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Page 1: Also in the McGraw-Hill Education 500 Questions Series...Also in the McGraw-Hill Education 500 Questions Series McGraw-Hill Education 500 ACT Math Questions to Know by Test Day McGraw-Hill
Page 2: Also in the McGraw-Hill Education 500 Questions Series...Also in the McGraw-Hill Education 500 Questions Series McGraw-Hill Education 500 ACT Math Questions to Know by Test Day McGraw-Hill
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AlsointheMcGraw-HillEducation500QuestionsSeriesMcGraw-HillEducation500ACTMathQuestionstoKnowbyTestDayMcGraw-HillEducation500ACTScienceQuestionstoKnowbyTestDayMcGraw-HillEducation500AmericanGovernmentQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500CollegeAlgebraandTrigonometryQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500CollegeBiologyQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500CollegeCalculusQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500CollegeChemistryQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500CollegePhysicsQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500DifferentialEquationsQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500EuropeanHistoryQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500FrenchQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500LinearAlgebraQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500MacroeconomicsQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500MicroeconomicsQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500OrganicChemistryQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500PhilosophyQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500PhysicalChemistryQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500PrecalculusQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500PsychologyQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500SATCriticalReadingQuestionstoKnowbyTestDayMcGraw-HillEducation500SATMathQuestionstoKnowbyTestDay

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McGraw-HillEducation500SpanishQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500StatisticsQuestions:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500U.S.HistoryQuestions,Volume1:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500U.S.HistoryQuestions,Volume2:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500WorldHistoryQuestions,Volume1:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500WorldHistoryQuestions,Volume2:AceYourCollegeExamsMcGraw-HillEducation500MCATBiologyQuestionstoKnowbyTestDayMcGraw-HillEducation500MCATGeneralChemistryQuestionstoKnowbyTestDayMcGraw-HillEducation500MCATOrganicChemistryQuestionstoKnowbyTestDayMcGraw-HillEducation500MCATPhysicsQuestionstoKnowbyTestDay

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Copyright©2018byMcGraw-HillEducation.Allrightsreserved.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.

ISBN:978-1-26-010833-0MHID:1-26-010833-3

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TERMSOFUSE

ThisisacopyrightedworkandMcGraw-HillEducationanditslicensorsreserveallrightsinandtothework.Useofthisworkissubjecttotheseterms.ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyrightActof1976andtherighttostoreandretrieveonecopyofthework,youmaynotdecompile,disassemble,reverseengineer,reproduce,modify,createderivativeworksbasedupon,transmit,distribute,disseminate,sell,publishorsublicensetheworkoranypartofitwithoutMcGraw-HillEducation’spriorconsent.Youmayusetheworkforyourownnoncommercialandpersonaluse;anyotheruseoftheworkisstrictlyprohibited.Yourrighttousetheworkmaybeterminatedifyoufailtocomplywiththeseterms.

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THEWORKISPROVIDED“ASIS.”McGRAW-HILLEDUCATIONANDITSLICENSORSMAKENOGUARANTEESORWARRANTIESASTOTHEACCURACY,ADEQUACYORCOMPLETENESSOFORRESULTSTOBEOBTAINEDFROMUSINGTHEWORK,INCLUDINGANYINFORMATIONTHATCANBEACCESSEDTHROUGHTHEWORKVIAHYPERLINKOROTHERWISE,ANDEXPRESSLYDISCLAIMANYWARRANTY,EXPRESSORIMPLIED,INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITEDTOIMPLIEDWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITYORFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.McGraw-HillEducationanditslicensorsdonotwarrantorguaranteethatthefunctionscontainedintheworkwillmeetyourrequirementsorthatitsoperationwillbeuninterruptedorerrorfree.NeitherMcGraw-HillEducationnoritslicensorsshallbeliabletoyouoranyoneelseforanyinaccuracy,errororomission,regardlessofcause,intheworkorforanydamagesresultingtherefrom.McGraw-HillEducationhasnoresponsibilityforthecontentofanyinformationaccessedthroughthework.UndernocircumstancesshallMcGraw-HillEducationand/oritslicensorsbeliableforanyindirect,incidental,special,punitive,consequentialorsimilardamagesthatresultfromtheuseoforinabilitytousethework,evenifanyofthemhasbeenadvisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamages.Thislimitationofliabilityshallapplytoanyclaimorcausewhatsoeverwhethersuchclaimorcausearisesincontract,tortorotherwise.

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CONTENTS

Introduction

PART1READING

Chapter1Set1ReadingQuestionsQuestions1–69

Chapter2Set2ReadingQuestionsQuestions70–125

Chapter3Set3ReadingQuestionsQuestions126–194

Chapter4Set4ReadingQuestionsQuestions195–250

PART2ENGLISH

Chapter5Set1EnglishQuestionsQuestions251–375

Chapter6Set2EnglishQuestionsQuestions376–500

Chapter7HowtoWriteanEssay

Chapter8ACTEssayPrompts

Answers

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INTRODUCTION

Congratulations!You’vetakenabigsteptowardACTsuccessbypurchasingMcGraw-HillEducation500ACTEnglishandReadingQuestionstoKnowbyTestDay,SecondEdition.WeareheretohelpyoutakethenextstepandscorehighonyourACTexamsoyoucangetintothecollegeoruniversityofyourchoice!

Thisbookgivesyou500ACT-stylemultiple-choicequestionsthatcoverallthemostessentialreadingandwritingmaterial.ThequestionswillgiveyouvaluableindependentpracticetosupplementyourregulartextbookandthegroundyouhavealreadycoveredinyourEnglishandreadingclass.Eachquestionisclearlyexplainedintheanswerkey.

Thepassagespresentedherecoverthesamebroadcategories(prosefiction,humanities,socialsciences,andnaturalsciences)astheACT.OntheACT,thesepassagesappearinnoparticularorder,andsothepassagesherearepresentedinasimilarrandomorder.

Inaddition,thisbookincludesanexplanationforwritingtheACTessay.First,ittakesyoustep-by-stepthroughthewritingprocess,andthenitprovidespromptsthatallowyoutopracticeyourwritingskillsonyourown.

ThisbookandtheothersintheserieswerewrittenbyexpertteacherswhoknowtheACTinsideandoutandcanidentifycrucialinformationaswellasthekindsofquestionsthataremostlikelytoappearontheexam.

Youmightbethekindofstudentwhoneedstostudyextraafewweeksbeforetheexamforafinalreview.Oryoumightbethekindofstudentwhoputsoffpreparinguntilthelastminutebeforetheexam.Nomatterwhatyourpreparationstyle,youwillbenefitfromreviewingthese500questions,whichcloselyparallelthecontent,format,anddegreeofdifficultyofthereadingandEnglishquestionsontheactualACTexam.Thesequestionsandtheexplanationsintheanswerkeyaretheideallast-minutestudytoolforthosefinalweeksbeforethetest.

Ifyoupracticewithallthequestionsandanswersinthisbook,wearecertainyouwillbuildtheskillsandconfidenceneededtoexcelontheACT.Goodluck!

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—EditorsofMcGraw-HillEducation

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PART1

Reading

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CHAPTER1

Set1ReadingQuestions

ProseFiction

“LoveofLife”byJackLondonThisselectionistheendofastoryaboutamanwhohadstarvedinthewildernessforseveraldays.Hungryandsick,hecrawledtoabeach,wherehewastakenaboardashipfilledwithscientists.

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1.Thepointofviewfromwhichthepassageistoldcanbestbedescribedasthatofa(A)scientistwhotraveledontheBedfordandmetthemaninthestory.(B)narratorwhoisabletoseeandunderstandeveryaspectofthemain

character.(C)friendofthemanwholearnedoftheman’splightandhelpedhim

recover.(D)narratorwhoisdescribinghisownexperiencesandhowhewas

affectedbythem.

2.Whentheauthordescribesthemanbysayingthat“thedyinglifeinhimflickeredupandburnedlessdimly,”heiscomparingtheman’slifeto(A)death.(B)dimness.(C)insanity.(D)acandle.

3.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthesecondparagraph(lines9–15)that

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theman(A)wastryingtogettheirattention.(B)wasunhappytoseethescientists.(C)lookedmorelikeananimalthanahuman.(D)wasadangerousperson.

4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheman’spredicament?(A)Therewasn’tenoughfoodontheship.(B)Thescientistsaboardtheshipweretooharshwithhim.(C)Themanneededtorecoverfromaterribleordeal.(D)ThemanneededtransportationtoSanFrancisco.

5.Whentheauthorsaysthatthemanlookedatapieceofseabiscuit“asamiserlooksatgold,”hemeansthattheman(A)thoughttheseabiscuitwasinedible.(B)wantedtohoardit.(C)wantednothingtodowithit.(D)gotsickjustlookingatit.

6.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatthemanstoredbiscuitsinhismattressbecause(A)hewantedtomakesurehealwayshadfood.(B)heknewthatbiscuitswereinshortsupplyandwouldsoonrunout.(C)hewasathief.(D)hewasveryfondofseabiscuits.

7.Inthesixthparagraph(lines33–37),theauthorcomparesthemantoamendicant,whichmeansthathewas(A)begging.(B)crying.(C)arguing.(D)experimenting.

8.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthefourthparagraph(lines21–29)thatthemanhatedthepeopleeatingwithhimbecause(A)hedislikedscientists.

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(B)theywereunfriendlytohim.(C)hethoughttheyweretakingfoodthathewouldneed.(D)theyhadfewmanners.

9.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesailorsissupportedbythepassage?(A)Theythoughthemighthurtthemiftheydidn’thelphim.(B)Theythoughthewasacuriosityandwentalongwithhisrequests.(C)Theywantedthemantogainweight,sincehehadbeenstarving.(D)Theyhopedthatthemanwouldhelpthemwhentheywereinneed.

10.ThepassagediscusseseverythingaboutthemanEXCEPThis(A)appearance.(B)name.(C)past.(D)attitudetowardfood.

11.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthatthemancouldbeseenasasymbolof(A)greedandunpleasantness.(B)humanity’sdesiretosurvive.(C)thefailuresofhumankind.(D)thepowerofscience.

12.Accordingtothepassage,whatwouldmostlikelyhappentotheman?(A)Hewouldlosehisobsessionwithfood.(B)Hewouldneverrecoverhissanity.(C)Hewouldstayconvincedthathewouldstarve.(D)Hewouldstealmoreandmore.

13.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthatthemainthemeofthepassageisthat(A)scientistsarekindpeople.(B)starvationcanaffectaperson’smind.(C)sailorsarehelpfultosickpeople.(D)somepeopleareunabletocontroltheirdesireforfood.

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PairedPassages:SocialSciences

Passage1:TheGreatStiltRaceThisaccountofabizarreeventinthelate1800sistrue,provingthattruthcanbestrangerthanfiction.

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Passage2:TheCreationoftheTourdeFranceThispassagerecountstheearlyyearsoftheTourdeFrance,whichwasrifewithclaimsofcheating.

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Passage1Questions14.Themainpointofthispassageisto

(A)illustratethedifficultiesofwalkinglongdistancesonstilts.(B)recountthestoryofastrangeracewithstiltsthattookplaceinthe

late1800s.(C)deliberatewhythewinnerwassomuchfasterthantheother

competitors.(D)illustratehowmanynewspaperstrytoincreasetheirreadershipby

sponsoringevents.

15.WhichofthefollowingbeststateswhythepeopleofLesLandesusedstilts?(A)LesLandesisanextremelyflatarea.(B)Anewspaperwasofferingaprizeforastiltrace.(C)Theshepherdscouldseetheirsheepmoreeasily.(D)Thelandwasfilledwithditchesandmarshes.

16.Themostlikelyreasonthattheauthorsaysthatthe“responsefromthelocalpeoplewasoverwhelming”(lines18–19)wasthat(A)75menenteredtherace.(B)betsweremadeonwhowouldwin.(C)thecontestantsgottired.(D)thecaféownersgreetedthecompetitors.

17.Whichofthefollowingmostcompletelygivesthereasonsthattheracewasdifficult?(A)Theroutewaslongandcoveredvarioustypesofterrain.(B)Theroutewaschosenbytheorganizersforitsmanycafés.(C)Theroutewasunknowntotheparticipants.(D)Therouteincludedlargeareasthatwerewellpopulated.

18.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexplains“halfwaythroughtherace,thefieldhadnarrowedtoonly32contestants”(lines34–35)?(A)Thecoursewasnotaswideasitwasatthebeginning.(B)Themarshylandwasflooded.

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(C)Therewerefewerracers.(D)Someracershadbeencheating.

Passage2Questions19.Themainpointofthispassageisto

(A)illustratehowmanynewspaperstrytoincreasetheirreadershipbysponsoringevents.

(B)describetheaccomplishmentsofearlycyclistMauriceGarin.(C)describehowtheracewasbesetwithissuesofcheatingintheearly

years.(D)deliberateonthedifferencesbetweenthefirstTourdeFranceand

theTourdeFranceoftoday.

20.Theriderswereunscrupulous(line33).Thismeansthatthey(A)wereskilledcyclists.(B)hadalotofendurance.(C)wereveryresourceful.(D)useddishonesttactics.

21.Themostlikelyreasonthattheauthorusedtheword“shockingly”wasbecauseitwassurprisingthat(A)Garinwonbyonlyoneminute.(B)ittookGarin17hourstogo300miles.(C)Garinwasthewinner.(D)thatpartoftheracewassolong.

22.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethat(A)theallureoffameiswhatmotivatedthecompetitors.(B)theprizewasalargeamountofmoneyatthetime.(C)therewerebadfeelingsbetweenthewinnerandthelosers.(D)thecompetitorshadbondedbecauseoftherace.

23.Whichofthefollowingwasaproblemthattheracersfaced?(A)blisteringsun

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(B)lackoffood(C)rainandsleet(D)lackofsleep

PairedPassageQuestions24.UnlikeinPassage1,inPassage2theauthor

(A)ismuchmorecynicalaboutthemoralsofracersandtheirfans.(B)considersenduranceracessomethingthatanyonecouldparticipate

in.(C)feelsthattoomuchpublicitycanruinarace.(D)thinksthatitisimportanttohavealargerewardforenduranceraces.

25.TheauthorsofPassage1andPassage2wouldmostlikelyagreethat(A)therearemanywaystocheatinanendurancerace.(B)racesattheturnofthetwentiethcenturyweremoredifficultthanthe

racesoftoday.(C)enduranceracesaredifficultandgruelingcompetitions.(D)thecelebrationattheendofanenduranceraceisworthallthepain.

26.InbothPassage1andPassage2,theimpetusforhostingtheraceis(A)toentertainthemasses.(B)toboostflaggingnewspapersales.(C)toseehowmuchthehumanbodycouldendure.(D)toshowcasethemostdeservingathlete.

27.IncontrasttoPassage2,Passage1(A)hasamuchmorepositiveoutlookonfaninteractionwith

contestants.(B)portraysanenduranceraceassomethingthatthecontestantsenjoy.(C)considersenduranceracesatime-honoredtradition.(D)indicatesthattheracehelpedthenewspapertoboostcirculation.

Humanities

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UpfromSlaverybyBookerT.WashingtonBookerT.Washington(1856–1915),thefirstprincipalofTuskegeeInstituteinAlabama,wasbornintoslavery.Thefollowingpassageisfromhisautobiography.

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28.WhichofthefollowingstatementsexplainswhyWashingtondidnotunderstandwhythecabinhadacat-hole?(A)Theyhadnocat.(B)Theholewastoosmallforpeopletopassthrough.(C)Therewereanumberofholesinthewalls.(D)Thesweetpotatoescovereditup.

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29.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthatWashington’searlyyearswere(A)somethinghetriedtoforget.(B)freeofanymajorproblems.(C)alargeinfluenceonhim.(D)difficulttoremember.

30.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthatWashingtontoldthestoryofhismother’scookingachickensothatthereaderwould(A)reflectonwhethershestolethechickenornot.(B)understandthedesperatesituationthefamilywasin.(C)besympathetictowardtheirmasters.(D)realizethedifficultworkhismotherdid.

31.Inthethirdparagraph(lines14–23),theauthormostnearlycharacterizeshisexperienceeatingsweetpotatoesas(A)athoughtfulmomentinhisyounglife.(B)afunnyoccurrencethatheneverforgot.(C)afondmemoryamongmanydepressingones.(D)aconfusingeventthatledtohisdesiretoachieve.

32.Inthecontextofthepassage,thefifthparagraph(lines36–39)isbestdescribedas(A)givingthereaderarealisticunderstandingofWashington’sliving

conditions.(B)comparingthelivesofslavesandmasters.(C)complainingtothereaderabouthislifeasachild.(D)beingcarefulhowhetalksabouttheconditionsthatheencountered

inthecabin.

33.BasedonWashington’sexperienceofseeingtheclassroominthesixthparagraph(lines40–45),itcanreasonablybeinferredthathethoughtthatschoolwas(A)beyondhisreach.(B)usefulinbecomingalawyer.(C)somethinghewouldbefearfuloftrying.(D)agoalhehadtoattain.

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34.WashingtondiscussesmanyofhisearliestmemoriesEXCEPT(A)whatkindoffoodheate.(B)whatkindofplacehelivedin.(C)whathethoughtaboutschool.(D)whathisowner’snamewas.

35.WhichaspectoflifeasaslaveseemedmostsurprisingtoWashington?(A)Thefactthatslavesknewwhatwasgoingoninthecountry(B)Theideathatslavescouldspendtimewiththeirfamilies(C)Theideathatslavesenjoyedtalkingtoeachotherwhentheyweren’t

working(D)Thefactthatslavesmayhavestolenfromtheirowners

36.Inthelastparagraph,Washingtonreferstothe“grape-vine”telegraph(line61)inordertoshow(A)howunawaretheslaveswere.(B)howhopefultheslaveswere.(C)howtheslavesspenttheirtime.(D)howtheslavesfoundthingsout.

