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Alternatives to DDT
Janice Jensen, USEPA
LRTAP POPs Task Force
March 1, 2004
Purpose
Review availability & feasibility of safer and economically viable alternatives to DDT
Coordinate with WHO, UNEP, FAOFinal review due by one year
after EIF
DDT Global Production & Use
Intend to produce - Stockholm Convention China India Russian Federation
Indicated the need to use - Stockholm Conv Disease vector control (32 countries) Intermediate to produce dicofol (Brazil, China) As contaminant in dicofol (Korea)
World Health Organization
Action Plan to reduce reliance on DDTComponent of Roll Back MalariaWHO will assist countries to reduce
reliance on DDTConcerned about re-emergence of malaria
in areas considered “eradicated”
Alternative Vector Control Strategies
Factors that contribute to DDT use:Malaria transmission intensityVector biology and ecology Health and vector control servicesAvailable resources Insufficient knowledge baseLack of safe, cost-effective alternatives
Instead of DDT, countries rely on…
• Other residual insecticides• Biological control• Personal protective measures such
as impregnated bed nets • Environmental management
Chemical Pesticides
• WHO pesticide evaluation scheme• Evaluates new products• Identifies pesticides that meet WHO
standards and guidelines for malaria control• Assesses pesticide cost effectiveness-case
by case• DDT may be least expensive-cost per house
Insecticide Cost (US$) per house per 6
mo
Cost ratio(DDT=1)
DDT 1.60 1
Malathion 3.36 2.1
Deltamethrin
5-5.60 3.1
Permethrin 6.00 3.8
Fentrothion 12.00 7.5
Propoxur 37.20 23.3
1990 Cost Comparison of Insecticides
Reference: K. Walker, Medical and Veterinary Entomology (2000) 14, 345-354.
WHO Insecticides Suitable for Indoor Spraying
Organochlorines DDT
Organophosphates
Chlorpyrifos-methylFenitrothionMalathionPrimiphos-methyl
Pyrethroids Alpha-cypermethrin Cyfluthrin Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Etofenprox Lamda-cyhalothrin Permethrin
Conclusions• DDT is not produced or used by most countries in
the UNECE region• Malaria is not a significant health problem in the
region• However, malaria is re-emerging in areas where it
was considered “eradicated”• Several pesticides are routinely used for vector
control in place of DDT• Cost data indicate that DDT may be the least
expensive pesticide on a cost per house basis• Insect resistance, high cost, and market access
may limit insecticide choice• Other interventions (early diagnosis and
treatment) may be more cost effective than VC