debts (National and State)Pay off all war debts (National and State)2.2. Raise government revenues ($ from taxes)Raise government revenues ($ from taxes)3.3. Create a national bankCreate a national bank

Hamilton wants to also pay off the Hamilton wants to also pay off the state debts.state debts. Problem (Sectional or Regional)Problem (Sectional or Regional) Issue (South already paid off their Issue (South already paid off their

debts, North hadndebts, North hadn’’t.) Regional)t.) Regional)

Compromise: Capital would be in the Compromise: Capital would be in the south.south. Built on the border of Maryland and Built on the border of Maryland and

Virginia along the Potomac River.Virginia along the Potomac River.

Alexander Hamilton's Financial PlanAlexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

Tariffs (taxes) on imported (sent into the Tariffs (taxes) on imported (sent into the country) goods.country) goods. Raise government revenues $$$Raise government revenues $$$ Encourage the support of American industries Encourage the support of American industries

(manufacturing) (Buy American) Protective Tariff(manufacturing) (Buy American) Protective Tariff

Helps the North-Helps the North-

Create a National BankCreate a National Bank Safe place to store money.Safe place to store money. Make loans to businesses and government.Make loans to businesses and government. It would issue bank notes (paper money)It would issue bank notes (paper money)

Interpreting the ConstitutionInterpreting the Constitution

Strict Construction (Word for Word)Strict Construction (Word for Word) James Madison and Thomas Jefferson argued James Madison and Thomas Jefferson argued

that the Constitution did not give the that the Constitution did not give the government power to establish a bank.government power to establish a bank.

Loose Construction (Read between the Loose Construction (Read between the Lines) (broad or flexible).Lines) (broad or flexible). Alexander Hamilton argued that the Alexander Hamilton argued that the

““necessary and proper clausenecessary and proper clause”” gave the gave the government the right to carry its duties.government the right to carry its duties.

Hamilton won the argument.Hamilton won the argument.

Note QuestionsNote Questions

When was Washington’s Presidency? When was Washington’s Presidency? (What Years)(What Years)

How did political parties begin during How did political parties begin during Washington’s Presidency?Washington’s Presidency?

Who were to members of Washington’s Who were to members of Washington’s Cabinet and what were their offices?Cabinet and what were their offices?

What law set up the court system?What law set up the court system?

Challenges to the New Challenges to the New GovernmentGovernment

Domestic and Foreign Affairs

Objectives:Objectives:

To explain why Washington wanted to To explain why Washington wanted to secure the Trans-Appalachian Westsecure the Trans-Appalachian West

To analyze the causes and outcome of the To analyze the causes and outcome of the Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers

To identify the reasons for the Whiskey To identify the reasons for the Whiskey RebellionRebellion

To explain how Washington maintained To explain how Washington maintained U.S. neutralityU.S. neutrality

Securing the Northwest TerritorySecuring the Northwest Territory Trans-Appalachian WestTrans-Appalachian West

Area between the Mississippi and the Area between the Mississippi and the Appalachian Mountains.Appalachian Mountains.

Many nations claimed this areaMany nations claimed this areaSpainSpain

Controlled the port of New Orleans at the mouth of Controlled the port of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi (Controlled Trade)the Mississippi (Controlled Trade)

Great BritainGreat Britain Still held forts in the NW Territory (In violation of the Still held forts in the NW Territory (In violation of the

Treaty of Paris)Treaty of Paris)United States United States Native AmericansNative Americans

Attacked settlers with the support of the BritishAttacked settlers with the support of the British

Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans

Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers Background- Background- Encouraged Encouraged by the by the British British

(guns, gunpowder, supplies) (guns, gunpowder, supplies) Native AmericansNative Americans are are attackattacking the ing the settlerssettlers in the in the NW TerritoryNW Territory. . Other American militias and the army had failed Other American militias and the army had failed to stop the Native Americans. to stop the Native Americans.

August 20, August 20, 17941794 U.S vs. Native AmericansU.S vs. Native Americans General General ““MadMad”” Anthony Wayne Anthony Wayne fought fought Chief Little TurtleChief Little Turtle Two thousand Native Americans and two thousand U.S. Two thousand Native Americans and two thousand U.S.

soldiers and militia fought in an area that had recently been soldiers and militia fought in an area that had recently been hit by a tornado.hit by a tornado.

The Native Americans retreated and the British refused to The Native Americans retreated and the British refused to help them. help them. Native Americans were defeatedNative Americans were defeated..

Twelve tribes Twelve tribes signed the signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795Treaty of Greenville in 1795, they , they agreed to agreed to cede (give) or surrender their land to the U.S.cede (give) or surrender their land to the U.S.