37.Themainpointofthispassageisto(A)indicatetheresultsoftheCivilWar.(B)showtheharshrealitiesoftheslaves’lives.(C)criticizethewayWashington’smothertreatedherchildren.(D)provethateducationisvaluable.

38.Itcouldreasonablybeinferredthattheauthor’sattitudetowardhispastwas(A)oneofangerandresentment.(B)oneofsensitivityandacceptance.(C)oneoffearanddeception.(D)oneofindifferenceandboredom.

39.WhywasitpossibleforWashingtontoseetheschoolhouse?(A)Hewasperformingajobfortheowner’sdaughter.

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(B)Hewasbeingtaughtbytheteacherwhorantheschool.(C)Hewasallowedtogototheschoolanddoerrandsfortheteacher.(D)Hewasabletosneakoutofthecabinintheearlymorning.

40.Basedontheseventhparagraph(lines46–50),whateffectdidWashington’smother’sprayinghaveonhim?(A)Itmadehimwanttostanduptohisowner.(B)Itmadehimrealizethathewasnotfree.(C)Itmadehimfearhismother.(D)Itmadehimwanttogotowar.

41.Whentheauthorspeaksofthe“cat-hole”asacontrivance(line8),hemeansthatitwasa(n)(A)adaptor.(B)concession.(C)device.(D)generator.

NaturalSciences

TheProgressionofWrittenLanguageOncewelearntowriteatanearlyage,wetakewritingforgranted.Butasthispassageshows,writinghasalongandcomplicatedhistory.

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42.Themainpointofthepassageisthat(A)writingalanguageisthesameasspeakingit.(B)allwrittenlanguagesuseletterstostandforsounds.(C)writtenlanguageswereinventedbeforespokenlanguages.(D)writtenlanguageevolvedslowlyovermanyyears.

43.Accordingtothepassage,writingmayhavedeveloped(A)tokeeptrackofpossessions.(B)towritedownreligiousceremonies.(C)torecordthebesttimestoplantandtoharvest.(D)torecordvictoriesofthekingandhisarmy.

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44.Accordingtothepassage,oneadvantageofusingpicturesymbolsforwritingratherthananalphabetwasthatit(A)wascheaper.(B)usedonly26symbols.(C)couldbereadbypeoplewhospokedifferentlanguages.(D)meantthatscribeswereimportantpeople.

45.Accordingtothefifthparagraph(lines26–33),scribeswerewell-paid,importantpeoplebecausethey(A)weretherulers.(B)kepttrackofcollectedtaxes.(C)taughtthealphabettootherpeople.(D)couldspeakmanylanguages.

46.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthatscribesbegantousesymbolsinsteadofpicturesbecauseit(A)costlessmoney.(B)mademoresense.(C)lookedbetter.(D)wasmuchfaster.

47.PeopleintheUnitedStatesandSwedencanreadthenumeral4because(A)thesymbolisusedinthesamewayinbothcountries.(B)theSwedishlanguageusesanalphabet.(C)SwedishandRussianusethesamealphabet.(D)peoplearoundtheworldusetheEnglishalphabettocommunicate.

48.Accordingtothepassage,theideaofwritingwithanalphabetmayhavefirstdevelopedin(A)ChinaandJapan.(B)Lebanon,Israel,andSyria.(C)PeruandMexico.(D)EgyptandGreece.

49.Accordingtothepassage,thefirstalphabetwasprobablyinventedbefore(A)picturewriting.

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(B)theGreekalphabet.(C)anyspokenlanguage.(D)hieroglyphics.

50.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthatthelanguageforwhichawritingsystemwasdevelopedlastwas(A)English.(B)Egyptian.(C)Greek.(D)Chinese.

51.Accordingtothepassage,whyareEnglishwordsconfusingtospell(lines54–57)?(A)Thereare40soundsthatmakeupwordsbutonly26lettersinthe

alphabet.(B)Englishwasthelastlanguageforwhichawritingsystemwas

developed.(C)Englishwordsareverylong.(D)Englishwordsaredifficulttopronounce.

52.Accordingtothepassage,whichlanguageusesawritingsystembasedonpicturesratherthanletters?(A)Russian(B)Swedish(C)English(D)Chinese

53.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthorofthepassageprobablyholdstheopinionthat(A)knowinghowtowritecreatesproblemsforpeople.(B)countriesthatusepicturewritingarebetterthancountriesthatuse

alphabets.(C)itisgoodforpeopletobeabletocommunicatewithoneanother.(D)allcountriesshouldusethesamealphabet.

54.Accordingtothepassage,inwhatwayisawritingsystemofletters

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superiortoasystemofpictures?(A)Peoplecanlearnanalphabetmorequicklythansymbols.(B)Analphabetallowspeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesto

understandeachother.(C)Peoplecanlearntorecordinformationmorequicklywithan

alphabet.(D)Analphabethasmorelettersthanasystemofpictures.

55.Whentheauthorstatesthatknowingthenamesofthosewhodevelopedwritingthousandsofyearsagoisimmaterial(line64),theauthormeansthatitis(A)vitaltoknowthem.(B)noteasytoknowthem.(C)unimportanttoknowthem.(D)acceptabletoknowthem.

ProseFiction

“HeartsandHands”byO.HenryO.Henry(1862–1910)livedintheAmericanWestasayoungman.Accusedofembezzlingmoneywhileworkinginabank,hebeganwritingwhileinfederalprison.Hebecamefamousforshortstorieswithsurpriseendings.Seeiftheendingofthisstorysurprisesyou.

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56.Basedontheinformationintheintroduction,whichofthefollowingismostlikelytrue?(A)O.Henrywasfamiliarwiththeforeignservice.(B)O.Henryknewsomethingaboutgoingtoprison.(C)O.HenrywrotepoetryabouttravelingthroughtheWest.(D)O.HenryservedasmarshalinthewesternUnitedStates.

57.Inthesixthparagraph(lines21–26),thebraceletwornbyEastonwas(A)ahandcuff.(B)apresentfromMissFairchild.(C)worthalotofmoney.(D)somethingonlywomenusuallywear.

58.WhichofthefollowingisthemostlikelydescriptionofEaston’srelationshiptotheambassador?(A)Hewasagoodfriendoftheambassadorandmisseshim.(B)HeleftWashingtonbecausehefoughtwithhim.(C)Hewantedtobecomeambassadorinstead.(D)HewasjealousabouthisseeingMissFairchildinWashington.

59.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthatMissFairchild(A)wasneverinterestedinEaston.(B)wouldliketoseemoreofEaston.(C)thinksEastonhaschangedagooddeal.(D)worriesthatEastonwilltrytoseehermore.

60.WhentheauthorsaysthatEaston“seemedtostrugglewithaslightembarrassment”(lines15–16),heisreferringtothefactthatEastonwas(A)amarshal.(B)handcuffed.(C)unhappytobeonthetrain.(D)displeasedwithMissFairchild.

61.WhenEastonsays,“Mybutterflydaysareover,Ifear”(line47),hemeansthathe

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(A)isnolongerpopular.(B)cannolongerbefrivolous.(C)isbusywithtraveling.(D)hasalotofprisonersheneedstosee.

62.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,therealreasontheoldermanaskstobetakentothesmokingcaristhathe(A)istiredoftheconversation.(B)wantstosaveEastonfromembarrassment.(C)doesn’tlikeMissFairchild.(D)istryingtoescape.

63.Inthelastparagraph,thesignificanceofthepassengersaying“Oh,didn’tyoucatchon?”(line70)isthatittellsthereaderthathe(A)knewthatEastonwasnottherealmarshal.(B)realizedthatEastonwasreallythemarshal.(C)knewEaston.(D)hadmetMissFairchild.

64.WhenEastonsays,“Moneyhasawayoftakingwingsuntoitself”(lines33–34),hemeansthathe(A)isnotinterestedinmoney.(B)savedmoneyintheWest.(C)hasalotofmoney.(D)spentmostofhismoney.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesMissFairchild’sinitialreactiononseeingEastonwithhandcuffs?(A)Shewasuninterested.(B)Shethoughtitwasfunny.(C)Shewashorrified.(D)Shewasangry.

66.Whentheauthorsaysthatthe“glum-facedmanhadbeenwatchingthegirl’scountenancewithveiledglancesfromhiskeen,shrewdeyes”(lines25–26),heissuggestingthattheman

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(A)wasinterestedinwhatwasgoingonbetweenMissFairchildandEaston.

(B)waslookingforawaytoimpressMissFairchild.(C)wantedtotellMissFairchildwhyEastoncametotheWest.(D)thoughtMissFairchildshouldbecarefulofEaston.

67.Bytheendofthestory,thereaderisabletorealizethat(A)Eastonhadbeeninprisonforseveralyears.(B)Eastonwastheprisoner.(C)EastonneverwasinWashington.(D)EastondoesnotlikeMissFairchild.

68.Basedonhisactionsinthepassage,theglum-facedmancanbebestdescribedas(A)compassionate.(B)detached.(C)malicious.(D)squeamish.

69.Thefirstthreeparagraphs(lines1–15)establishallofthefollowingaboutMissFairchildEXCEPT(A)whatshelookslike.(B)whysheisonthetrain.(C)thatsheknowsEaston.(D)thatsheiswell-mannered.

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CHAPTER2

Set2ReadingQuestions

ProseFiction

“Mr.Travers’sFirstHunt”byRichardHardingDavisRichardHardingDavis(1864–1916)wrotehumorousshortstoriesaboutpeoplewhowererichenoughtoowndogsandhorsesforthesportoffoxhunting.Thisisanadaptationofonestory.

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70.Thepointofviewfromwhichthepassageistoldcanbestbedescribedasthatof(A)anarratorwhorodewithTraversonthefoxhunt.(B)anarratorwhoisawareofTravers’sproblem.(C)anarratorwhoisamemberofthePaddockfamily.(D)anarratorwhohasnoridingability.

71.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestindicateswhyTraverstellshisfuturebrother-in-lawthathelikestoridehorses?(A)Heisanexcellenthorseman.(B)Hisfiancéetoldhimtosaythat.(C)Hewantstorideinthefoxhunt.(D)Helikesachallenge.

72.AllofthefollowingarereasonstofearridingMonsterEXCEPT(A)thatTravershadneverriddenahorse.(B)thatMonsterhadkilledagroom.(C)thatyoungPaddockgaveMonstertoTravers.(D)thatyoungPaddocksaidthatMonsterwasnasty.

73.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthatTravershadthedreamdescribedinthefifthparagraph(lines21–23)becausehe(A)wasanxiousaboutgettingmarried.(B)wasafraidofridingMonster.(C)hadafever.(D)hadindigestionfromthefoodheateatdinner.

74.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesTravers’spredicament?(A)Hewasworriedthathisfiancéedidn’treallycareforhim.(B)HewasfearfulofaskingyoungPaddockhowtoride.

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(C)HewantedtoimpressyoungPaddock,buthedidn’tknowhow.(D)Hewantedtoimpresshisfiancée’sfamily,buthewasafraid.

75.Traversgivestheimpressionthatheisagreatriderby(A)managingtostayonMonsterasthehorsegoeswildlyonward.(B)showingthatheisskilledinhandlingthehorse.(C)gettingMonstertodoseveraljumps.(D)braggingalotabouthisridingabilityafterthehunt.

76.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexplainswhyTraversdidnottakethebridgeoverthestream?(A)Hepreferredtojumpoverit.(B)Hecouldn’tgetMonstertogoovertoit.(C)Hewantedtoshowoffhiscourageandskill.(D)Hisfiancéewarnedhimnotto.

77.WhentheauthorsaysthatTraversfeltasthough“hewasonalocomotivethatwasjumpingtheties”(line35),hemeansthatTravers(A)realizedthatthehorsewasgalloping.(B)couldnotcontrolthehorse.(C)wasgettinghurt.(D)wasenjoyingtheride.

78.Inthefourthparagraph(lines17–20),whatisoneprobablereasonthatyoungPaddockchoosesMonsterforTraverstoride?(A)HethinksTraversdeservesthebesthorse.(B)Hewantstoupsethissister.(C)HewantstopleaseTravers.(D)HewantstotestTravers.

79.WhentheauthorsaysthatMonster“roselikearocket”(line49),hemeansthatthehorse(A)wentupintheairwithagreatforce.(B)madealoudsound.(C)wentupintheairslowlyatfirst.(D)wasstartled.

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80.ThesacrificethatTraversreferstointhelastparagraphismostlikely(A)thathehadtorideMonster.(B)thathehaddecidedtomarry.(C)thathewasstartinganewlife.(D)thathewasgivingupMonster.

81.WhentheauthorsaysthatafterMonstercametoastop,theothersfoundTraversseatednonchalantlyonhissaddle(lines56–57),hemeansthatTravers(A)lookedlikeagreathorseman.(B)actedunconcerned.(C)actednervously.(D)workedhardtokeepcontrol.

82.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthatthisstoryis(A)highlyimprobable.(B)filledwithsignificantmeaning.(C)verymoral.(D)extremelyserious.

83.WhichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestcharacterizesTravers?(A)Delusionalandirrational(B)Fullofregretforwhathepretendedtobe(C)Intelligentandpredictable(D)Willingtotryanythinginordertopleaseothers

SocialSciences

“IHaveaDream”byMartinLutherKingJr.ThisisanexcerptfromthefamousspeechthatMartinLutherKingJr.(1929–1968)gaveonAugust28,1963inWashington,DC,beforeaquarterofamillionsupportersofhiscivilrightsstance.

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84.Themainpointofthesecondparagraph(lines6–12)isto(A)determinethemeaningoffreedom.(B)recountthewayinwhichslaverywaseradicated.(C)illustratethewaysinwhichprejudiceismanifested.(D)showthatraceissueswerenotresolvedbytheendofslavery.

85.WhenKingsaysthatNegroslaveswere“searedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice”(lines3–4),hemeansthatslaveswere(A)unpaid.(B)treatedcruelly.(C)wenttojailveryoften.(D)expectedtobeloyal.

86.Accordingtothesecondparagraph(lines6–12),whatwasthepurposeofthedemonstration?(A)Kingwantstomakethepublicawareoftheinjusticesthatexist.(B)Kingwantstoincitethepublicintotakingaction.(C)Kingwantstomeetwiththegovernorsofthesouthernstatestotalk.(D)Kinghopestoraisefundstocreategrantsforthoseinneed.

87.WhichofthefollowingsentencesfromthespeechbestsupportstheideathatKinghashopeforabetterworld?(A)Itcameasajoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightofcaptivity.(B)ItisobvioustodaythatAmericahasdefaultedonthispromissory

noteinsofarashercitizensofcolorareconcerned.(C)Continuetoworkwiththefaiththatunearnedsufferingis

redemptive.(D)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscordsof

ournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.

88.WhenKingsays,“Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofsegregationandthechainsof

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discrimination”(lines7–8),heiscomparingsegregationanddiscriminationtobeing(A)inahospital.(B)tiedtowork.(C)injail.(D)keptsafe.

89.Inthethirdparagraph,whatdoesKingsuggestbyhisuseofthewordarchitects(line14)?(A)ThefoundersoftheUnitedStatesenjoyeddesigningbuildings.(B)Mostofthebuildingsinthecountrywerebuiltbyslaves.(C)ThewritersoftheConstitutionandDeclarationdesignedandbuilt

thecountry.(D)Thepeopleinchargeofbureaucracybuiltthecountry.

90.Basedontheinformationinthefourthparagraph(lines18–30),itcanreasonablybeinferredthatKingwantedto(A)quicklymakechangesincivilrights.(B)slowlychangethewayblacksaretreated.(C)keepsegregationasthelawofthecountry.(D)holdacountrywidevoteoncivilrights.

91.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthemeaningofthelasttwolinesofthefifthparagraph(lines35–36)?(A)Continue,knowingthatsufferingisproductive.(B)Continue,knowingthatsufferingisevil.(C)Continue,knowingthatyouhavefaith.(D)Continue,knowingthatsufferingisgodly.

92.WhenKingsays,“Letusnotwallowinthevalleyofdespair”(lines39–40),hemeansthathe(A)doesnotwanthissupporterstostumble.(B)isencouraginghissupporterstogobacktotheirhomes.(C)doesnotwanthissupporterstobeself-indulgent.(D)wantsthesituationtochange.

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93.KingmentionsthemanyhardshipsthatAfrican-AmericansendureEXCEPT(A)returningtoslumsinthenortherncities.(B)experiencingpolicebrutality.(C)enduringyearsofracialinjustice.(D)stillnotbeingfree.

94.WhenKingsays,“ItisadreamdeeplyrootedintheAmericandream”(line42),hemeansthat(A)hisdreamisdifficulttounderstand.(B)theAmericandreamisthesameastheAfrican-American’sdream.(C)liketheAmericandream,hisdreamisoffreedom.(D)hisdreamisofreturningtotheSouth.

95.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthethirteenthparagraph(lines54–57)that(A)thereislittlehopeforprogressinAlabama.(B)thegovernorofAlabamawantswhiteandblackchildrentoplay

together.(C)thereisbloodonthegovernor’slips.(D)thegovernorinAlabamaintendstoblockanyprogresstoward

King’sdream.

96.Thephrase“hewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope”(line64)isbestdescribedascreatingametaphorfor(A)asteptowardfreedom.(B)asymbolicsculpture.(C)theworkthatneedstobedone.(D)theimpossibilityofwhatKingwantstohavehappen.

97.Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat(A)Kingfeelsthatmusicisliberating.(B)thewordsofthepatrioticsongwillfinallyapplytoallAmericans.(C)childrenneedtolearnthemeaningofthesong.(D)thesongwilltakeonanewanddifferentmeaning.

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PairedPassages:Humanities

Passage1:TheStoryofMyLifebyHelenKellerHelenKeller(1880–1968)becamedeafandblindastheresultofanillnessattheageof19months.Inthefollowingadaptedpassagefromherautobiography,shedescribeshowshelearnedtocommunicatedespiteherdisabilities,withthehelpofherteacher,AnneSullivan.Kellerwentontoattendcollege,writeseveralbooks,andworkinmanyprogramstohelppeople.

