AMANDA and AMANDA and IceCube IceCube neutrino neutrino

telescopes telescopes at the South Poleat the South PolePer Olof HulthPer Olof Hulth

Stockholm UniversityStockholm University

Members of the AMANDA SU Members of the AMANDA SU groupgroup

Senior membersSenior members Christian Bohm Christian Bohm Per Olof HulthPer Olof Hulth Klas HultqvistKlas Hultqvist Christian WalckChristian Walck

ForskarassistentForskarassistent Stephan HundertmarkStephan Hundertmark

Resarch studentsResarch students Thomas BurgessThomas Burgess Patrik Ekström (Wuppertal)Patrik Ekström (Wuppertal) Yulia MinaevaYulia Minaeva Julio Rodriguez MartinoJulio Rodriguez Martino Christin WiedemannChristin Wiedemann

Electronic engenieerElectronic engenieer Lars ThollanderLars Thollander

Scientific goalScientific goal

Detect High Energy cosmic Detect High Energy cosmic neutrinos by using the ice sheet at neutrinos by using the ice sheet at The South Pole as a target.The South Pole as a target.

Method:Method:Detect the emitted Cherenkov light from Detect the emitted Cherenkov light from

neutrino induced interactions in the ice.neutrino induced interactions in the ice.

ActivitiesActivities

Mainly analysis and software Mainly analysis and software developmentdevelopment

Preamplifiers designed and built in Preamplifiers designed and built in Stockholm (SWAMPS)Stockholm (SWAMPS)

Neutrino interaction

The muon can travel several km in e.g. ice

< 1 degree

South PoleSouth Pole

Dark sector

AMANDA

IceCube

Dome

Skiway

neutrin

o

myon

Hot water heaters

-55 C

-20 C-2400 m

-50 m

1400 m -42C

Photomultipliers:

Hamamatsu 20 cm 14 dynodes

Gain 109

AMANDA electronicsAMANDA electronics

Three different cable types (2400 -2600 Three different cable types (2400 -2600 m)m) Strings 1-4 coax cable, rise time 250 nsStrings 1-4 coax cable, rise time 250 ns Strings 5-10 twisted pair rise time, 50-70 nsStrings 5-10 twisted pair rise time, 50-70 ns Strings 11-19 twisted pair rise time 100-Strings 11-19 twisted pair rise time 100-

150 ns150 ns Analog signal at surface about 1-10 mVAnalog signal at surface about 1-10 mV Amplified 100 times by Stockholm Amplified 100 times by Stockholm

“SWAMP” (Lars Thollander) “SWAMP” (Lars Thollander)

Technical requirementsTechnical requirements

Absolute timing <7 ns from any OMAbsolute timing <7 ns from any OM Geometrical position uncertainty < Geometrical position uncertainty <

1m 1m Electronic in ice should stand -50 CElectronic in ice should stand -50 C Low noiseLow noise

Building AMANDA: The Optical Building AMANDA: The Optical Module and the StringModule and the String

- costcost- robustness- robustness- dynamic - dynamic rangerange

- timingtiming- dyn. range- dyn. range- no x-talk- no x-talk- easy- easy calibrationcalibration

Evolution of read-out strategyEvolution of read-out strategy

Strings 1-10 Strings 11-17,19 String 18

New Project IceCubeNew Project IceCube Increase volume to 1 kmIncrease volume to 1 km33

80 strings with 60 modules each80 strings with 60 modules each Photomultiplier 25 cm (10 inch) 10 Photomultiplier 25 cm (10 inch) 10

dynodes (preliminary Hamamatsu)dynodes (preliminary Hamamatsu) Air shower detector on top (IceTop)Air shower detector on top (IceTop)

Transport drill to Pole 03/04Transport drill to Pole 03/04 First 1-7 strings in 04/05First 1-7 strings in 04/05

IceCube

80 Strings4800 PMT

1400 m

2400 m

AMANDA

South Pole

IceTop

Skiway

IceCube:Top View

AMANDA

SPASE-2South Pole

Dome

Skiway

100 m

Grid North

Counting House

80 strings

60 modules/string

Volume 1 km3

Depth 1400-2400 m

µ-events in IceCube

1 km

Eµ=10 TeV Eµ=6 PeV

AMANDA-II

Measure energy by counting the number of fired PMT.(This is a very simple but robust method)

1. Digital Optical 1. Digital Optical ModuleModule

Photomultiplier

Self-triggers on each pulseSelf-triggers on each pulse Captures waveformsCaptures waveforms Time-stamps each pulseTime-stamps each pulse Digitizes waveformsDigitizes waveforms Performs feature Performs feature

extractionextraction Buffers dataBuffers data Responds to Surface DAQResponds to Surface DAQ Set PMT HV, threshold, Set PMT HV, threshold, etcetc Noise rate in situ: ≤500 HzNoise rate in situ: ≤500 Hz

33 cm

DOM

IceCubIceCube e

StringString

1400 m

2400 m

OM Spacing: 17 m

Experimental Experimental Requirements IceCubeRequirements IceCube

Time resolution:Time resolution: <5 ns rms<5 ns rms Waveform capture:Waveform capture:

>250 MHz ->250 MHz - for first 500 nsfor first 500 ns~40 MHz~40 MHz - - for 5000 nsfor 5000 ns

Dynamic Range:Dynamic Range:>200 PE / 15 ns>200 PE / 15 ns>2000 PE / 5000 ns >2000 PE / 5000 ns

Dead-time:Dead-time: < 1%< 1% OM noise rate:OM noise rate: < 500 Hz< 500 Hz ((4040K in glass K in glass

sphere)sphere)

2. DAQ 2. DAQ Network Network architecarchitec

tureture

McParland et. al. -- A Preliminary Proposal for the IceCube DAQ System Architecture -- DRAFT7

DOMPair20 kB/sec

StringProcessor

N x 20 kB/sec

.

All Hits -0.6 MB/sec

80 Strings

String Subsystem:60 DOMs

N pairs

Event LAN100 BaseTTotal traffic: 1.6 MB/secStringCoincidenceMessagesGlobalTriggerEvent Triggers /Lookback Requests forall Strings - 0.8 MB/sec

EventBuilderBuilt events ~ 1 MB/sec(all event builders)

SAN(NetworkDisk Storage)

"DOMHUB"

Lookback RequestsString CoincidenceMessages - 170 kB/secFulfill Lookback Messages 0.6 MB/sec FulfillLookbackMessages

Online LAN100 BaseTTotal traffic: 1MB/sec

Proposed IceCube DAQ Network Architecture

String LAN100 BaseTTotal traffic: 0.6 MB/sec

OfflineDataHandlingTapeSatellite

In-Door deploymentIn-Door deploymentDOM HubCable WinchSlip RingDeployment RoomTower Operations Structure(TOS)OMsDAQEntire string can be operated as soon as the OMs are connected.

Can operate string during drop

ENGINEERING AND INSTRUMENTATION-UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON

Hose Winch for the Ice Cube Project

Receiving drum weldment

POSITION OF DRILLPOSITION OF DRILL(30HOUR ANALYSIS)(30HOUR ANALYSIS)