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion The first national tax was the whiskey tax.The first national tax was the whiskey tax. A A new taxnew tax brings conflict (Sin Tax) brings conflict (Sin Tax) FarmersFarmers from Pennsylvania to Georgia from Pennsylvania to Georgia

were upset about a new tax on whiskey.were upset about a new tax on whiskey. Farmers used wheat and other grains to Farmers used wheat and other grains to

make whiskey or other forms of alcohol .make whiskey or other forms of alcohol . Whiskey was used to pay bills, to trade for Whiskey was used to pay bills, to trade for

other goods and it was easier to haul than other goods and it was easier to haul than bushels. bushels.

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion Pennsylvania FarmersPennsylvania Farmers Summer of 1794Summer of 1794 Staged a Staged a rebellionrebellion

Beat up tax collectorsBeat up tax collectors Tar and FeatherTar and Feather Threatened an armed Threatened an armed

attack on Pittsburgh.attack on Pittsburgh.

October 1794October 1794 Washington sent an army to Washington sent an army to

crush the rebellion.crush the rebellion. Washington proved that Washington proved that

the president could make the president could make people follow the laws.people follow the laws.

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution 17891789

French citizens inspired French citizens inspired by the American by the American Revolution, rebel Revolution, rebel against their government.against their government.

17921792 The revolution becomes The revolution becomes

brutal and thousands of brutal and thousands of citizens are massacred.citizens are massacred.

17931793 The king and queen of The king and queen of

France were executed.France were executed.

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution Other European monarchs (kings Other European monarchs (kings

and queens) believed the and queens) believed the revolution threatened their own revolution threatened their own thrones.thrones.

France declared war on Britain, France declared war on Britain, Spain and HollandSpain and Holland

The war placed the U.S. in an The war placed the U.S. in an awkward positionawkward position We signed a treaty with France during We signed a treaty with France during

our revolution.our revolution. Washington issues declaration of Washington issues declaration of

neutrality in April 1793.neutrality in April 1793. We would We would remain friendly with both remain friendly with both

Britain and France.Britain and France. America depends on England for tradeAmerica depends on England for trade

Staying NeutralStaying Neutral America would like to keep trading and have America would like to keep trading and have

good relations with both countries (France and good relations with both countries (France and Britain)Britain)

France and Britain are at warFrance and Britain are at war Disturb each others trade and stop supplies from Disturb each others trade and stop supplies from

being imported to each others countries.being imported to each others countries. America is dependent on trade with England, so America is dependent on trade with England, so

we must negotiate we must negotiate a new friendship (treaty) with a new friendship (treaty) with them.them.

Staying Neutral!Staying Neutral! Britain seizing cargo ships carrying goods Britain seizing cargo ships carrying goods

to the French West Indies!to the French West Indies! G.W. sent John Jay to Britain for talks.G.W. sent John Jay to Britain for talks. JayJay’’s Treaty, 1794 (unpopular in the U.S.)s Treaty, 1794 (unpopular in the U.S.)

Made with the British.Made with the British. Seizing of ships------They donSeizing of ships------They don’’t stopt stop

Agreed to pay for damages------- They donAgreed to pay for damages------- They don’’tt British forts in the NW territoryBritish forts in the NW territory

British agreed to leave by 1796- They donBritish agreed to leave by 1796- They don’’tt Open Up British West Indies TradeOpen Up British West Indies Trade

FailedFailed

Staying Neutral!Staying Neutral!

PinckneyPinckney’’s Treatys Treaty 17951795 Treaty made with SpainTreaty made with Spain

Gave Americans the Gave Americans the right to travel and ship right to travel and ship goods on the Mississippi Rivergoods on the Mississippi River

Gave Americans the Gave Americans the right of deposit (store right of deposit (store goods) at the port of New Orleansgoods) at the port of New Orleans with out with out paying custom duties (taxes on imports).paying custom duties (taxes on imports).

SpainSpain also also accepted the U.S. southern accepted the U.S. southern boundary.boundary.

Washington retires and returns to Washington retires and returns to private life.private life.

Served eight years (two Served eight years (two terms) in office (1789-terms) in office (1789-1797).1797).

Mount Vernon (Washington’s Home)

General George Washington departed this life on the 14 of December, 1799.

In his In his Farewell Address (speech)Farewell Address (speech) he he warns America against..warns America against..

Spirit of Party Spirit of Party (political parties)(political parties) ““……the common & continual the common & continual

mischief's of the spirit of Party are mischief's of the spirit of Party are sufficient to make it the interest and sufficient to make it the interest and the duty of a wise People to the duty of a wise People to discourage and restrain it.discourage and restrain it.””

State or SectionalState or SectionalFactional (Political)Factional (Political)

Making Making Foreign Alliances (treaties)Foreign Alliances (treaties) ““It opens the door to foreign influence & It opens the door to foreign influence &

corruption, which find a facilitated access to the corruption, which find a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country, are subjected to the policy and will of country, are subjected to the policy and will of another.another.””