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Passage2:AmericanNotesbyCharlesDickensThefollowingpassageisadaptedfromAmericanNotesbyCharlesDickens.ItisaboutagirlnamedLauraBridgmanwhobecameblindanddeafandlosthersenseofsmellat20monthsoldafterasevereillness.In1837,whenshewasseven,SamuelHoweheardofherconditionandtookhertoaninstitutionwherehecouldhelpherlearn.ThispassageistoldthroughHowe’sperspective:

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Passage1Questions98.Themainpointofthepassageisto

(A)showthattheauthorlikedplayingwithdolls.(B)argueagainstfundingtoeducatethedisabled.(C)persuadepeopletosupportlawsregardingdisabilities.(D)describeanimportanteventintheauthor’slife.

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99.WhenKellerwritesthatshe“persistedinconfounding”(line16)thewords“mug”and“water,”shemeansthatshe(A)understoodthem.(B)confusedthem.(C)worriedaboutthem.(D)couldwritethem.

100.WhenHelensays,“Therewerebarriersstill,itistrue,butbarriersthatcouldintimebesweptaway”(lines28–29),sheismostlikelyreferringto(A)herfutureteachers.(B)thewayinwhichshethoughtaboutherteacher.(C)herfeelingofclosenesstoherfamily.(D)herfuturesuccessinlife.

101.Accordingtothepassage,Helenbegantocomprehendlanguagewhenshe(A)wasshownthedifferencebetween“mug”and“water.”(B)realizedthesubstancethatpouredfromthespoutwaswater.(C)spelledtheworddollintohermother’shand.(D)begantocareaboutherteacher.

102.Inthelastpartofthepassage,theauthormostnearlycharacterizesherexperienceoflearningthenamesofthingsas(A)animpossiblefeat.(B)anupsettingmoment.(C)aninevitability.(D)anextraordinaryevent.

Passage2Questions103.Themainpointofthepassageis

(A)todescribetheawakeningofamindindarkness.(B)toteachpeoplehowtodealwithsomeonewithdisabilities.(C)toshowthesimilaritiesbetweentrainingananimalandtraininga

human.(D)toillustratewhatabrilliantteacherSamuelHowewas.

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104.Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostlikelythereasontheauthorsays“Hitherto,theprocesshadbeenmechanical,andthesuccessaboutasgreatasteachingaveryknowingdogavarietyoftricks.”(lines22–23)?(A)Hewantedtoshowthatshewasveryeasytoteach.(B)Hewantedtoillustratehowwellhehadbeenabletoteachhertricks.(C)Hewantedtoillustratethatshewasnotusinghigherintelligence.(D)Hewantedtoexplainhisrelationshipwithhisstudent.

105.Thesecondparagraphofthepassageimpliesthat(A)Lauralikedherteacher.(B)Lauralikedtobepattedonthehead.(C)Laura’sgiftforlearningwasremarkable.(D)Lauraenjoyedplayingwithspoons.

106.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethat(A)labelingthingsisthebestwaytoteachablindpersontoread.(B)learningtoreadisthegatewaytothesoul.(C)SamuelHowewasakindanddevotedman.(D)beinggiventheabilitytocommunicatewithothersignitedLaura’s

intellect.

107.ItcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatasateacherSamuelHowewas(A)structuredandpersistent.(B)lenientandcareless.(C)misinformedanderratic.(D)kindandloving.

PairedPassageQuestions108.ThetoneofPassage1whencomparedtoPassage2couldbesaidtobe

(A)technicalasopposedtopersonal.(B)personalasopposedtoimpersonal.(C)sorrowfulasopposedtohappy.(D)detachedasopposedtoremorseful.

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109.Whichchoicebeststatestherelationshipbetweenthetwopassages?(A)Passage2challengestheprimaryargumentofPassage1.(B)Passage2givesanalternateviewofanexperiencesimilartothat

describedinPassage1.(C)Passage2advocatesthemethoddescribedinPassage1.(D)Passage2explainstheprocessdescribedinPassage1.

110.UnlikeinPassage2,Passage1’sauthoruses(A)similesandmetaphorstomakeherpoint.(B)astep-by-stepprocesstoshowgrowth.(C)internalfeelingstoexplainhertransformation.(D)adescriptionoftechniquestoshowthestudent’sprogression.

111.Inbothpassages,thepivotalmomentis(A)whenthegirlsareintroducedtotheirteachers.(B)whenthegirlsspelltheirfirstwords.(C)whenthegirlslearnthattheycanusewordstoexpressmeaning.(D)whenthegirlsareallowedtogooutside.

NaturalSciences

Left-HandedinaRight-HandedWorldIt’saneverydayquestion:Whyaresomepeopleleft-handedandothersright-handed?Scientistshaven’tbeenabletodeterminetheanswer.Meanwhile,thereareproblemsandopportunitiesfortheminorityofpeoplewhoareleft-handed.Thispassagepresentswhatweknowtodayabouthandedness.

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112.Whentheauthorsaysinthefirstparagraphthat“afewpeoplehavenohandednesspreference,freelyusingeitherhandasconveniencedictates”(lines5–6),theauthormeansthat(A)afewpeoplewanttoimpresstheirfriendswiththeirabilities.(B)somepeoplearehappierusingthelefthand.(C)thesepeoplecanuseeitherhandtowriteandworkwith.(D)somepeoplearenotgoodwitheitherhand.

113.Asusedinthesecondparagraph(lines7–15),etiologycanbestbedefinedas(A)custom.(B)essence.

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(C)effect.(D)cause.

114.Thethirdparagraph(lines16–22)suggeststhat(A)left-handedpeoplelivehappierlives.(B)thecausesofhandpreferencearestillundetermined.(C)toomucheffortisdevotedtothetopicofhandedness.(D)musiciansareusuallyleft-handed.

115.Themainpointofthefourthparagraph(lines23–33)isthat(A)peoplewhoareleft-handedoftenexcelatwhattheydo.(B)left-handednessrunsinfamilies.(C)mostrecentAmericanpresidentshavebeenleft-handed.(D)amajorityofactorsareleft-handed.

116.Inthefifthparagraph(lines34–41),whatisthemostlikelyreasontheauthorincludedinformationaboutQueenElizabeth?(A)Toshowthatthereareleft-handedpeoplewhoareroyal(B)Totrytoconvincepeoplethatbeingleft-handedisnotaliability(C)Toindicatethatroyalsarecloselyrelated(D)Togiveanexampleofhowleft-handednessishereditary

117.TheauthorwouldprobablyagreewithallofthefollowingstatementsEXCEPTthat(A)left-handednessishereditary.(B)left-handedpeoplecanreachhighoffice.(C)mostleftieshavetroubleusingcomputers.(D)manygreatartists,athletes,andcriminalshavebeenleft-handed.

118.Accordingtothepassage,thetheorythatapreferencefortherighthandislargelyinheritedisassociatedwith(A)DanielGeschwind.(B)Dr.StanleyCoren.(C)Dr.A.Klar.(D)AlbertEinstein.

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119.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?(A)Morepeopleareleft-handedthanright-handed.(B)Mostpeopleareright-handed.(C)Manypeoplecanusebothhandsequallywell.(D)Manypeoplearechangedfrombeingleft-handed.

120.Accordingtothepassage,howdomostscientistsviewtryingtochangealeft-handedchildtoaright-handedone?(A)Theyworrythatthechildwillbecomeconfusedifthehandednessis

changedfromlefttoright.(B)Theyalmostcompletelyopposethepractice.(C)Mostthinkitisbesttoleavethechildalone,althoughtheyrealize

thatleftieshaveahardertimeofit.(D)Theyfeelitmaybejustifiedinsomecases,suchaswhenaparent

wantsthechildtobecomeadoctororscientist.

121.Accordingtothepassage,left-handedpeopleareasskilledasright-handedpeopleatallofthefollowingEXCEPT(A)cooking.(B)playingtheguitar.(C)workingonacomputer.(D)usingapowertool.

122.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingfactorsisimportanttoscientistsindecidingwhetherapersonisright-handedorleft-handed?(A)Whichlegthepersonkickswith(B)Whichhandthepersonsewswith(C)Whichhandismostbitten,ifthepersonbiteshisorhernails(D)Whichhandislarger

123.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,itcouldreasonablybeinferredthatleft-handedpeople(A)havelargefamilies.(B)havetroubleusingordinaryscissors.(C)dislikesports.

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(D)aremoreintelligentthanright-handedpeople.

124.Basedontheinformationintheseventhparagraph(lines51–60),itcanreasonablybeinferredthat(A)makingproductsforleft-handedpeopleisprofitable.(B)manyproductscannotbechangedtoaccommodateleft-handed

people.(C)lifeforleft-handedpeopleislessenjoyablethanforright-handed

people.(D)manypeoplefeelthatleft-handednessisaliability.

125.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcouldschoolsdotomakelifeeasierforleft-handedstudents?(A)Seatleft-handedstudentstogetherintheclassroom.(B)Providedeskswithwritingarmsontheleftside.(C)Allowleft-handedstudentsmoreleewaywhenitcomesto

homework.(D)Investinacounselortomeetwithleft-handedstudents.

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CHAPTER3

Set3ReadingQuestions

ProseFiction

“TheLotteryTicket”byAntonChekhovThefollowingpassageisadaptedfromashortstorywrittenbytheRussianauthorandplaywrightAntonChekhov(1860–1904).

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126.ThemainconflictinthispassagecanbestbedescribedasIvan’s(A)believinghiswifewillnotgivehimanymoneyifshehaswonthe

lottery.(B)waitingtoseewhetherhiswifewonthelottery.(C)wantingtogoabroadintheautumnbecausetheweatherisn’tvery

goodthen.(D)wantingtobuyanestatewhenhiswifedoesn’twantto.

127.WhentheauthorsaysthatIvan“gaveabroad,senselesssmile,likeababywhenabrightobjectisshownit”(lines26–27),hemeansthatIvanwas(A)reactingtosomethinginstinctually.(B)happyabouttheprospectofwinningthelottery.(C)unawareofhowthelotteryworks.(D)verymuchinlovewithhiswife.

128.Thepointofviewfromwhichthepassageistoldcanbestbedescribedasthatof(A)anarratorwhohasbeeninthepositionofalmostwinningthelottery.(B)anarratorwhohasagoodgraspofhumannature.(C)afriendofIvanandhiswifewhohopedthatthecouplewouldwin

thelottery.

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(D)apersonwhohadjustmetIvanandhiswife.

129.Theimageof“autumnwithitsrainsanditscoldevenings”(line51)suggeststhatIvan(A)isfascinatedbythatseason.(B)findsthatseasontroublesome.(C)likestowalkintherain.(D)wishesitwereautumn.

130.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,ifthelotteryticketisawinner,(A)Mashawantstogivethemoneytoherhusband.(B)Ivanwantstobuyahouseandputmoneyaway.(C)Ivanwantstobuyhiswifefineclothing.(D)Mashawouldleaveherhusband.

131.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthorcontrastshowIvanthinkshiswifelooksasopposedtohowhethinkshelookstoshowthat(A)hiswifeisnolongerinlovewithhim.(B)hiswifehasworkedharderthanhehas.(C)hehasanunrealisticpictureofhimself.(D)heismuchyoungerthanhiswife.

132.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthatIvanimaginesthathiswife(A)prefersnottowinthemoney.(B)willtakeallthemoneyandleavehimnothing.(C)willsharethemoneywithhimhappily.(D)wantstogoabroadtobuyhimnewclothes.

133.Mashamirrorsherhusband’sfeelingsbyshowingthatshe(A)hasdaydreamsofherown.(B)hasdifficultywiththeweathertoo.(C)wantsthemtostayathome.(D)isalsosensitivetocriticism.

134.WhatdoestheauthormeanwhenhehasIvansay,“Shewouldbegrudgemeeveryfarthing”(line67)?

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(A)MashanolongerthoughtIvanwascompetentwhenitcametomoney.

(B)Mashawouldbecautiouswhenitcametobuyingthings.(C)Mashawasgoodwithbudgetsandlikedtokeeptrackoftheirmoney.(D)Mashawouldbestingywithhermoneyonceshewonthelottery.

135.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatisthemostlikelyreasonIvanwantedtowaitbeforelookingtoseeiftheyhadthewinningnumber?(A)Hehopedhewasnotthewinner.(B)Hedidnotwanthiswifetobedisappointed.(C)Hewantedtoteasehiswife.(D)Hewantedtosavorthefeelingofnotknowing.

136.ItmayreasonablybeinferredthatIvanandhiswifeboth(A)havestrongfantasyworlds.(B)wanttogivethemoneyaway.(C)areextremelygenerous.(D)wanttotearupthelotteryticket.

137.Attheendofthepassage,whatistherelevanceoftheauthor’ssayingthattheroomsoftheirhomeseemed“darkandsmallandlow-pitched”(lines83–84)?(A)Itshowsthattheyfinallyappreciatetheirlives.(B)Itsuggeststhattheyarenolongerinterestedinwinningthelottery.(C)Itshowsthattheyarelivinginaterribleplace.(D)Itsuggestshowtheirperceptionabouttheirliveshaschanged.

138.Thethemeofthepassageisbestdescribedas(A)moneycanhelpcementarelationship.(B)husbandsarelessawareofthingsthanwivesare.(C)lifewithoutimaginationisnotworthliving.(D)greedcanbringouttheworstinpeople.

SocialSciences

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DirectElectionofthePresidentThispassageisbasedontestimonybeforetheU.S.Senatein1997byBeckyCain,then-presidentoftheLeagueofWomenVoters.Herorganizationwantedtoabolishtheelectoralcollegevoteandhavethepresidentialelectiondeterminedbypopularvote.

IampleasedtobeheretodaytoexpresstheLeague’ssupportforaconstitutionalamendmenttoabolishtheElectoralCollegeandestablishthedirectelectionofthePresidentandVicePresidentoftheUnitedStatesbypopularvoteoftheAmericanpeople.

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139.WhenCainsaysthatpoliticaldevelopmentshave“underscoredtheneedfortheeliminationoftheElectoralCollegesystem”(lines9–10),shemeansthatthesedevelopmentshave(A)deniedtheneedforeliminationoftheElectoralCollegesystem.(B)ignoredtheneedforeliminationoftheElectoralCollegesystem.(C)emphasizedtheneedforeliminationoftheElectoralCollegesystem.(D)forgottentheneedforeliminationoftheElectoralCollegesystem.

140.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribeswhathappenswhennocandidateinathree-wayraceforpresidentgetsenoughElectoralCollegevotestowin?(A)TheSenatedecidesbetweenthecandidateswiththelargestnumber

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ofelectoralvotes.(B)Theelectionisdecidedbythepopularvote.(C)Thecandidatewiththeleastamountofelectoralvotesmustgiveup

hisorhervotestothecandidateswiththemostelectoralvotes.(D)TheHouseofRepresentativesdecideswhowillbepresident.

141.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainpointofthepassage?(A)TheElectoralCollegesystemisflawedandshouldbechanged.(B)Electorsdonothavetovoteforcandidatestowhomtheyhavebeen

pledged.(C)The26thAmendmentestablishedtherightofcitizens18yearsofage

andoldertovote.(D)Fewerpeoplearevotingtodaybecausetheyfeeloutoftouchwith

government.

142.Whentheauthorsaysthat“theConstitutiondoesnotbindpresidentialelectorstovoteforthecandidatestowhomtheyhavebeenpledged”(lines55–57),shemeansthat(A)noonecanpredictwhowillwinaparticularstate’selectors.(B)peoplehavecontroloverwhomelectorswillvotefor.(C)electorsdonothavetovoteforthecandidatethatvoterspicked.(D)electionsareoftendeterminedbytheelectorsandnotthepeople.

143.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,inapresidentialelection,whathappenstoaperson’svoteforCandidateAifCandidateBcarriesthestate?(A)Itisnotcounted.(B)ItbecomesavoteforCandidateB.(C)Thevoteisrecordedunderprotest.(D)Thepersonhasachancetovoteinanotherstate.

144.WhentheauthorcallstheElectoralCollege“ahopelessanachronism”(line46),shemeansthattheElectoralCollegeis(A)notlargeenough.(B)outdated.

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(C)votedintooffice.(D)notstrongenough.

145.Whichofthefollowingpositionsissupportedbythestatementthat“the19thAmendmentgavewomenthevote”(lines70–71)?(A)Acitizen’sindividualvotehasmoreweightifheorshelivesina

statewithasmallpopulation.(B)Politicalofficehasbeengainedthroughbackroomdeals.(C)TheConstitutionhasbeenupdated.(D)Thepresidentshouldbedirectlyelectedbythepeople.

146.Accordingtotheauthor,allofthefollowingarereasonsforabandoningtheElectoralCollegesystemEXCEPT(A)theproblemthatcouldariseifthereisathree-wayrace.(B)thepossibilitythattheElectoralCollegecouldoverrulethepopular

vote.(C)theproblemofsomevoteshavingmoreweightthanothers.(D)theideathatpopularvotesshouldbemademoresignificant.

147.WhenCainrefersto“defectingelectors”whodidnotcasttheirvotesforthewinnersintheirstates’elections,shemeansthattheelectors(A)fearedfollowingthevoters’choice.(B)abandonedtheirresponsibility.(C)werelessthanperfect.(D)gaveuptooeasily.

148.Whentheauthorsaysthat“retainingthefragilefaithofAmericanvotersinourrepresentativesystem”(lines74–75)demandschangingtheelectoralsystem,sheseemstosuggestthatthevotersare(A)committedtoourpresentformofdemocracy.(B)losingtrustinthewaythattheyarerepresented.(C)notinterestedinthedemocraticprocess.(D)moreinclinedtovotefornewcandidates.

149.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthorwouldmostlikelysupport(A)reviewingallprocedurestoseeiftheyneedupdating.

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(B)havingsenatorsdecidewhothepresidentwillbe.(C)havingpresidentsappointedbytheHouseofRepresentatives.(D)givingmorepowertotheElectoralCollege.

