amali otak

7/28/2019 amali otak

1/30

Lab Activity 15

The Brain

Institut Pendidikan Guru MalaysiaPJM3106


2/30

2

Brain Meninges: Dura Mater

Continuous with the spinal meninges

Dura mater: An outer and inner fibrous

connective tissue Outer later is fused to the periosteum of the

cranial bones (no epidural space)

Between the layers are tissue fluids, bloodvessels and venous sinuses.

Venous sinuses are large collecting veins.

Venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular

veins


3/30

3

Dural Folds

The inner layer of dura mater that extends

into the cranial cavity.

Provide additional stabilization and supportfor the brain

Contain the dural sinuses


4/30

4

Dural Folds

Falx cerebri projects between the cerebral

hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure

Superior sagittal sinus & inferior sagittal sinus Tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebellar

hemisphere from the cerebrum

Transverse sinus

Falx cerebelli divides the cerebellar

hemispheres


5/30

5


6/30

6

Brain Meninges:

Arachnoid & Pia Mater

Arachnoid materconsists of the arachnoid

membrane and fibers of the arachnoid

trabeculae that attach to the pia mater

Pia mater: attached to the surface of the

brain, anchored by processes of astrocytes

Contains branches of cerebral blood vessels that

penetrate the surface of the brain.

CSF is between these two membranes in the

subarachnoid space


7/30

7

Ventricles


8/30

8

3 Structures:

Midbrain(mesencephalon)

Pons

Medulla

oblongata

Brainstem

Corpora

quadrigemina


9/30

9

Pons

Medulla

Midbrain

Corporaquadrigemina


10/30

10


11/30

11


12/30

12

Brainstem: Medulla Oblongata

Functions:

Center for the coordination of complex

autonomic reflexes (heart rate, respiratory

rhythm, blood pressure)

Control of visceral functions (vomiting,

swallowing)

Decussation of pyramids: a crossover point forthe major motor tracts


13/30

13

Brainstem: Pons

Functions:

Sensory and motor nuclei of Cranial nerves V,

VI, VII, and VIII

Respiratory control:

Apneustic centerandpneumotaxic centerto

modify the activity of the respiratory

rhythmicity center in the medulla Nuclei and tracts that process and relay

information to and from the cerebellum


14/30

14

Brainstem: Midbrain

Functions:

Connects pons to cerebellum

Superior colliculi: visual reflex centers Inferior colliculi: auditory reflex centers


15/30

15

Diencephalon

Structures

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus


16/30

16

Diencephalon: Epithalamus

Superior to the third ventricle, contains the

pineal gland

Pineal gland


17/30

17

Diencephalon: Thalamus

Relay station for sensory input


18/30

18

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland: Attaches to the hypothalamus viathe infundibulum

Mamillary bodies: Process olfactory sensations.

Pituitary gland

(not in this

picture) would

be hanging here

Mamillarybody


19/30

19

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

Major Functions:

1. Controls somatic motor activities at thesubconscious level

2. Controls autonomic function3. Coordinates activities of the nervous and endocrine

systems

4. Secretes hormones

5. Produces emotions and behavioral drives

6. Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions

7. Regulates body temperature

8. Coordinates circadian cycles of activity


20/30

20

Cerebellum

Functions:

Coordination of

movements

Adjustment of

postural muscles

Vermis

Arbor Vita (white

matter that looks

like a leaf)


21/30

21

Cerebral Cortex

The superficiallayer/rim of graymatter in the

cerebralhemispheres

Gray matterconsists of cell

bodies, dendrites,

and unmyelinatedaxons.


22/30

22

White Matter & Basal Nuclei

White matterconsists primarily of myelinated axons

Is beneath the gray matter cortex

Notice how it is the opposite arrangement from the spinal cord

(Spinal cord: white matter is on the outside and gray matter ison the inside.)

Corpus callosum: Connects the right and left hemispheres

Basal nuclei: Islands of gray matter within the white

matter.

Function: Involved in the subconscious control of skeletal

muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement

patterns

Whit M tt Whi M


23/30

23

White Matter

& Basal Nuclei

White Matter

Basal Nuclei

Corpus

Callosum


24/30

24

Sulci & Gyri

Sulci: Shallow depressions of the cerebralcortex

Central sulcus is between the frontal and parietallobes

Lateral sulcus is between the parietal lobes andtemporal lobes.

Fissures: Deep grooves

Longitudinal: separates cerebral hemispheres Transverse: separates cerebrum form the

cerebellum

Gyri: The elevated ridges of the cerebral cortex

Serve to increase the surface area

Sulci


25/30

25

Lateral

Sulcus

Central

Sulcus


26/30

26

Transverse

fissure

Longitudinal

Fissure

Transverse

Fissure

C t l S lPrecentral Gyrus:


27/30

27

Central SulcusPrecentral Gyrus:(frontal lobe)

contains the

primary motor area Postcentral Gyrus:

(parietal lobe)contains the primary

somatosensory area.


28/30

28

Cerebrum

Frontal lobe

Motor, speech (usually left lobe), personality

Parietal lobe

Sensation (except smell), language

Occipital lobe

Vision

Temporal lobe

Hearing, smell, language


29/30

29


30/30

30

The End

Documents

amali otak