Treaty

The Federalists The Federalists Take ChargeTake Charge

Chapter 9Chapter 9

(pp.287-291)(pp.287-291)

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Cut him out- Dark JacketCut him out- Dark Jacket Paste him on page 7 of your spiral and title the Paste him on page 7 of your spiral and title the

picture.picture. Look on page 288 to find what Thomas JeffersonLook on page 288 to find what Thomas Jefferson’’s s

vision for Americavision for America’’s future.s future. What is the name of JeffersonWhat is the name of Jefferson’’s Political Party?s Political Party?

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton Cut him out-Lighter JacketCut him out-Lighter Jacket Paste him on page 8 of your spiral and title the Paste him on page 8 of your spiral and title the

picture.picture. Look on page 288 to find what Alexander HamiltonLook on page 288 to find what Alexander Hamilton’’s s

vision for Americavision for America’’s future.s future. What is the name of HamiltonWhat is the name of Hamilton’’s Political Party?s Political Party?

Creation of Political PartiesCreation of Political Parties George WashingtonGeorge Washington’’s cabinet became bitterly s cabinet became bitterly

divided over the direction America was taking in its divided over the direction America was taking in its first eight years.first eight years. AmericaAmerica’’s first two political parties were formeds first two political parties were formed..

Federalists (Alexander Hamilton-founder)Federalists (Alexander Hamilton-founder) The men who favored the strong union and who fought for the The men who favored the strong union and who fought for the

adoption of the Constitution by the various states. These adoption of the Constitution by the various states. These men also backed Alexander Hamilton in the cabinet when men also backed Alexander Hamilton in the cabinet when different political philosophies became apparent.different political philosophies became apparent.

Anti-Federalists (would become Democratic-Anti-Federalists (would become Democratic-Republicans) (Thomas Jefferson and James Madison-Republicans) (Thomas Jefferson and James Madison-founders)founders)

Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State) resigned in 1793 and Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State) resigned in 1793 and went home to Virginia.went home to Virginia.

Different Ideas about AmericaDifferent Ideas about America Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans Limited National Govt.Limited National Govt.

Power closer to the people. Less Power closer to the people. Less abuse.abuse.

Fear of rule by one person Fear of rule by one person or a group.or a group.

Economy based on farming. Economy based on farming. (agriculture, agrarian (agriculture, agrarian society)society)

Strict Interpretation of the Strict Interpretation of the ConstitutionConstitution

Opposed a national bankOpposed a national bank Supported by farmers, Supported by farmers,

tradesmentradesmen

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton Federalist PartyFederalist Party Strong National Govt.Strong National Govt. Fear rule by a mob Fear rule by a mob

(common people)(common people) Economy based on Economy based on

manufacturing and trading.manufacturing and trading. Loose Interpretation of the Loose Interpretation of the

ConstitutionConstitution For the national bankFor the national bank Supported by lawyers, Supported by lawyers,

merchants, manufacturers, merchants, manufacturers, and clergy.and clergy.

Senses for Thomas JeffersonSenses for Thomas Jefferson SightSight- Farming Nation- Farming Nation

I see American farms growing all types of food to feed I see American farms growing all types of food to feed our growing nation. I canour growing nation. I can’’t see America growing up in t see America growing up in crowded cities.crowded cities.

SmellSmell- - I smell corn, wheat, rye, barley, tobacco, and cotton I smell corn, wheat, rye, barley, tobacco, and cotton

grown by our farmers. America needs to continue to use grown by our farmers. America needs to continue to use the land God gave us.the land God gave us.

HearHear- - TasteTaste- - FeelingsFeelings- -

(Emotions)- (Emotions)- (Touch)- (Touch)-

SloganSlogan--

John Adams Takes OfficeJohn Adams Takes Office 17961796 John Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas John Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas

Jefferson (Democratic Republican)Jefferson (Democratic Republican) Electoral College VotedElectoral College Voted

John Adams-71 votesJohn Adams-71 votes Thomas Jefferson-68 votesThomas Jefferson-68 votes

The U.S. had a Federalist president and The U.S. had a Federalist president and a Democratic Republican vice-a Democratic Republican vice-president.president.

The capital is moved to Washington The capital is moved to Washington D.C.D.C.

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair Remember Remember Britain and France are still at warBritain and France are still at war.. France is seizing and looting cargo from our shipsFrance is seizing and looting cargo from our ships

1797 – 300 American ships were attacked by France1797 – 300 American ships were attacked by France Federalists start to call for war.Federalists start to call for war.