150.Inthelastparagraph,theauthormakesitclearthattheamendmentshouldbepassedbecause(A)peoplewouldbemorelikelytovotefornewcomersaspresidents.(B)peoplewouldultimatelychoosemorecapablepresidents.(C)presidentialelectionswouldmostlikelyberuninanorderlyfashion.(D)voterswouldtakemoreinterestintheprocessofelectingapresident.

151.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthormentionsthepresidentialracebetweenGeraldFordandJimmyCarterinorderto(A)emphasizethelackofconsistencyintheelectoralprocessfor

choosingapresident.(B)explainwhyCarterwonthepresidentialrace.(C)discussthevaluesofeachcandidate.(D)showhowlittleitwouldhavetakentochangewhowonthe

presidency.

152.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,thepurposeoftheauthoristo(A)explainwhytheElectoralCollegesystemshouldbeabandoned.(B)explainhowthepresidentisvotedintooffice.(C)instructonthepropermethodofcastingelectoralvotes.(D)tellhowmanyelectoralvotesareneededtobecomepresident.

PairedPassages:Humanities

Passage1:IndianBoyhoodbyCharlesA.EastmanThisexcerptisadaptedfromthememoirofCharlesA.Eastman(1858–1939),namedHakadahatbirthandlaternamedOhiyesa.PartNativeAmericanandpartAnglo-American,Eastmanwasadoctor,writer,andactivistwhoaccomplishedagreatdealforNativeAmericans.HeisconsideredthefirstpersontowriteaboutU.S.historyfromaNativeAmericanperspective.

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Passage2:“RemarksConcerningtheSavagesofNorthAmerica”byBenjaminFranklinAdaptedfromBenjaminFranklin’sessay,thisexcerptcontrastsNativeAmerican(herereferredtoasIndian)customswiththecustomsofcolonialAmericans.Ithighlightstheabsurdityofcriticizinganother’sculturesimplybecauseitdoesnotmirrorone’sown.

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Passage1Questions

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153.Whentheauthorsays,“Nowthewomenbegantotestthetrees…axeinhand,andstrikingasinglequickblow,toseeifthesapwouldappear”(lines12–14),theauthormeansthatthewomenwere(A)makingcanoesfromthetrees.(B)gatheringwoodforthefires.(C)checkingtoseeifthetreesshouldbetapped.(D)gettingreadytomakethefires.

154.Thegrandmothercanbestbedescribedas(A)austereandcold.(B)diligentandproductive.(C)lenientandforgiving.(D)moralanddemanding.

155.Basedonthepassage,whatfeelingsdidEastmanhavetowardhisgrandmother?(A)Hethoughtsheworkedtoohard.(B)Hewantedtohelphermore.(C)Headmiredherstrength.(D)Heworriedshemighthurtherself.

156.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthatthegrandmother(A)wouldhavepreferrednotparticipatinginthesugargathering.(B)didnotwanthergrandsonworkingsohard.(C)feltsheneededmoreimportantworktodo.(D)wasinchargeofthemaplesugarproject.

157.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardhischildhood?(A)Hehaswarmfeelingsabouthischildhood.(B)Hefeelsthatitwasadifficulttimeforhim.(C)Hewondersifhispastwasabadinfluenceonhim.(D)Hethinksthathispastpresentedmanychallengesthatwerebeyond

him.

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Passage2Questions158.Themainpointofthepassageis

(A)thatIndiansshouldnotbejudgedharshlyfornotunderstandingcolonialculture.

(B)that“civilized”and“savage”aresubjectiveconcepts.(C)torelaysomeofthecustomsoftheIndiansatthattime.(D)thata“good”educationdependsonwhatismeantby“school.”

159.InwhichwaydidtheIndiansgoverntheirpeople?(A)Bythreatfromwarriors(B)Byharshpunishmentsincludingshunning(C)Byagroupofelders(D)Throughrulesandregulations

160.TheIndianpeopleconsideredthecolonials’lifestyletobe(A)arduous.(B)luxurious.(C)interesting.(D)pointless.

161.AlloftheseskillswereconsideredanimportantpartoftheeducationoftheyoungIndianmanEXCEPT(A)fluentspeaking.(B)experthuntingandfighting.(C)endurancerunning.(D)smokingmeats.

162.Fromthepassage,itcouldbereasonablyinferredthat(A)theIndianeldersthoughtthatwhitecollegeswouldbeadetrimentto

theirchildren.(B)theIndianswereoffendedbythecolonials’offertoeducatetheir

youngmen.(C)thecolonialswantedtoexchangechildreninordertolearnabout

eachother’scultures.

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(D)ItwasimportanttotheIndiansthattheirchildrenhaveanopportunitytoexperiencethewhiteculture.

PairedPassageQuestions163.Whichisthebestcomparisonofthetonesofthetwopassages?

(A)Passage1isnostalgicwhilePassage2isslightlyironic.(B)Passage1isimpersonalwhilePassage2isargumentative.(C)Bothpassageshaveahumoroustone.(D)Passage1isobjectivewhilePassage2issarcastic.

164.IncontrasttoPassage2,theauthorofPassage1uses(A)hyperboletomakehispoint.(B)examplestoillustratehispoint.(C)metaphorsandsimilestoillustratehisstory.(D)alliterationtocreateamood.

165.HowwouldtheauthorofPassage1mostlikelyrespondtothissentencefromPassage2:“HavingfewartificialWants,theyhaveabundanceofLeisureforImprovementbyConversation.”(A)ThelifeoftheIndianwasmuchmorerelaxedandsimplethanthatof

acolonial.(B)Actually,theIndiansdidnotspendmuchtimeinconversation;they

wereaquietpeople.(C)Indianmenmayhavehadplentyoftimeforleisure,butIndian

womenworkedlongandharddays.(D)Asineverysociety,somepeopleworkedhardandsomepeople

loafed.

166.WhichisthebestcomparisonoftheportrayalofIndianlifeinPassage1andPassage2?(A)Simplecomparedtocomplicated.(B)Withoutstructurecomparedtoorganized.(C)Hardworkingcomparedtorelaxed.(D)Rusticcomparedtoadvanced.

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NaturalSciences

EffectsofBlueLightWiththeadventofsomanyelectronicdevices,thispassageonbluelightisextremelytimely.Perhapsinthefuture,moreeffortwillbemadetocontrolthisformoflight.

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167.Thewordspectrum,asusedinthesecondparagraph(line12),mostnearlymeans(A)distributionofenergy.(B)collectionofmolecules.(C)socialassociation.(D)salinesolution.

168.Accordingtothepassage,visiblelight(A)hasawavelengthof450to500nanometers.(B)isnotdetectedbythehumaneye.(C)travelsinwaves.(D)hastheshortestwavelength.

169.Themainpointofthethirdparagraph(lines15–24)isthat(A)bluelightisemittedfromLEDscreens.(B)theresearchinBaselwasconductedinacontrolledsetting.(C)exposuretobluelightcanhavephysicalandmentalsideeffects.(D)endogenousmelatoninisincreasedafterfivehoursofcomputeruse.

170.Thephrasecognitiveperformance,asusedinthethirdparagraph(lines15–24),mostnearlymeans(A)stateofignorance.(B)mentalprocess.(C)personalitytrait.(D)successfulconclusion.

171.Whentheauthorstatesthatthenumberofhandheldelectronicdeviceshas“increasedexponentially”(line4),theauthorismostlikelyconcernedthat(A)thedeleteriouseffectsofblue-lightexposurearegreaterbecausethe

devicesareheldcloser.(B)itisanothersignthatyoungpeoplespendtoomuchtimetextingon

theirsmartphones.(C)manufacturerswillnotdevelopcircadian-friendlyelectronicdevices.(D)adolescentsdon’treadbooksbeforetheygotobedliketheyusedto.

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172.Themainpointofthefourthparagraph(lines25–34)isthat(A)circadiantimingisanapproximately24-hourcycle.(B)melatoningovernsdailycyclesofsleepingandwaking.(C)melatoninisreleasedwhennightfalls.(D)thepinealglandislocatedintheforebrain.

173.Accordingtothepassage,researchersinbothBasel,Switzerland,andTroy,NewYork,noticedthat(A)ahostofillnessescanbelinkedtopoorsleepinghabits.(B)thepinealglandisresponsibleforthesecretionofmelatonin.(C)thereisacomputerprogramcalledf.luxthatdecreasesbluelight.(D)usingcomputersatnightmeasurablylowersmelatoninlevels.

174.Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelyrecommendallofthefollowingactionstoreducethemelatonin-loweringeffectsofbluelightEXCEPT(A)watchingmoviesonTVratherthanonatablet.(B)cuttingdownonnighttimecomputeruse.(C)wearingadimesimeterwhileusingthecomputer.(D)usingthesoftwareknownasf.lux.

175.Whentheauthorstatesthat“studieshavelinkedahostofillnesses,rangingfromdepression,obesity,diabetes,andcardiovasculardiseasetopoorsleepinghabits”(lines32–33),theauthorismostlikelysuggestingthatreaders(A)addamelatoninsupplementtotheirdiet.(B)trytogetasmuchsleepastheycan.(C)replacetheirenergy-efficientfluorescentlighting.(D)becognizantofthislinkwhenusingacomputeralotatnight.

176.Themainpointoftheseventhparagraph(lines46–56)isthat(A)adolescentsandyoungadultsarepronetosleepproblems.(B)itisagoodideatowearorange-tintedgoggles.(C)theBaselandRPIresearchyieldedsimilarresults.(D)anelectronicdeviceshouldbeheldasfaraspossiblefromtheeyes.

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177.Whentheauthorsaysthatf.luxsoftwareis“astepintherightdirection”(lines63–64),itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthor(A)feelsthatnotenoughresearchisbeingdonebyscientistsonblue

light.(B)thinkselectronicdevicesshouldhavef.luxsoftwarealreadyinstalled.(C)wantsparentstomakesuretheirchildrendownloadthef.lux

software.(D)ishopefulaboutnewwaysofcontrollingbluelight.

178.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueaboutbluelightEXCEPTthat(A)ithastheshortestwavelengthofalllight.(B)itcannotbeseenbythehumaneye.(C)itsraysinterferewiththeproductionofmelatonin.(D)itisusedinmostelectronicdevices.

179.ThelastparagraphofthepassagesuggeststhattheRPIengineers(A)believemanufacturersareworkingondevicesthatreducecircadian

stimulation.(B)feelthattheirstudyoffersusefulinformationtocomputerusers.(C)hopethatcomputerusersdiscontinueexcessivenighttimeuse.(D)willcontinuetheirresearchintotheeffectsofblue-lightemission.

180.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisthemainpointofthepassage?(A)Thereisagrowingbodyofevidencethatusersofhandheld

electronicdevicesshouldusethemwithcaution,especiallyatnight.(B)Melatoninplaysanimportantroleinregulatingthebody’sresponse

togettingtheproperamountofsleep.(C)Adolescentsandyoungadultsshouldnotholdhandheldelectronic

devicestooclosetotheireyes.(D)Ifyouaregoingtouseahandheldelectronicdeviceforalongperiod

oftime,downloadandinstallf.luxsoftware.

ProseFiction

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“TheMouse”bySakiH.H.Munro(1870–1916),whosepennamewasSaki,wrotemanyshortstoriesaboutunusualsubjectsandwithcomictwists.Thispassage,adaptedfromSaki’sshortstory“TheMouse,”isnoexception.

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181.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthatTheodoric(A)travelsagooddeal.(B)wasanonlychild.(C)wasprotectedasachild.(D)enjoysmeetingnewpeople.

182.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthethemeofthepassage?(A)Peoplelearnfromtheirmistakes.(B)Travelingallowsfornewadventures.(C)Thingsarenotalwaysastheyappear.(D)Peopleareapttodooddthingswhentraveling.

183.Theeventthatmostsignificantlyaffectstheoutcomeofthestoryis(A)thedisclosurethatthecompanionisblind.

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(B)therugfallingtothefloor.(C)Theodoric’sremovinghisclothes.(D)Theodoric’sbeingbittenbythemouse.

184.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthatthereasonTheodorictellshistravelingcompanionhehasmalaria(line45)isto(A)amusehimselfduringthelongtrip.(B)showthatheknowsalotaboutthetropics.(C)makeitappearthathehadlivedinthetropics.(D)makeupanexcuseforbeingwrappedupinarug.

185.WhatisthemostlikelyreasonthatTheodoricdecidedtoputhisclothesbackon?(A)Herealizedtheruglookedsillyonhim.(B)Hethoughttheconductorwouldbecomingshortly.(C)Herealizedhewouldhavetogetoffthetraininalittlewhile.(D)Hethoughtheshouldstraightenupforthesakeofhiscompanion.

186.ThesituationwiththemousecausedTheodorictobecome(A)moreobservantthanhewasbefore.(B)moreforgivingthanhewasbefore.(C)morereasonablethanhewasbefore.(D)moredaringthanhewasbefore.

187.Whentheauthorsaysthat“thelawfuloccupantoftheclotheslaybackagainstthecushionsandendeavoredrapidlytoevolvesomemeansforputtinganendtothedualownership”(lines22–24),hemeansthat(A)themousewasnestinginTheodoric’sclothes.(B)Theodoric’sclotheswereborrowed.(C)Theodoric’sclotheswereold.(D)themousewasinsideTheodoric’sclothes.

188.Basedontheinformationinthesixthparagraph(line42),Theodorictellshistravelingcompanionthathehasachillinorderto(A)suggestthatitiscoldonthetrain.(B)explainwhyheiscoveredbyarug.

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(C)suggestthatheneedsherhelp.(D)explainwhyheisfullyclothed.

189.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheauthor’sperspectiveonTheodoricinthestory?(A)HefindsTheodorichumorous.(B)HethinksTheodoricisoverlycynical.(C)HebelievesthatTheodorichasagreatdealofpotential.(D)HeworriesthatTheodoricmaysufferphysicallybecauseofhis

nerves.

190.Inthefifthparagraph(lines32–41),whydoesTheodoricthinkthathistravelingcompanionwillpullthecommunicationcord?(A)Hethinksthatshewantstoordersomefood.(B)Heisworriedthatshehasseenhimwithouthisclothes.(C)Heknowsthatsheisblindandisseekinghelp.(D)Hewantshertocallforhelp.

191.Basedontheinformationintheseventeenthparagraph(lines63–69),whatdoesTheodoricthinkofhistravelingcompanion?(A)Hebelievesthatsheisnotwell.(B)Hethinkssheismakingfunofhim.(C)Hethinksthatshemaybeodd.(D)Hebelievesthatshewantshimtobefriendlier.

192.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthorwaitsuntiltheendofthestorytorevealthatthetravelingcompanionisblindbecausetheauthor(A)doesnotthinkitisanimportantdetail.(B)doesnotwanttoupsetthereaderearlier.(C)wantstosurprisethereaderwiththeinformation.(D)wantstomakethereaderfeelcompassionforthecompanion.

193.Thetoneofthepassageisbestdescribedas(A)bitterandacrid.(B)sarcastic.(C)tongue-in-cheek.

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(D)whimsical.

194.TheprobableeffectthatthewordsofhistravelingcompanionhadonTheodoricwasthathefelt(A)betrayed.(B)relieved.(C)angered.(D)troubled.

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CHAPTER4

Set4ReadingQuestions

ProseFiction

“TheLastClass—theStoryofaLittleAlsatian”byAlphonseDaudetThispassageisadaptedfromashortstorybyAlphonseDaudet(1840–1897).Ittakesplacein1870,whenPrussianforcesunderKingOttoBismarckattackedFrance.Asaresult,theFrenchdistrictsofAlsaceandLorraine,whichborderedPrussia(modernGermany),cameunderPrussianrule.

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195.Thepointofviewfromwhichthepassageistoldcanbestbedescribedasthatof(A)anarratorwhoisgoodathisstudies,butnotsensitivetothemoment.(B)anarratorwhorealizesthathisworldwillneverbethesame.(C)afriendofMonsieurHamelwhoistranscribingwhathislastFrench

classwaslike.(D)apersonwhowasintheclassroomobserving,butwhoisnewtothe

town.

196.WhenFrantzsays,“butIhadthestrengthtoresist,andIranasfastasIcouldtoschool”(lines8–9),hemeansthathe(A)wantedtogettoschooltohelpMonsieurHamel.(B)wasstrongenoughtobeabletoruntoschool.(C)resistedsayingsomethingtothePrussians.(D)overcamehisdesiretoskipschool.

197.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthatthevillagersattendedtheclassto(A)paytheirrespectstoMonsieurHamel.(B)decidewhetherMonsieurHamelshouldbefired.(C)learntospeakFrenchbetter.(D)findouthowwellthestudentsweredoingwiththeirFrench.

198.WhenFrantzsays,“therewassomethingextraordinary,somethingsolemnaboutthewholeclass”(lines24–25),itcanreasonablybeinferredthat

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Frantz(A)wasupsetaboutbeinglate.(B)wasworriedaboutFrenchgrammar.(C)thoughtsomethingbadwashappening.(D)believedMonsieurHamel’ssisterwassick.

199.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whateffectdidthevillagers’presenceintheclasshaveonFrantz?(A)ItmadeFrantzthinkhewasintrouble.(B)IttoldFrantzthatsomethingoddwasgoingon.(C)ItmadeFrantzevenmorenervous.(D)ItcausedFrantztoforgethislesson.

200.FromcommentsmadebyFrantz,itcanbeassumedthatMonsieurHamel’streatmentofFrantzduringthelastclasswas(A)morecriticalofFrantzthanusual.(B)moresympatheticthanbefore.(C)lessinterestedinFrantzthanbefore.(D)lesskindlythanusual.

201.ItcanreasonablybeinferredthatwhenFrantzheardthatthiswasthelastFrenchclass,hewas(A)worriedaboutlearningGerman.(B)surethathewoulddobetterlearningGermanthanFrench.(C)brokenheartedbecauseMonsieurHamelwouldbegone.(D)relievedthathewouldnolongerbepunishedbyMonsieurHamel.

202.Thethemeofthepassageisthat(A)schoolteachersareemotional.(B)youngmenshouldbemorestudious.(C)somechangescanbepainful.(D)lifeholdsmanyjoys.

203.MonsieurHamelsaysthatFrantz“mustbepunishedenough”(line45),because(A)FrantzhadbeenpunishedbyMonsieurHamelagreatdealbefore.

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(B)MonsieurHamelfeelsthathewaswrongtohavepunishedFrantz.(C)FrantzwouldnothavethechancetostudyFrenchagain.(D)MonsieurHamelthinksFrantzwillcry.

204.Inthefourteenthparagraph(lines53–56),whywasthelessondifferentfromotherlessonsforFrantz?(A)Itwasaneasierlessonthantheothers.(B)Heconcentratedonitmorethantheothers.(C)Hewaslessconcernedaboutdoingwell.(D)Itwasalessonthattheyhaddonebefore.

205.Whatwastheauthor’sintentionforincludingthesentence“Atthesamemoment,thebuglesofthePrussiansreturningfromdrillblaredunderourwindows”(lines68–69)?(A)ToshowthatthePrussianswereorderly(B)TosuggestthatthePrussiansmarchedonlyinthemorning(C)ToshowhowmuchpeoplewereinterestedinthePrussians(D)TosuggesthowintrusivethePrussianswere

206.YoucantellthatMonsieurHamel’sattitudetowardthePrussianswasoneof(A)respect.(B)dislike.(C)fear.(D)indifference.

207.WhenFrantzsaysthatMonsieurHamel“rose,paleasdeath”(line70),heissuggestingthat(A)MonsieurHamelwasdyingofadisease.(B)MonsieurHamelwasembarrassedtobelosinghisjob.(C)MonsieurHamelwasanemic.(D)itwaslikeadeathforMonsieurHameltolosehisjob.

208.Inthetwentiethparagraph(line72),itcanreasonablybeinferredthatMonsieurHamlincouldnotfinishhissentencebecausehe(A)forgotwhatheneededtosay.

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(B)didn’tknowwhattosay.(C)waslosinghisvoice.(D)wasovercomebyemotion.

PairedPassages:SocialSciences

Passage1:TheJourneysofMarcoPoloMarcoPolo(1254–1324)wasbornintheRepublicofVenice(knowntodayasVenice,Italy).Heisconsideredoneofthegreatestexplorersinhistory,travelingtoChinaandlearningmuchaboutitscustoms.HeisalsoknowntohavebroughtthefirstspaghettinoodlesfromChinatoVenice.

MarcoPolo’sfather,Niccolo,andhisuncle,Maffeo,weremerchantswhotraveledandwereawayfromhomemuchofthetime;theyreturnedfromatriptoChinain1269.TheretheyhadmettherulerKublaiKhan,grandsonoftheMongolwarlordGenghisKhan.

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Passage2:UncoveringaVikingLegacy

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IfyouaskedsomeonewhothefirstEuropeantodiscoverAmericawas,youwouldprobablyreceivethestandardresponse:ChristopherColumbus.However,astimegoeson,moreandmoreevidenceisuncoveredthatpointstoaEuropeanpresenceinNorthAmericalongbeforeColumbussailedtheoceanbluein1492.

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Passage1Questions209.Inthesecondparagraph(lines5–13),itcanreasonablybeinferredthatthe

twomissionariesturnedbackbecausethey(A)decidedthetripwouldbetoolongandhazardous.(B)werecalledbackbytheirsuperiors.(C)becameillfromthestrangefood.(D)decidedtotakeatripelsewhere.

210.TheVenetiansthoughtthatMarcoPolo’sbookwas(A)beautifullywritten.(B)asham.(C)toolong.(D)hardtoread.

211.WhatisthemostlikelyreasonthattheMongolprincessneededtobeescortedtoPersia?(A)Shedidnotliketravelingbyherself.(B)Thetripwastoodangerousforayoungwomantotakeonherown.(C)Shewashesitanttoleaveherhomeland.(D)KublaiKhanwantedtomakesureshedidnotrunawaywhile

traveling.

212.Basedontheinformationinthelastparagraph,whydosomehistorianswonderifMarcoPoloactuallytraveledtoChina?(A)Hedidnotbringmanythingsbackwithhimfromhistravels.(B)Hewasknowntomakeupstories.(C)HedidnotwriteabouttheGreatWallofChina.(D)Hewasextremelyrich.

213.ProbablythebestproofthatMarcoPolodidtraveltoChinawas(A)whathesaidtothepriest.(B)thefactthatheknewsomuchaboutKublaiKhan.(C)thefactthatheknewhowtospeakmanylanguages.(D)whathetoldhisfellowprisoner.

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Passage2Questions214.TheauthorreferstoEricson’sVikingheritageasawaytoimply

(A)thatLeifwasaveryviolentman.(B)thataVikingheritageissomethingtobeproudof.(C)thatEricsongothisloveforexploringnaturally.(D)thattheVikingswereoneofthemoreadvancedcivilizationsatthat

time.

215.Fromthepassage,itcanreasonablybeinferredthatEricsonwasexploringinhopesoffinding(A)goldandothertreasures.(B)peopletoconverttoChristianity.(C)anewroutetoIndia.(D)landrichinresources.

216.BasedontheinformationinthepassageaboutLeifEricson,hewasmostlikely(A)amanaheadofhistime.(B)someonewholikedadventure.(C)dedicatedtothegrowthofGreenland’ssettlements.(D)acruelandharshleader.

217.Basedonthepassage,itcouldbeinferredthatthe1960discoverybyarchaeologistswasimportantbecauseit(A)provedthattheVikinglegendsaboutEricsonwerebasedontruth.(B)broughtmuchneededtourismtoNewfoundland.(C)allowedhistorianstohaveabetterunderstandingoftheViking

culture.(D)madeLeifEricsonmorefamousthanChristopherColumbus.

218.ThesecondparagraphofthepassageimpliesthattheVikingswere(A)cruelandruthless.(B)willingtoleavetheirhomeland.(C)apeoplewhosettledmanydifferentlands.

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(D)apeoplewhohadalonganddiversehistory.

PairedPassagesQuestions219.InwhichofthefollowingwaysdoesPassage1differfromPassage2?

(A)Itfollowsachronologicaltimeline.(B)Itquotestheexplorer.(C)Ithasamoreargumentativetone.(D)Itreferencesarchaeologists’data.

220.Themainpointofbothpassagesisto(A)showthatovertimeourunderstandingofhistorychanges.(B)relatetheachievementsofgreatexplorers.(C)revealthatChristianitywasspreadthroughtheeffortsofexplorers.(D)illustratethatexplorerscanchangeourperceptionoftheworld.

221.InwhichwaywouldtheauthorofPassage2mostlikelyrespondtothisstatementfromPassage1:“AfewhistorianshavequestionedwhetherMarcoPoloreallydidgotoChina.”(A)Whathistoriansknowiscontinuallybeingchallengedbynew

discoveries.(B)Itisimportantforhistorianstocometoaconsensusinorderto

educatethepopulaceproperly.(C)Historiansshouldnotchallengethestoriesthathavebeenpassed

downforgenerations.(D)Solidproofshouldbefoundonewayortheotherbeforethestories

ofMarcoPolocontinuetobetaughtinschools.

222.Whichcomparisonofthepassagesisthemostaccurate?(A)Passage1indicatesthatseatravelwasdangerous,whilePassage2

indicatesthatitwasrelativelysafe.(B)Passage1impliesthatonlyprovenhistoricalfactsshouldbetrusted,

whilePassage2impliesthatlegendsshouldbegivenmorecredence.(C)Bothpassagesimplythatstoriesoftencontainmoretruththanthey

arecreditedwith.(D)BothpassagesindicatethatspreadingChristianitywasthedriving

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forcebehindexploration.

Humanities

“TheSnow-Walkers”byJohnBurroughsThisexcerptisadaptedfromanessayinIntheCatskillsbyJohnBurroughs(1837–1921),anAmericannaturalistandessayist.BurroughsbuiltacabininthewoodsintheCatskillMountainsareaofNewYorkState.Hedidmostofhiswritingatthecabin,calledSlabsides,whichisnowaNationalHistoricLandmark.

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223.Accordingtotheauthor,whateffectdoeswinterhaveonthemoon?(A)Itseemsmoresilver.(B)Itsterrainlookssmoother.(C)Itseemsbigger.(D)Itslightisdimmed.

224.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthat“thetendinouspartofthemind”(line12)referstothe(A)imaginationthatcreatesbeauty.(B)ligamentsthatholdthingstogether.(C)passionthatcreatesdrama.(D)sadnessthatcausesintensity.

225.SummerisdescribedbytheauthorinallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT(A)intelligent.(B)seductive.(C)versatile.(D)human.

226.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingactivitiesismostlikelydoneduringthewinter?(A)Readingphilosophy(B)Writingaplay(C)Fallinginlove(D)Holdingaseminar

227.Themainpointofthethirdparagraph(lines15–18)isthatwinter(A)isavictimofsummer.(B)giveslessjoythansummer.(C)cleansestheindividual.(D)ishardertolivethrough.

228.Whichwordsbestdescribetheauthor?(A)Overwroughtandtense(B)Pragmaticandintellectual

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(C)Romanticanddeep-seeing(D)Cynicalanddespairing

229.Themainpointofthefifthparagraph(lines23–31)isthatthesnow(A)makesthestonefencelooklikeiron.(B)transformsordinaryobjectsintosomethingwonderful.(C)isdifficulttodescribe.(D)makeseverythinglookcold.

230.Whentheauthorspeaksofthechopper’s“easytriumphoverthecold”(line38),hemeansthat(A)thechopperwearsaheavysweater.(B)theworkofcuttingtreeskeepsthechopperwarm.(C)thetreesprotectthechopperfromthewind.(D)itisnotverycold.

231.Fromtheinformationintheseventhparagraph(lines43–46),itcanreasonablybeinferredthatcoldair(A)helpssoundtravel.(B)keepsnoisesquieter.(C)makeshighersounds.(D)helpscreatestrongfeelings.

232.Whentheauthorsaysthat“theairisfulloflatentfire”(line49),hemeansthattheair(A)makesiteasiertobuildafire.(B)isextremelydry.(C)burnsthelungswhenapersonbreathes.(D)containsahiddenwarmth.

233.Theauthorviewsthesoundofthefoxas(A)annoyingatnight.(B)frighteningtohearinthewinter.(C)chilling.(D)inspiring.

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234.Theauthorlikenswintertoa(n)(A)fox.(B)artist.(C)poet.(D)farmer.

235.TheauthordescribeswinterinallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT(A)austere.(B)severe.(C)sentimental.(D)essential.

236.Whentheauthorsays,“ifonlyamousehasvisitedhisneighbor,thefactischronicled”(lines66–67),hemeansthat(A)noonewouldeverknow.(B)thereisfoodinthesnow.(C)itwouldmakenoises.(D)itsfootprintswouldberecordedinthesnow.

NaturalSciences

EatersofLightBlackholesareapartoftheuniversethathaveintriguedscientistsformanyyears.Thispassageaddresseswhatscientistshaveslowlyuncoveredaboutthesephenomena.

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237.Accordingtothepassage,ablackholehasallofthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPT(A)adistortioninspaceandtime.(B)atremendousforceofgravity.(C)intenselycompressedmatter.(D)theinabilityoflighttogetout.

238.Whichofthefollowingscientistsiscreditedwithfirsttheorizingtheexistenceofblackholes?(A)JohnWheeler(B)IsaacNewton

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(C)NikodemPopławski(D)AlbertEinstein

239.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthefunctionofNuSTAR?(A)Itpredictstheexistenceofcompressedmatter.(B)Itcalculatestheeventhorizon.(C)Itmeasureshigh-energyX-rays.(D)ItmapstheeventhorizonofSgrA*.

240.Accordingtothepassage,scientistsmeasureblackholesby(A)bendingspaceandtimearoundthem.(B)studyingthemovementofstarsaroundthem.(C)observingX-rayemissionsfromflares.(D)definingthesingularityofablackhole.

241.Asdescribedinthepassage,Chandraallowsscientiststo(A)readastopsignfromadistanceof12miles.(B)confirmEinstein’stheoryofrelativity.(C)analyzedatathatcannotbeobtainedonEarth.(D)provethatwormholesexist.

242.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagebelievesthat(A)blackholescannotbeseen,buttheycanbemeasured.(B)Einsteinwasagenius,trulyamanaheadofhistime.(C)thenatureoftheuniversemayneverbefullyunderstood.(D)thesizeofsupermassiveblackholesbogglesthemind.

243.Accordingtothepassage,whenadeadstarcollapses,it(A)becomesunbelievablydenseinmass.(B)emitsmeasurablehigh-energyX-rays.(C)becomesasupermassiveblackhole.(D)reachesatemperatureof180milliondegreesFahrenheit.

244.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthesixthparagraph(lines26–30)that(A)SgrA*hasadiameterofaboutone-fourththedistancebetween

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Earthandthesun.(B)theMilkyWayhasasupermassiveblackholeatitscenter.(C)SgrA*hasamassequivalentto27,000suns.(D)theeventhorizonofablackholeisthesameasitsdiameter.

245.Accordingtothepassage,IsaacNewton(A)firstcoinedthephrase“blackhole.”(B)definedgravityasaforce.(C)discoveredtheMilkyWay.(D)hadasatellitenamedafterhim.

246.Accordingtothepassage,thedifferencebetweenawormholeandablackholeisthat(A)blackholescannotbeseen.(B)blackholesejectmatterouttheotherside.(C)wormholescouldleadtoaparalleluniverse.(D)wormholesarejustafantasy.

247.Inthepassage,theauthorreferstophysicistJohnArchibaldWheelerasbeingbestknownfor(A)Geons,BlackHoles,andQuantumFoam:ALifeinPhysics.(B)confirmingthatEinsteinpredictedblackholes.(C)theinventionoftheradiotelescope.(D)firstusingtheterm“blackhole”inscientificcircles.

248.Themainpointoftheninthparagraph(lines45–52)isthat(A)thereisatleastoneotheruniverseinexistencebesidesours.(B)so-calledwormholeshaveyettobediscovered.(C)blackholescontainthebuildingblocksfornewuniverses.(D)anytheoryaboutwhereablackholemightleadcannotbeproved.

249.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,itcanreasonablybeinferredthatifyouweretoapproachablackholeinaspaceshipandyoutraveledinsidetheeventhorizon,(A)youwouldbeabletoseeifwormholesactuallyexist.(B)youcouldmeasuretheX-raysemittedfromthesingularity.

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(C)thegravitationalpullwouldoverwhelmyou.(D)space-timewouldnolongerexist.

250.WhenDr.Wheelersaysthat“thelawsofphysicsthatweregardas‘sacred,’asimmutable,areanythingbut”(lines56–57),hemeansthatthelawsofphysicsare(A)ignorant.(B)permanent.(C)variable.(D)itinerant.

1Frenchfor“LongliveFrance!”

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PART2

English

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CHAPTER5

Set1EnglishQuestions

Inthepassagesthatfollow,certainwordsandphrasesareunderlinedandnumbered.Eachnumberreferstoaquestionthatoffersalternativesfortheunderlinedwordorphrase.Inmostcases,youaretochoosetheanswerthatbestexpressestheidea,makesthestatementappropriateforstandardwrittenEnglish,oriswordedmostconsistentlywiththestyleandtoneofthepassageasawhole.Ifyouthinkthattheoriginalversionisbest,choose“NOCHANGE.”

Therearealsoquestionsaboutasectionofthepassageoraboutthepassageasawhole.Thesequestionsdonotrefertoanunderlinedportionofthepassage,butareidentifiedbynumbersinboxes.

AlicePaul:SuffragetteSuffragetteAlicePaulwasborninNewJerseyin1885.Shewentonto

foundtheNationalWomen’s dedicateherentirelifetothecausethat

menandwomenshouldbeequalinsociety. raisedasaQuaker,shebelieved,likeallQuakers,ingenderequality.Evenasachild,sheattendedmeetingsoftheAmericanSuffrageAssociation.Paulhadanexceptionallykeenmind.SheearnedaB.A.fromSwarthmoreCollegein1905,anM.A.andaPh.D.fromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniain1907and threelawdegreesfromAmericanUniversity—abachelor,masters,anddoctoroflawinthe1920s.

Paul toEnglandin1907.Itwastherethatshemetthe

militantsuffragetteEmmelinePankhurst,who thatprayersandpetitions

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werenotenoughandthatactionwasneeded. theywerearrestedand

imprisonedseveraltimes,buttheiractionsresultedinnewspaperstoriesthatbroughttheirstruggleoutintotheopen. ,Paulwouldtakecomfort

fromThomasJefferson’swords,“ResistancetotyrannyisobediencetoGod.”[1]PaulreturnedtotheU.S.in1910.[2]Itwasin1916thatshefoundedthe

NationalWomen’sParty.[3]Sheandothersbecamefamousforwhatthepresscalled“SilentSentinels.” [4]Theywerearrestedmanytimes, thetacticbroughtthempublicity,andcedingtothepublicoutcry,PresidentWoodrowWilson hispositionagainstequalrights.[5]Thewomen

wouldstandoutsidetheWhiteHousedayafterdaybearingbannersequalrights.[6]CongresspassedtheNineteenthAmendment:“TherightofcitizensoftheUnitedStatestovoteshall theUnitedStatesorbyanyStateonaccountofsex.”[7]The

andbecamelawonAugust26,1920.

Inthe1920s,Paul tochampionwomen’srights,proposinganEqualRightsAmendmentthatguaranteedabsoluteequality.ShefoundedtheWomen’sWorldPartyin1938,basedinGeneva,Switzerland,andtraveledallovertheworld.SheworkedtoensurethatgenderequalitywasincludedintheUnitedNationsCharter.

TheEqualRightsAmendment(ERA)wasfinallypassedbyCongressin1972.PauldiedonJuly9,1977.

The notbeenratified,needingapprovalbythreemorestatesbeforeitcanbecometheTwenty-eighthAmendment.