John Adams sends ambassadors to France to try John Adams sends ambassadors to France to try and negotiateand negotiate.. They try and meet with the French minister of foreign They try and meet with the French minister of foreign

affairs and are ignored.affairs and are ignored. Three French agents named X, Y, and Z tell the Three French agents named X, Y, and Z tell the

Americans if they loan France 10 million dollars and pay Americans if they loan France 10 million dollars and pay a 250,000 dollar bribe, the minister will meet with them. a 250,000 dollar bribe, the minister will meet with them.

Outraged Congress and the American public.Outraged Congress and the American public. 1798-We canceled our treaties and began to seize 1798-We canceled our treaties and began to seize

French shipsFrench ships.. Congress expanded the American navy and army.Congress expanded the American navy and army.

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts The Federalists tried to control voting and The Federalists tried to control voting and

newspapers as part of their fight with the newspapers as part of their fight with the Democratic-Republicans.Democratic-Republicans. DidnDidn’’t want immigrants to become citizens to vote.t want immigrants to become citizens to vote. Wanted to stop Democratic Republican Newspapers from Wanted to stop Democratic Republican Newspapers from

writing bad things about John Adams writing bad things about John Adams

Federalists-Passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, Federalists-Passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 1798 (four laws)(four laws) Targeted Aliens (Immigrants who were not citizens)Targeted Aliens (Immigrants who were not citizens)

Increased the time to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years.Increased the time to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. Arrest disloyal aliens and deport themArrest disloyal aliens and deport them

Targeted NewspapersTargeted Newspapers Saying or writing of anything harmful about the governmentSaying or writing of anything harmful about the government No free press or speechNo free press or speech

Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions Proposed legislation by Thomas Proposed legislation by Thomas

Jefferson and James MadisonJefferson and James Madison To fight the Alien and Sedition ActsTo fight the Alien and Sedition Acts

Argued for STATES RIGHTSArgued for STATES RIGHTS1.1. States had rights that the U.S. government States had rights that the U.S. government

could not violate (take away).could not violate (take away).

2.2. States had the right to nullify (ignore, not States had the right to nullify (ignore, not follow) a federal law.follow) a federal law.

3.3. Alien and Sedition Acts violated (donAlien and Sedition Acts violated (don’’t t follow) the rights guaranteed in the follow) the rights guaranteed in the Constitution so the states can nullify them.Constitution so the states can nullify them.

The Dem. Rep. party will repeal the Acts The Dem. Rep. party will repeal the Acts or let them expire when they take office or let them expire when they take office in 1800.in 1800.

1. What is a tariff?

A. It allows America to charge other countries an export tax.

B. It allows America to trade freely with any country it wants to.

C. It is a tax imposed on imported goods in America.

D. It is a fee that landowners pay to the national government

2. Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan included which of the following?

A. encouraging spending for national defense

B. favoring financial assistance for agriculture over industry

C. tariffs to raise $ for payment of the nation’s debts

D. taxing only the people most able to pay

3.Which statement BEST describes a major result of the Whiskey Rebellion?

A. The new government halted the production of whiskey.

B. People realized that the new government would execute all violent protesters.

C. The new government proved too weak to respond in times of crisis.

D. People realized that the new government was strong enough to enforce laws.

4.The first two political parties in the United States developed as a result of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton’s disagreement over the –

A. Interpretation of the constitution and national banks

B. Balance of power between the federal and state governments

C. Departments that would be included in the President’s cabinet

D. Laws that would be used to govern the western territories

5.Disagreements between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson over the power given to the National Government was one of the things that led to the development of the –

A. Great Compromise

B. National judicial system

C. Political party system

D. President’s Cabinet

6.Another factor that led to the formation of the first two political parties in the United States in the 1790s was the conflict over the –

A. acquisition of lands from France and Spain

B. control of interstate commerce

C. spread of slavery into the western territories

D. whether the economy should be based on farming or manufacturing

7.What were the two things Washington’s Farewell Address warned America about?

A. Staying out of debt & building a military

B. Moving west & Indian relationships

C. Forming of Political Parties & foreign alliances

D. Fighting in wars & industrialization

8. Which statement best describes a foreign policy followed by President George Washington?

A. He adopted a position of neutrality.

B. He formed alliances with European nations.

C. He sent aid to French revolutionaries.

D. He supported expansion into British Canada

9.9.Who was the target of the Alien and Who was the target of the Alien and Sedition Acts?Sedition Acts?

A. People who were sympathetic to the nation A. People who were sympathetic to the nation of Franceof France

B. Federalists who supported John AdamsB. Federalists who supported John Adams

C. Immigrants who were not yet citizensC. Immigrants who were not yet citizens

D. The state legislatures of Kentucky & Virginia D. The state legislatures of Kentucky & Virginia

10. The Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions stated that states had the right to do what?

A.Declare war against another country

B.Nullify (ignore) a law they believed was no constitutional

C. Control all trading

D. Make their own laws about immigration