251.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Party,and(C)Party;and(D)Partyand,

252.(A)NOCHANGE(B)While(C)When

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(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

253.(A)NOCHANGE(B)1912;and(C)1912:and(D)1912,and

254.(A)NOCHANGE(B)hadtraveled(C)wastraveling(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

255.(A)NOCHANGE(B)believing(C)havingbelieved(D)wasbelieving

256.(A)NOCHANGE(B)After(C)When(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

257.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Wheninprison(C)Afterbeinginprison(D)Whileinprison

258.Thewriterisconsideringrevisingthelastpartoftheprecedingsentence(“forwhatthepresscalled‘SilentSentinels’”)toreadas“fortheirdemonstrations.”Ifthewriterdidthis,theessaywouldprimarilylose(A)Paul’spurposeforthedemonstrations.(B)theideathatPaulwasnotdemonstratingalone.(C)Paul’sdescriptionofthedemonstrations.(D)thenamegiventothedemonstrationsbythemedia.

259.(A)NOCHANGE

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(B)but(C)since(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

260.(A)NOCHANGE(B)reversed(C)wasreversing(D)hasreversed

261.(A)NOCHANGE(B)demanding(C)aredemanding(D)wasdemanding

262.(A)NOCHANGE(B)notbedeniedorabridged,by(C)notbe,deniedorabridgedbystateon(D)notbedeniedorabridgedby

263.(A)NOCHANGE(B)amendmentratified(C)amendmentisbeingratified(D)amendmentisratified

264.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheparagraph,Sentence5shouldbe(A)placedwhereitisnow.(B)placedafterSentence3.(C)placedafterSentence6.(D)OMITTEDfromtheparagraph.

265.(A)NOCHANGE(B)iscontinuing(C)continued(D)willcontinue

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266.(A)NOCHANGE(B)ERAbuthas(C)ERAstillhas(D)ERAthathas

LifeattheSouthPoleTheAmundsen-ScottSouthPoleStationissituatedattheGeographicSouth

PoleontheAntarcticContinent.Itis ontheEarth.ThefacilityisnamedafterthefirsttwomentoreachtheSouthPolejustmonthsapart: theNorwegianexplorerRoaldAmundsen,whoarrivedonDecember14,1911,andRobertF.ScottofGreatBritain,whoreachedtheSouthPoleonJanuary17,1912.Tragically,Scottandhispartydied

ontheirreturnjourney.Itwasn’tuntil1956thattheUnitedStatesopenedaresearchfacilityattheSouthPole.Thecurrentstation,thethirdonthesite,wascompletedin2008andiselevatedonstiltssoitcannotbeburiedbydriftingsnow.

Locatedatanelevationof ,thestationsitsabovea

sheetofice9,000feetthick.Conditionsare ;duringthesixmonthsfromApriltoSeptember,whichiswinterintheSouthPole,thesunnevershinesandthetemperaturefallsto100degreesbelowzero. ,duringthisperiod50orsoscientistsremainatthestation,butduringthesummer,thepopulation toover150.

Inspiteofbeinglocatedinsucharemoteplace,theAmundsen-ScottSouthPoleStationisalivewithnumerousscientificstudies. Thisisbecausethestationisaprimelocationforresearchforanumberofscientificdisciplines,

.

TheMartinA.PomerantzObservatory,knownasMAPO,wasnamedaftertheastronomerwhofirstrealizedthevalueofAntarcticafortelescopesbecauseofitscleaner,thinner ,spendsthelongwinternightsearchingtheskies.Theobservatoryisatwo-storyelevated

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structureandishometoequipmentthatoperatesandsupportsfourprojects:theAntarcticMuonandNeutrinoDetectorArray(AMANDA),theSouthPoleInfraredExplorer(SPIREX),theCosmicBackgroundRadiationAnisotropy(COBRA)experiment,andtheAdvancedTelescopeProject(ATP).

Nearby,theradiotelescopeprobestheuniversefordarkmatter.Notfarfromtheobservatoryistheworld’slargestneutrinodetector.Called isburiedoneandahalfmilesbelowthesurfaceidentifyingneutrinos,charged,subatomicparticlesthatarisefromexplodingstars,blackholes,neutronstarsandtravelatthespeedoflight.Theelectromagneticradiationtheyemitwhentheyhittheiceisanalyzedbycomputersonthesurface.scientistsarehopingtodiscovertheoriginofhigh-energycosmicrays.

Scientistsfromallovertheworld advantageoftheuniqueconditionsthecontinentprovidestoconducttheirresearch.Altogether,30countriesmaintainpermanentorseasonalfacilitiesontheAntarcticIceShelf.

267.(A)NOCHANGE(B)soveryfarsouth(C)justthemostsouthernpoint(D)thesouthernmostpoint

268.(A)NOCHANGE(B)theyhadbeen(C)theywerebeing(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

269.(A)NOCHANGE(B)fromtheverycoldweathertheywerehaving(C)fromnothavingenoughwarmclothes(D)fromthewaytheyhadtotraveloverice

270.(A)NOCHANGE(B)exactlyaround9,306feet(C)about9,306feet(D)9,306feet

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271.Giventhatallofthechoicesaretrue,whichonebestemphasizestheextentofthedifficultyoftheweatherintheSouthPole?(A)NOCHANGE(B)extremelysevereandlife-threatening(C)hardtodealwith(D)freezingcoldmostofthetime

272.WhichofthefollowingalternativestotheunderlinedportionwouldNOTbeacceptable?(A)Asaresult(B)Accordingly(C)Becauseofthis(D)Inspiteofthis

273.(A)NOCHANGE(B)swells(C)grows(D)increases

274.Ifthewriterweretodeletethewordsremoteandnumerousfromtheprecedingsentence,thesentencewouldprimarilylose(A)afeelingthatthestationisopentoeveryone.(B)asuggestionofthenatureofthescientificresearchthatgoesoninthe

station.(C)acontrastbetweenthelocationandthenumberofscientistsworking

there.(D)asenseofwherethestationisinAntarctica.

275.Giventhatallofthechoicesaretrue,whichonebestsupportsthesentence’sclaimabouttheAmundsen-ScottSouthPoleStation’sbeingaprimelocationforanumberofscientificdisciplines?(A)NOCHANGE(B)allofwhichcomefrommanycountries.(C)suchasgeology,biology,astrophysics,andoceanography.(D)butnooneownsthecontinentofAntarctica.

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276.(A)NOCHANGE(B)andanolightpollutionatmosphere,(C)atmospherewithnopollution,(D)atmospherethathasnolightpollutionatall,

277.Atthispoint,thewriterisconsideringaddingthefollowingtruestatement:

Pomerantzwasoneofthepioneersinballoon-bornecosmicrayresearchinthe1940sand1950s.

Shouldthewritermakethisadditionhere?(A)Yes,becauseittellsmoreaboutwhoPomerantzwas.(B)Yes,becauseitfitsinwiththeoverallpointoftheessay.(C)No,becauseitdoesn’ttellenoughaboutwhytheobservatorywas

namedforPomerantz.(D)No,becausetheinformationwouldbeoffthemaintopicofwhatthe

observatorydoes.

278.(A)NOCHANGE(B)IceCube,it(C)IceCube.It(D)IceCube;it

279.(A)NOCHANGE(B)and(C)andaswell,(D)andtoo

280.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Because(C)Asaresult,(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

281.(A)NOCHANGE(B)take(C)hastaken

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(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

282.Ifthewriterweretodeletethephrase“permanentorseasonal”fromtheprecedingsentence,thesentencewouldprimarilylose(A)thefeelingthatmanyscientistsprefernottousethefacilities.(B)thenotionthatmostfacilitiesarepermanent.(C)thesuggestionthatmostscientistsworkduringthewintermonths.(D)theideathatnotallofthescientificfacilitiesoperatefull-time.

ElYunqueElYunqueNationalForestistheonlytropicalrainforestintheUnited

States.Thismarvelousattraction,locatedneartheeasternendofPuertoRico,hasbeenapartoftheU.S.NationalForestService 1903.

PartoftheSierradeLuquilloMountain coversover28,000acres.

Themountainitselfhasanelevationof3,543feetandoffersviewsofthesurroundingareas.

Thename“ElYunque”comesfromaTainoword,Yuque,meaning“whitelands.”TheTaino,whowerenativetotheisland,namedtherainforest“Yuque”becausetherewerealways whitecloudssurroundingthemountain

atthecenteroftheforest.Thesepeoplebelievedthatagodlivedandthathewouldprotectthem.

Climbingupthe visitorscanseeYokahuTower.Atanelevationof1,900feetand70feethigh,thetoweroffersamagnificentpanoramicviewoftheAtlanticOceanandSanJuan,thecapitalofPuertoRico.ElYunque’speak, ,isalmostalways cloudsand

mist,averagesover240inchesofrainayear. ,thereare175treespeciesinElYunque,23ofwhichareonlyfoundthere,and150speciesofferns.ExoticvegetationlikethePaloColoradoPalmandtheGiantTreeFernthrive,anddozensofbrightlycoloredbromeliadvarietiesabound.

Visitorscanexplorethemanyhikingtrailsinthepark,

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.ElYunqueRock,amassiveoutcroppingrisingabove

theforest,isapopulardestination.Otherattractionsincludethemanywaterfallsandrockypools.LaCocaFallshasaspectaculardropof185feet.Thewatertemperatureremainsatabout60degreesallyearround,andvisitorsoftenenjoyadipinthecrystalwatersatitsbasebeforecontinuingtheirhike.

[1]SomanycreaturesaboundinElYunque.[2] hometothePuertoRicanParrot,Amazonavittata,whichisbrightgreen,withwhite-ringedeyesand

abrilliantred.[3]PuertoRicooncewasfilledwiththebird.[4]Conservationeffortsbeganin1968,andtodaytherearemorethan40inElYunqueandover100incaptivity.[5]Butcivilizationencroachedand,bythe1960s,therewereonlytwodozenleft.[6]ElYunquealsohas13speciesofcoquí,thetinytreefrogfoundallovertheisland,andlovedforitsuniquecall,whichsoundslikeitsname.[7]Thecall fromduskuntildawneachnight.ItisasoundthatallPuertoRicanslove.

AvisittoElYunquewillgiveoneasenseofthewaythattheearlyTainopeoplemusthaveviewedthisspecialplace,whichtheythoughtofasmagical;itiscertainlyamust-seeforeveryvisitor.

283.(A)NOCHANGE(B)asfarbackas(C)since(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

284.(A)NOCHANGE(B)RangeElYunque(C)Range.ElYunque(D)Range;ElYunque

285.(A)NOCHANGE(B)longvistas(C)astonishing(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

286.(A)NOCHANGE

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(B)many(C)large(D)billowy

287.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)beforethewordgod.(C)beforethewordand.(D)beforethewordthat.

288.(A)NOCHANGE(B)mountainsslope(C)mountains’slope,(D)mountain’sslope,

289.(A)NOCHANGE(B)whichthewriterhadearlierstatedaboutthemountain(C)whichthereaderlearnedintheprecedingparagraph(D)whichwasmentionedearlieronintheessay

290.(A)NOCHANGE(B)shroudedin(C)coveredupwith(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

291.(A)NOCHANGE(B)However(C)Realistically(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

292.Ifthewriterweretodeletethewordexoticfromtheprecedingsentence,thesentencewouldprimarilylose(A)afirmunderstandingoftheextentofvegetationinElYunque.(B)thecontrastbetweentheformsofvegetationandtreevariety.(C)thethoughtthatElYunquehasmanyformsofvegetation.(D)thesuggestionthatthesearenoteverydayformsofvegetation.

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293.Giventhatallofthechoicesaretrue,whichoneprovidesthemostsignificantnewinformation?(A)NOCHANGE(B)whichareratedatlevelsfromeasytostrenuous.(C)whicharefoundallovertheforest.(D)whichareenjoyedbymanypeople.

294.(A)NOCHANGE(B)It’s(C)Its’(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

295.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterthewordeyes.(C)afterthewordbrilliant.(D)afterthewordred.

296.(A)NOCHANGE(B)continues(C)says(D)declares

297.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheparagraph,Sentence5shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterSentence1.(C)afterSentence3.(D)afterSentence6.

298.Ifthewriterweretochangethepronounonetoyouintheprecedingsentence,thisclosingsentencewould(A)suggestthatthewriteristryingtotellthereaderwhattodo.(B)maketheessay’saudiencefeeluncomfortable.(C)createamoreappealingandpersonaltone.

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(D)indicatethatthewriterisconfused.

TheLifeofAbdulRahmanThestoryofthelifeofAbdulRahmanisastrangeandtragicone.Hewas

bornin in1769.HisfatherwasthekingofFutaJallon,asmallkingdomnearTimbuktu.Abdulwasheirtothethroneandwaseducatedtobea studiedgeography,mathematics,astronomy,andthehistoryandlawsofhiscountry.

.

ThefirstwhitemanAbdul wasJohnC.Cox,anEnglishsurgeonwhotraveledthroughtheirkingdom.CoxbecameillwithmalariaandrecuperatedatthecourtofAbdul’sfather.Coxstayedfor .

Duringthattime,Cox .Whenhefeltbetterand

wantedtoreturntoEngland,theking andsentmentoescorthimsafelytotheship.

[1]Sevenyearslater,Abdul prisonerandsoldasaslavein

Natchez,Mississippi.[2]Abdul, ,workedinthefieldswithotherslaves.[3]JohnCoxhappenedtovisitMississippiandfoundAbdul.[4]Seventeenyearspassed.[5]Hetriedtobuyhisfriend’sfreedom,butwasunsuccessful.

Abdul’smasterwouldnotsellthisslave,his productiveone.Finally,in1829,Abdulandhiswifewerefreedandsentwith160otherAfrican-Americans inLiberia,acountryonthewestcoastofAfrica.Liberiawasanewcountrysetupin1822bytheAmericanColonizationSocietytoprovideahomeforfreedslavesfromAmerica. Abdul’sjobinhisnewcountrywasdevelopingtradeandgoodrelationswithnearbyAfricannations

.

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.Somemenweregiven$7,000ingoldtobringto

Abdul. theyreachedLiberia,theyweretoldthatAbdulwas

dead.UnfortunatelyforAbdul’schildren,theydecidedtoreturnhomewiththegold.

TheAfricanhistorianProfessorKazembehassaid,“ThesadstoryofAbdulRahmansymbolizesthetragedyofslavery.”Thistragedywasrecentlyfeaturedinamade-for-TVmoviethatdepictedtheimportanceofAbdul’slife.

299.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Timbuktu,afamouscityinwesternAfrica,(C)Timbuktu;afamouscityinwesternAfrica(D)TimbuktuafamouscityinWesternAfrica

300.(A)NOCHANGE(B)king;he(C)king—he(D)king.He

301.Whichchoicewouldmosteffectivelyconcludethisparagraph?(A)NOCHANGE(B)Thehistoryofhiscountrywascomplicated.(C)Hewasagoodstudentandbecameknowledgeableaboutmany

things.(D)Islamwasthepredominantreligionofhiscountry.

302.(A)NOCHANGE(B)eversaw(C)everhadseen(D)everhadbeenseen

303.(A)NOCHANGE(B)sixmonths’time(C)sixmonth’stime(D)sixmonthtimes

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304.Giventhatallofthechoicesaretrue,whichchoiceprovidesmoreinformationthatisrelevantandthatmakestherestoftheessayunderstandable?(A)NOCHANGE(B)CoxbecamegoodfriendswithyoungAbdul.(C)Coxmetwithmanydifferentpeople.(D)CoxlearnedaboutIslam.

305.(A)NOCHANGE(B)paidhisfare(C)waspayinghisfare(D)haspaidhisfare

306.(A)NOCHANGE(B)wastaken(C)hadbeentaken(D)taken

307.(A)NOCHANGE(B)whowascalledPrince(C)whomwascalledPrince(D)whichwascalledPrince

308.Whichofthefollowingsequencesofsentencesmakestheparagraphmostlogical?(A)NOCHANGE(B)1,4,2,5,3(C)2,1,3,4,5(D)1,2,4,3,5

309.(A)NOCHANGE(B)most(C)mostest(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

310.(A)NOCHANGE

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(B)tobeliving(C)wholive(D)tolived

311.Ifthewriterweretodeletethephrase“bytheAmericanColonizationSociety,”thepassagewouldloseadetailthat(A)showsthatLiberiansweremagnanimousaboutacceptingfreed

slaves.(B)lendshistoricalaccuracytotheparagraph.(C)iscriticaloftheeffortsofAmericanstocolonizeLiberia.(D)providesanoriginforthemeaningofthewordLiberia.

312.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)aftertheworddeveloping.(C)afterthewordcountry.(D)afterthewordrelations.

313.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Wantingtogethischildrenandgrandchildrenfreefromslaveryin

America,hewrotetohisrelativestogetmoney.(C)TogethischildrenandgrandchildrenfreedfromslaveryinAmerica,

hewantedtowritetohisrelativestogetmoney.(D)Togetmoney,hewrotetohisrelativestofreehischildrenand

grandchildrenfromenslavementinAmerica.

314.(A)NOCHANGE(B)However,before(C)However—before(D)However;before

TsunamisNote:Thefollowingparagraphsmaynotbeinthemostlogicalorder.Eachparagraphisnumbered;question330asksyoutochoosewhereParagraph2wouldmostlogicallybeplaced.

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[1]Tsunamiscanoccurinany areinthePacificOcean,

wherethere manyquakesintheseaandonland.ThePacificOcean

byvolcanoes.Avolcanoorearthquakemaycreateatsunamiintheoceanthousandsofmilesaway.ThemajorityoftsunamisoccurnearHawaii,Alaska,Japan,andtheWestCoastoftheUnitedStates.Theexplosionofthevolcano resultedinatsunamithatkilled36,000peoplemanymilesfromthere.

[2]Imagineawallofoceanwaterreaching100feethigh.Thiswavecrashesontotheshore,crushingbuildingsandwashingthousandsofpeopleouttosea.Scientists atsunami

Itdestroystownsandkillsthousandsofpeople.

Tsunamisarealsoknownastidalwaves,although nothingtodowithactualtides.

[3]Whatcausesthishorrifyingdisaster?Thecausecanbeeitheranunderseaearthquake,calledaseaquake ,oravolcaniceruptionorearthquakeonland.OceanographerPatrickMartinsays,“Atsunamiiscreatedwhenaquakecausesland underwater.”Whenatsunamibegins,itcreates

lowwavesthatspeedalongatupto500milesper thisdoesn’timmediatelycausehugewavestoformoutontheocean.Instead,thesesmallswellsofwaterrushalongandthenturnintoahugewavenearland.Astheoceanbecomes ,thetsunamineartheshorebuildsup,pullingwater

upwithitand theseabottom.Thenthetsunamistrikestheshorewithdevastatingforce.

[4]ThePacificTsunamiWarningCenterinHawaiimonitorsseaquakesandwarningsoftsunamis.Scientistsuseseismographs(machinesthat

detectandmeasurequakes)topredictwhereandwhenatsunamiwillstrike.Thisearlywarningsystemcannotpreventtsunamis,althoughsuccessfulinsavinglives.Oneofthenewestwaystotracktsunamisiswithsatellites.Scientistsusesatellitestotrackthebeginningsandmovementsof

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tsunamisallovertheworld.

315.(A)NOCHANGE(B)oceanmost(C)ocean.Most(D)ocean—most

316.(A)NOCHANGE(B)havebeen(C)willbe(D)are

317.(A)NOCHANGE(B)willbestronglyaffected(C)stronglyaffect(D)canbestronglyaffected

318.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Krakatoa;nearJavain1883,(C)KrakatoanearJava,in1883,(D)Krakatoa,nearJava;in1883.

319.Whichofthechoicesbestemphasizesthedamageatsunamicancause?(A)NOCHANGE(B)callthisterroroftheocean(C)labelthisforceofnature(D)havegivenitaname—

320.(A)NOCHANGE(B).Japanesefor“stormwave.”(C):Japanesefor“stormwave.”(D)Japanesefor“stormwave.”

321.(A)NOCHANGE(B)ithad(C)theyhad

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(D)theyhave

322.Atthispoint,thewriterisconsideringaddingthefollowingtruestatement:

Tidesarecausedbythegravitationalforcesofthesunandmoon.

Shouldthewritermakethisadditionhere?(A)Yes,becauseitinformsthereaderastothecauseoftides.(B)Yes,becauseitreinforcesinthereader’smindthatthewriteris

knowledgeable.(C)No,becauseitcontradictswhatthewriterstatesintherestofthe

paragraph.(D)No,becauseitdistractsthereaderfromthemainfocusofthe

passage.

323.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)beforethewordcalled.(C)afterthewordland(beforetheperiod).(D)beforethewordThe.

324.(A)NOCHANGE(B)shifting(C)toshift(D)havingshifted

325.(A)NOCHANGE(B)hour—however,(C)hour,however,(D)hour,however.

326.(A)NOCHANGE(B)shallower(C)mostshallowest(D)shallow

327.(A)NOCHANGE

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(B)exposed(C)expose(D)exposing

328.(A)NOCHANGE(B)sendout(C)didsendout(D)sendsout

329.(A)NOCHANGE(B)itsbeen(C)itbeen(D)itbe

330.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheessay,Paragraph2shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterParagraph4.(C)afterParagraph3.(D)beforeParagraph1.

DeterminingPersonalityTypesA JosephCampbellgavesomeexcellentand

thought-provokingadviceaboutchoosingacareer. Campbellsaid,“Followyourbliss.”Bythishemeantthatyoushouldletyour interestsandneedsleadyoutoacareerthatyouwillenjoy.Itmaybedifficulttodecidewhichcareer willmake

one’slifehappyandproductive.Careerchoicecanbe .Butmostexpertsinthefieldofcareercounselingagreethatthemostimportantstepyoucantakeistofindacareerthat personality.

AccordingtopsychologistJohnHolland,therearesixbasicpersonality

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typesthatmatchmost sixtypesaretherealistic,theinvestigative,

the social,theenterprising,andtheconventional.Therealistic

personalityisofteninterestedinmachinesandhowtheywork.Thiskindofpersonissuitedtosuchskilledtradesasmachineand computerrepairman,

automechanic,andelectrician.Investigativepeopleenjoyresearchinscienceandotherfields.Artisticpeoplecanbecreativeinavarietyofjobs,suchasinteriordesign,illustration,andclothesdesign.Socialpeoplehaveastrongneedtohelpothersandmakegoodsocialworkers,teachers,andcounselors.Enterprisingpeopleloveadventureandchallenges;theyoftenstarttheirownbusinessesandprefertobemanagersandbosses.Conventionalpeoplefeelmostcomfortableinajobinwhichtheyknowexactlywhatisexpectedofthem.Jobsthatsuittheminclude ,andbanking.Peopleinthe

militaryareoftenbothrealisticandconventional.[1]Manycareersalsocallforacombinationofpersonalitytraits.[2]You

canfindoutwhichtypedescribesyourpersonalitybytakingtheVocationalPreferencesInventory,atestinventedbyHolland.[3] ,manypeoplefindthattheyhaveelementsoftwoormoreofthesepersonalitytypes.[4]Forexample,apsychologistwhotreatspatients’problemsneedstobeinvestigative

social(wantingtohelpothers).[6]Awriterwhoworksinadvertisingmightbebothartisticandenterprising,orbusiness-oriented.

331.(A)NOCHANGE(B)notedthinkernamed(C)noted,thinker,named(D)notedthinker;named

332.Ifthewriterweretodeletethewordsexcellentandthought-provokingfromtheprecedingsentence,thepassagewouldprimarilylose(A)whatthewriter’sopinionisofJosephCampbell’sadvice.(B)whyJosephCampbelltalkedaboutcareerchoice.(C)thereasonwhyJosephCampbellbecameanotedthinker.(D)theideathatyoungpeoplearetroubled.

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333.(A)NOCHANGE(B)deeper(C)mostdeeper(D)deepest

334.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)aftertheworddifficult.(C)aftertheworddecide.(D)afterthewordhappy.

335.Whichchoicebestemphasizestheproblemsofcareerchoiceforyoungpeople?(A)NOCHANGE(B)moststressful(C)confusing(D)uncomfortable

336.(A)NOCHANGE(B)suitedyour(C)suitedtoyour(D)suitsyour

337.(A)NOCHANGE(B)people:the(C)people.The(D)people,the

338.(A)NOCHANGE(B)theartistic.The(C)theartistic;the(D)theartistic,the

339.(A)NOCHANGE(B)as,(C)yet

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(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

340.Thewriterisconsideringaddingthefollowingsentencehere:

Theyhaveastrongneedfororderandrules.

Shouldthewriterincludethesentence?(A)Yes,becauseittellsmoreaboutconventionalpeople.(B)Yes,becauseithelpsthereaderunderstandwhatconventionalpeople

do.(C)No,becauseitcontradictswhattherestoftheessaysaysabout

personalitytypes.(D)No,becauseitdistractsfromtheoverallmessageoftheessay.

341.(A)NOCHANGE(B)clerical,workaccounting(C)clerical,work,accounting(D)clericalwork,accounting

342.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Although(C)Inspiteof(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

343.(A)NOCHANGE(B)(research-oriented):aswellas(C)(research-oriented),aswellas(D)(research-oriented)aswellas

344.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheparagraph,Sentence1shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterSentence3.(C)afterSentence5.(D)afterSentence6.

345.Supposethatthewriterhadsetouttowriteabriefessayontheageat

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whichpeopleshoulddecidewhichaspectofacareerismostimportanttothem.Hasthewriterbeensuccessfulathisgoal?(A)Yes,becausetheessayaddressestheproblemsthatyoungpeople

haveinchoosingacareer.(B)Yes,becausetheessaytalksaboutthedifferentpersonalitytypes.(C)No,becausetheessaydoesn’ttalkaboutthevariousaspectsofa

career,onlypersonalitytypes.(D)No,becausetheessaydoesn’tgointodetailaboutwhichpeopleare

goodatwhichjobs.

RememberingSherbroIslandNote:Thefollowingparagraphsmaynotbeinthemostlogicalorder.Eachparagraphisnumbered;question359asksyoutochoosewhereParagraph2wouldmostlogicallybeplaced.

[1]Bonthewasa bylorryfromJoru,thetownthatIlivedin.Iwasexcitedtoseetheisland,becausemyfriendhadtoldmethattherewerenocarsandeveryonewalkedtotheirdestinations.Itturnedouttobeverypicaresque,withhousesthatwereunusual .Iguessitfloodedalot.Iremembertoothewonderfulbeachesthere.

[2]SherbroIslandislocatedintheAtlanticOcean,offthecoastofWestAfrica.TheprimarytownistheportofBonthe.ItisaccessiblefromthemainlandatMattruJongbyferryalongtheJongRiver.SherbroIslandispartof

SierraLeoneandwasitsfirstcapital,whenitwassettledbytheBritishtowardtheendoftheeighteenthcentury.IlearnedaboutSherbroIslandfromanothervolunteerwhowasstationedtherewhenIwasinthePeaceCorps,teachingEnglishasaSecondLanguage.Idecidedtovisithimandseetheisland.

[3]Twentyyearslater,IdecidedIwouldreturntoSierraLeonetoseewhathadchanged.A hadpreventedmefromgoingearlier.Iknewitwouldbeanostalgictripforme. Bonthewouldbemyfirststopofaten-daytrip.

[4]Ihaddecidedtoforgopublictransportationonmytrip,andbravely

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rentedacarin onthewrongsideoftheroadthere,soit

wouldbeachallenge.Aftertwohours,Iturnedoffthemainroadontoasecondaryroadthatwasunpaved,rough,anduncaredfor.Sectionswerestillerodedfromrainyseason.FromKoribundutoMattruJong,theroadwasevenworse,butIgotthrough.IwasgladI thefour-wheel-driveupgrade.

[5]Theferrywas ,butthe40-minuteridewaspeaceful;themangroveswampswerejustasIremembered.Thesoundofthebirdsinthejunglewascacophonousandmysterious.WeallpiledofftheboatinBonthe.IaskeddirectionsforBontheHolidayVillage,aresortthatwasn’ttherethelasttimeIhadcome,but .Theroomsweresmall,butclean.Afteradeliciousfeastofgroundnutstew,Isleptdeeply.

[6]Thenextday,Iwalkedthroughthesleepytown. Ithadn’tchangedafteralltheseyears.Barefootchildrenranandplayedinthesandystreets.Womenleaned overbigironpots.Thefishermenhadallgoneouttosea.TheAnglicanchurchwasstillthere,lookingasdilapidatedasithadbefore.IwalkedouttoPeninsularBeach.ItwasalljustasIremembered,mileaftermileofpurewhitesand,palmtrees,crystalclearwater.Therewasn’tanothersoulonthebeach.

[7]FaroutatseaIcouldseethefishermencastingtheirnets. IwasgladIhadcome.Lyingonthesand,lookingupatthecloudlessdry-seasonsky,ItappedintoallthememoriesofmylifeasitwassolongagowhenIfirstvisitedtheisland.TomorrowIwoulddriveto nowIwasgoingforaswim.

346.(A)NOCHANGE(B)daystravel(C)days’travel(D)daytravel

347.(A)NOCHANGE(B)becausetheyusedstiltstoputtheirhouseson(C)becausethehousesstoodonstiltsintheground(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

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348.(A)NOCHANGE(B)thecountrythatpeopleknowas(C)thecountryknowntodayas(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

349.Giventhatallofthechoicesaretrue,whichoneprovidesthemostsignificantnewinformation?(A)NOCHANGE(B)difficultyinthecountry(C)situationthatcouldnotberesolved(D)longanddangerouscivilwar

350.Ifthewordnostalgicweredeletedfromtheprecedingsentence,theessaywouldprimarilylose(A)thefactthathewantstoreenlistinthePeaceCorps.(B)whythewriterwaitedsolongtotakethetrip.(C)thereasonforgoingtoBonthe.(D)anideaofwhatthewriterfeelsabouthistrip.

351.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Freetown.They(C)Freetown,they(D)Freetown—they

352.(A)NOCHANGE(B)waschosen(C)haschosen(D)hadchosen

353.Giventhatallofthechoicesaretrue,whichoneprovidesthemostsignificantadditionalinformation?(A)NOCHANGE(B)filledwithpeople,chickens,andchildren(C)hadalotofpeople(D)filledtocapacity

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354.(A)NOCHANGE(B)thatIreadabout(C)thatIhadreadaboutearlier(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

355.Ifthewordsleepyweredeletedfromtheprecedingsentence,theessaywouldprimarilylose(A)anideaofwhatthetownwaslike.(B)thesensethatthewriterwastired.(C)thesuggestionthatresidentsoftennappedduringtheday.(D)theideathatpeopledidnotwalkaroundmuch.

356.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterthewordWomen.(C)afterthewordover.(D)afterthewordpots.

357.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Yet,(C)Moreover,(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

358.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Joru,but(C)Joru—but(D)Joru:but

359.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheessay,Paragraph2shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)beforeParagraph1.(C)afterParagraph3.(D)afterParagraph4.

360.Supposethatthewriterhadwantedtowriteanessaythatcapturedhis

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feelingsaboutaplacethathehadvisitedmanyyearsbefore.Washesuccessfulindoingthat?(A)Yes,becausehehadthechancetorevisithispastandrelivehis

memories.(B)Yes,becausehewasabletodescribeindetailwhathislifewaslike

whileinthePeaceCorps.(C)No,becausehefailedtotellabouthisfeelingsaboutthepast.(D)No,becausetheessaywasnotdescriptiveenough.

BorntoBeaVetstrange,but sinceIwaslittle,Iknew aveterinarian

whenIgrewup.Ijustlovedanimals.IgrewuponasmallfarminMinnesota,andI asthevettreatedasickcowthatwouldn’tgetup.Thevet

gavethecowanIVsalinesolution, andthecowwouldriserightup.Myparentshad34dairycows,buttherewerealsolotsofchickensandgeese.Wehadthreedogsandfourcatsandtwohorsestoo.WhenIwasfive,myfatherletmehelpmilkthecows.

IhelpedhimeverydayuntilIstartedgoingtoschool.Myparents’farmwaswayoutinthecountryandtheschoolbuspickedmeupat6:30inthemorning,

.WhenIwasinhighschool,I

volunteeredatthelocalhumanesociety.Icleanedthe cagesandwashedblankets.Ilearnedhowtogroom.Itookthedogsforwalksandplayedwiththecats.Istuffedenvelopeswithbrochuresaboutbeingafosterparentforyoungpuppiesandkittens.Onweekends,Iwenttothelocalmallwithdogsandcats

neededhomesthatwouldprovideaffectionandlove,andtalkedtopeople,encouragingthemtoadoptapetbecausetheyneededlove.

Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,IwasfortunatetoreceiveascholarshipatState.IfoundthatI anaturalflairforscience,andIenrolledinBiologyandChemistryclasses.Aftermyfirstyear,IdecidedtomajorinBiology.Thatsummer,IfoundalocalanimalhospitalwhereIcouldintern.Ilearnedhowtoperformlabtests,andthetechnicianstaughtmehowtousetheequipmentandinterpretthetestresults.WheneverIcouldfindthetime,I

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returnedhometothe wasanonlychild,andmyparentswerealways

overjoyedtoseeme.[1]Iwasworriedthatitwouldbedifficultformetogetin,becauseIwas

femaleandfromasmallmidwesternfarmingcommunity.[2]Duringmysenioryear,IdecidedtoapplytoaVeterinaryMedicinegraduateschool.[3] ,

IwassurprisedwhenItalkedtooneofthedeanstohearthatthat

graduatingclasswas82%female.[4]So myfingersandsentinmyapplication.[5]Amonthlater,Ireceivedmyacceptanceletter.[6]InfouryearsIwouldbecomeaDoctorofVeterinaryMedicine.

Itwasdifficult,butithappened.Iopenedapracticeinmyhometown,whereIhavesomanyfriendsandwonderfulmemories,andIcouldn’tbehappierinmywork.

361.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Its’(C)It’s(D)They’re

362.(A)NOCHANGE(B)true.Ever(C)trueever(D)true…ever

363.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Ihavebeen(C)Iwillbe(D)Iwouldbe

364.(A)NOCHANGE(B)likedtowatch(C)likedtohavewatched(D)likedtobewatching

365.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe

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(A)whereitisnow.(B)beforethewordwould.(C)afterthewordvet.(D)afterthewordup.

366.Giventhatallofthechoicesaretrue,whichoneprovidesthemostsignificantnewinformation?(A)NOCHANGE(B)whichwasveryearly.(C)soIcouldn’thelp.(D)andthedriveralwayssmiled.

367.(A)NOCHANGE(B)moredirty(C)dirty(D)dirtiest

368.(A)NOCHANGE(B)whom(C)that(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

369.Ifthewriterweretodeletethephrase“becausetheyneededlove”fromtheprecedingsentence,thesentencewouldprimarilylose(A)theideathatthepetsneedaffection.(B)adescriptionofwhatpetsneed.(C)anindicationthatthewriterlovespets.(D)nothing,becausethephraseisredundant.

370.(A)NOCHANGE(B)possessed(C)possessing(D)topossess

371.(A)NOCHANGE(B)farm.I

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(C)farmI(D)farm:I

372.WhichofthefollowingalternativestotheunderlinedportionwouldNOTbeacceptable?(A)Yet(B)Consequently(C)Still(D)Nevertheless

373.(A)NOCHANGE(B)year(C)years’(D)year’s

374.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Icross(C)Iwascrossing(D)Ihadcrossed

375.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheparagraph,Sentence2shouldbe(A)placedwhereitisnow.(B)placedbeforeSentence1.(C)placedbeforeSentence4.(D)OMITTEDfromtheparagraph.

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CHAPTER6

Set2EnglishQuestions

TheAviatrixAmeliaEarhart,bornin1897inAtchison, apioneerintheearly

daysofaviation.Called“theLadyoftheAir,”shewasarolemodeltowomenallaroundtheworld. Ameliawasthefirstwoman,andthesecondpersonafterCharlesLindbergh,toflysoloacrosstheAtlanticOceanin1932,andthefirstwomantoflyalonefromHawaiitoCaliforniain1935.Atatimewhenmendominatedaviation,shewastrulyacelebratedaviatrix.

In1937,Amelia shewantedtobethefirstpersontoflyaroundtheworldattheequator,adistancetotaling29,000miles.

,sheoutfittedatwin-engineLockheedElectra

.Thiswasbeforeradarhadbeeninvented,soshewouldhavetorelyonradiocommunicationfordirection.Realizingshewouldneed recruitedFredNoonan,anexperienced

navigatorwho airroutesacrossthePacificforthefledglingcommercialairlineindustry.

[1]EarhartandNoonansetoutontheirtriponJune1,1937,departingfromMiami,Florida.[2]Theymade wayeastwardand,byearlyJuly,theyhadreachedNewGuinea,havingflown22,000miles.[3]OnJuly2,theytookofffromLaeAirport.[4]Theyhadadistanceofover2,500milestogettoHowland

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Island,atinyuninhabitedisland theU.S.governmenthadbuiltanairfield

andfueltanksforher.[5]TheU.S.CoastGuardhadstationedthecutterItascabytheislandtomaintainradiocontactwiththeplane.[6]Despiteamassivesearch-and-rescueoperationthatcovered250,000squaremiles,notracewaseverfoundoftheplaneoritscrew.[7]Theirplane, washaving

difficultymaintainingradiocontactwiththeItasca;transmissionswerefaintandbrokenbystatic.[8]At8:45thatmorning,Ameliaradioed,“Wearerunningnorthandsouth.”[9]Thosewereherlastwords.

ManypeoplehaveputforththeoriesofAmelia’sdisappearanceandconductedsearches,alltonoavail InAugust,2012,asearchteamusingaremoteoperatingvehicle(ROV)tookpicturesofwhatispurportedtobepartofawheelassembly:astrut,wheel,gear,andfender,foundfarbelowthesurfaceoftheseanearNikumaroroIsland,atinyatolloflessthantwosquaremiles,located400milessouthwestofHowlandIsland.Thenextstepwouldbetosendanunmannedsubmarinetoretrievethe seeiftheydoindeedbelongtoaLockheedElectra,butthathasnothappened.Possiblyoneday,wewillallfindoutwhat toAmeliaEarhartandFredNoonan.

376.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Kansas,was(C)Kansas:was(D)Kansas;was

377.(A)NOCHANGE(B)While(C)Although(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

378.Thewriterisconsideringrevisingthefirstpartofthissentence(“Atatimewhenmendominatedaviation,”)toreadasfollows:

Atatimewhenflyingwasnew,

Ifthewriterdidthis,theessaywouldprimarilylose(A)anindicationthatplaneswerenotverysafeatthetime.

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(B)adetailthathelpsthereaderunderstandhowspecialAmeliaEarhartwas.

(C)adetailthatgivesthereadermoreinformationabouthowpopularaviationwasatthetime.

(D)apossiblyconfusingissueoverwhataviationwaslikeatthetime.

379.(A)NOCHANGE(B)deciding(C)hasdecided(D)decided

380.(A)NOCHANGE(B)WithfundingfromPurdueUniversity(C)AfterfundsweregivenbyPurdueUniversity(D)WithfundsthatcamefromauniversitycalledPurdue

381.(A)NOCHANGE(B)oversizedfueltanksandspecialradioequipment(C)havingoversizedfueltanksandspecialradioequipment(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

382.(A)NOCHANGE(B)help;she(C)helpshe(D)help.She

383.(A)NOCHANGE(B)charting(C)charted(D)charts

384.(A)NOCHANGE(B)his(C)her(D)their

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385.(A)NOCHANGE(B)that(C)where(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

386.WhichofthefollowingalternativestotheunderlinedportionwouldNOTbeacceptable?(A)however(B)since(C)nonetheless(D)nevertheless

387.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheparagraph,Sentence6shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterSentence1.(C)afterSentence9.(D)OMITTEDfromtheparagraph.

388.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterthewordpeople.(C)aftertheworddisappearance.(D)afterthewordsearches.

389.(A)NOCHANGE(B)partsandthen(C)parts,then(D)partsand,then

390.(A)NOCHANGE(B)havehappened(C)werehappening(D)happened

391.Atthispoint,thewriterisconsideringaddingthefollowingtruestatement:

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NoonanjoinedtheMerchantMarinein1906.

Shouldthewritermakethisadditionhere?(A)Yes,becauseitprovidesfurtherdetailsaboutNoonanbeforehewas

lost.(B)Yes,becauseitstrengthenstheideathatNoonanwasaresourceful

person.(C)No,becauseithasnobearingonwhatthepassageismostlyabout.(D)No,becauseitcreatesconfusionaboutwhatNoonanwaslike.

HistoryofAdvertisingNote:Thefollowingparagraphsmaynotbeinthemostlogicalorder.Eachparagraphisnumbered;question406asksyoutochoosewhereParagraph4wouldmostlogicallybeplaced.

[1]Itisthought thatmerchantsdidnotadvertisebeforethetwentiethcentury,butthetruthisthatpeoplewereadvertisingforhundredsofyearsbeforethat.IntheMiddleAges,EuropeanmerchantsreturnedfromtheOrientwithsilkandspicesthathad .peddlingtheirgoodsfromdoortodoor,theyhiredamantorunthroughthestreetsofthecityshoutingthatexoticsilksandspicesfromtheEastcouldbebought. Themanwhoranthroughthestreetswascalleda“crier.”

[2]Veryfewpeoplecouldreadthen,soadvertisingwasdoneexclusivelybycriersformanyyears. paintedsignsforthefrontoftheir

shops.Butinsteadof usedpicturesoftheirmerchandise.Theinventionoftheprintingpressinthefifteenthcenturymeantthatmorepeoplelearnedtoread. printedpostersbecamemorecommonplace

advertisingtools.Thefirstnewspaperadwaspublishedin BostonNews-LetterrananadforahouseforsaleinOysterBay,LongIsland.In1742,BenjaminFranklinpublishedTheGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleforalltheBritishPlantationsinAmericawiththefirstmagazineads.ThefirstadvertisingagencyopenedinPhiladelphiain1843.

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[3]Today,televisiondominatestheadvertisingworld,withtotalrevenuesin2011of$190billion. Internetadsalesaregrowingbyleapsandbounds.Magazineandnewspaperadvertising especiallywiththeadventoftabletcomputersande-readers,asmoreandmorepeoplepreferreadingonelectronicdevices. Althoughthemethodsmayhavechangedand

willcontinuetochange,advertisingone’sproductsiscertainlyheretostay.

[4]In1922,aNewYorkCityradiostation,WEAF(whichlaterbecameWNBC)broadcastthefirstadvertisementonradio,promotinganewapartmentcomplexinJacksonHeights. Andin1941, inNewYorkCity,thefirsttelevisionbroadcastairedonJuly1.Atthistime,advertisingcost$120anhourforaneveningshow.Comparethattotheaveragenetworkcostin2011fora“prime-time”30-secondslotof$110,000.WiththeadventoftheInternetinthe1990s,anotheradvertisingavenueopened.

392.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterthewordis.(C)afterthewordmerchants.(D)afterthewordadvertise.

393.(A)NOCHANGE(B)nevereverseenbefore(C)neverbeenseenbefore(D)neverseenbefore

394.(A)NOCHANGE(B)While(C)Inspiteof(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

395.Ifthewriterweretodeletethewordexoticandthephrase“fromtheEast”fromtheprecedingsentence,thesentencewouldprimarilylose(A)thereasoningbehindtheuseofacrier.(B)thesuggestionthattheitemswerenoteasilyobtained.

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(C)theideathatEasternsilksandspiceswerecommonplace.(D)acomparisonbetweenthesilkandthespices.

396.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Latermerchants’(C)Later,merchant’s(D)Later,merchants

397.(A)NOCHANGE(B)wordsthey(C)words.They(D)words;they

398.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Consequently,(C)However,(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

399.(A)NOCHANGE(B)1704.The(C)1704the(D)1704—the

400.Thewriterisconsideringrevisingtheprecedingsentencetoreadasfollows:

Nowadays,televisiongetsagreatdealofrevenuefromadvertising.

Ifthewriterdoesthis,theessaywouldprimarilylose(A)afeelingforwhichkindofadvertisingisthemostlucrative.(B)anactualideaoftheamountofmoneythatisspentontelevision

advertising.(C)theideathattelevisionadvertisingmightbereplacedbyInternet

advertising.(D)theconceptthatpoliticaladvertisingisincreasing.

401.(A)NOCHANGE

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(B)havedeclining(C)beendeclining(D)hasdeclined

402.Ifthewriterweretodeletethephrase“especiallywiththeadventoftabletcomputersande-readers”fromtheprecedingsentence,thesentencewouldprimarilylose(A)thereasonwhymagazineandnewspaperadvertisingrevenueshave

declined.(B)anawarenessofwhypeopleprefertabletcomputersande-readers.(C)aknowledgeofhowmuchrevenuehasbeenlostbymagazinesand

newspapers.(D)theideathatpeoplearewhimsicalwhenitcomestowatching

advertisements.

403.(A)NOCHANGE(B)muchlikely(C)likelier(D)mostlikely

404.Atthispoint,thewriterisconsideringaddingthefollowingtruestatement:

JacksonHeightsisacommunityinQueens,oneofNewYorkCity’ssixboroughs,andisknownforitsgardenapartmentbuildings.

Shouldthewritermakethisadditionhere?(A)Yes,becauseitinformsthereaderaboutwhatJacksonHeightsis

knownfor.(B)Yes,becauseitinformsthereaderthatthewriterknowshowmany

boroughsthereareinNewYorkCity.(C)No,becausetheinformationdoesnotfitinwiththemainfocusofthe

paragraph,whichisabouthowadvertisingevolved.(D)No,becausethereadercouldbeconfusedbytheinformationabout

howmanyboroughsthereareinNewYorkCity.

405.(A)NOCHANGE(B)too

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(C)also(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

406.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheessay,Paragraph4shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)beforeParagraph1.(C)beforeParagraph2.(D)beforeParagraph3.

407.Supposethewriterhadintendedtowriteabriefessayshowinghowimportantadvertisinghasbeenthroughouthistory.Wouldthisessaysuccessfullyfulfillthewriter’sgoal?(A)Yes,becausetheessayshowshowintegraladvertisinghasbeensince

earlytimeswhensomeonewantedtosellsomething.(B)Yes,becausetheessayshowshowmuchincomewasmadefrom

advertisinginthepastandinmoderntimes.(C)No,becausethefocusoftheessayisonincomeratherthanthe

historyofadvertising.(D)No,becausetheessayfailstocoverfullywhyadvertisingcameinto

existence.

TheSiouxNationSouthDakotawasthehomeofthegreatSiouxNation.Inall,therewere

about20,000Siouxinthreegroups,theLakota,Dakota,and14differenttribesthroughouttheGreatPlains.Theywere

nomadsridingtheplainsonhorsesthatwerebroughttothiscountrybytheSpanishconquistadorHernanCortésin1519.ThehorseswereagreathelptotheSiouxastheytraveledabouthuntingthebuffalo. theycouldeasilytransporttheirteepeesandequipmentfromplacetoplace.

TheSiouxpeopleweretheirownmasters, .Theirlives

werebasedonhunting,gathering fortheiryoung.Childrenwereconsideredspecialandwerecalledwakanisha,orsacredones.

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TheSiouxpasseddowntotheirchildrenthestoriesthatwerethefoundationoftheircivilization.Theircentralbeliefwastheprincipleoflivinginharmonywithnatureandtheenvironment.TheareaknownastheBlackHillswasconsideredholyground.Throughtheirrelationshipwithnature,

,theSiouxdevelopedauniqueand

sophisticatedculture.[1]Theirconnectionwithnatureismostevidentinstoriesthat

downgenerationaftergeneration,andthatarestilltoldonthereservationstoday.[2]ThesestoriesaremeanttoexplaintheoriginsoftheworldandtheSioux’srelationshiptotheseorigins.[3]Atypicalstorytellshowtherainbow

.[4]Itwassaidtobemadefromcolorfulsummerflowersthatdieinthefall.[5]Theyoungartistranoutofpaint,sotheloonsaregray,asthestorygoes.[6]Anotherexplainswhyduckshavesomanydifferent-coloredfeathers.[7]AnIndianbravepaintedthemandeachoneis, ,different.[8]

Manyoftheirstoriesareaboutthebuffalo,whichwas oftheirlivesandculture.[9]Thebuffaloprovidedthemwitheverythingfromfoodtoclothingtohousing.[10]ItwasalsothebasisofmanyoftheSioux’smythsandlegends.

Duringthemid-1800s,thecultureoftheSioux,whichwasnomadicandcenteredonthebuffaloandthehorse,increasinglyconflictedwiththecultureofthewhiteman,whichwas .TensionsflaredwhengoldwasdiscoveredintheBlackHillsin1874byanexpeditionledbyGeorgeCuster.TheU.S.governmentofferedtheSioux$6millionfortheBlackHills,whichwasrefused.Aseriesofbattlesensued, intheBattleoftheLittleBighorninGreasyGrass,Montana.OnJune25,1876,GeneralCusterandover200soldiersofthe7thU.S.ArmyCavalryRegimentperishedfightingtheSioux ,andtheirallies,theCheyenne.Thevictorywasshort-lived,however,asothersoldiersinvadedthehuntinggroundsoftheSioux.Withinfiveyears,alltheSiouxandCheyennewouldberestrictedtolivingonreservations.

TodaytheSioux arenewedsenseofpride.Childrenaretaught

customsandlanguage.NativeAmericanartistsproducebuffalohide

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paintings,beadwork,andpottery.In2012,over$9millionwasraisedbyHollywoodstarsandmusicians,andthereveredandsacredsiteofPe’SlaintheBlackHillswasreacquired. ThegreatSiouxNationcanonceagainhostannualceremoniesatthesitethatiscentraltotheLakotaCreationMyth.

408.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Nakota,comprising(C)Nakota,comprised(D)Nakota,

409.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Thesehorses,(C)Inusingthesehorses,(D)Withthesehorses,

410.Giventhatallofthechoicesaretrue,whichoneprovidesthemostsignificantnewinformation?(A)NOCHANGE(B)withoutanyrestraintsonthem.(C)roamingfreelyastheypleased.(D)withnoplacetocallhome.

411.(A)NOCHANGE(B)foodstuffs.Andcaring(C)foodstuffs,andcaring(D)foodstuffsandcaring

412.(A)NOCHANGE(B)andparticularlytheanimalstheyhunt,(C)inparticularlytheanimalstheyhunted,(D)andparticularlywiththeanimalstheyhunted,

413.(A)NOCHANGE(B)havebeenhanded(C)werebeinghanded(D)arebeinghanded

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414.(A)NOCHANGE(B)comestobe(C)cametohavebeen(D)cametobeing

415.(A)NOCHANGE(B)consequently,(C)consequencely,(D)withconsequence,

416.(A)NOCHANGE(B)anintegralpart(C)abigpart(D)anoccurringpart

417.Forthesakeoflogicandcoherenceoftheparagraph,Sentence5shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)beforeSentence2.(C)afterSentence3.(D)afterSentence7.

418.(A)NOCHANGE(B)industryandagriculturalbase(C)industriallyandagriculturallybased(D)basedonindustryandagriculture

419.(A)NOCHANGE(B)culminating(C)cascading(D)collaterally

420.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedphrasewouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterthewordRegiment.(C)atthebeginningofthesentence.

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(D)afterthewordsoldiers.

421.(A)NOCHANGE(B)had(C)have(D)arehaving

422.(A)NOCHANGE(B)thenative(C)thenatives’(D)native

423.Atthispoint,thewriterisconsideringaddingthefollowingtruestatement:

Pe’Slawasconsideredtobe“TheHeartofEverythingThatIs”bytheSioux.

Shouldthewritermakethisadditionhere?(A)Yes,becauseitinformsthereaderhowtheSiouxfeelaboutPe’Sla.(B)Yes,becauseitshowsthereaderthatthewriterdidalotofresearch.(C)No,becauseitdistractsthereaderfromthemainfocusofthe

paragraph.(D)No,becauseitcontradictsthewriter’sstatementinthefollowing

sentence.

AMemoryofMarcoandPoloNote:Thefollowingparagraphsmaynotbeinthemostlogicalorder.Eachparagraphisnumbered;question438asksyoutochoosewhereParagraph3wouldmostlogicallybeplaced.

[1]OnesunnyandhotafternooninJulywhenIwas12,I inthebackyardofourhouse,whenIspottedtwosmallturtlesslowlywalkingthroughthe wereaboutaninchorsoacross.Theyhadahardshellthatwasgreenwithlittleyellowstripes.Excitedly,Iranintothehousetotellmymother.

Wecameoutafewminuteslaterandfoundtheturtlesloungingonsome

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rocksbyourgarden.Theywereclearlysunningthemselves.[2]Mymomlookedtheturtlesuponhercomputer.

theybelongedtoaspeciesofturtlecalledtherivercooter.The

species riversandwetlands,andsinceourhousewaslessthanahalf

milefromtheSatillaRiver,that wheretheyhadcomefrom.Wereadthatcootersoftencouldbedomesticatedaspets

tosupportthem.Sincewehadanaquariuminourhouse,Ibeggedmymomtoletuskeepthem.Sheagreed,ontheconditionthatI fortakingcareofthem.Icarefullypickedtheturtlesupandcarriedthemtotheaquarium.

[3]Wehada100-gallonfishtankinthehouse.Mymotherwasreallyintofish.Shehadneontetrasandknifefish,butherfavoriteweretworedbettas.Liftingupthelid,Igentlyslippedtheturtlesintothewarmwater.Theyseemedhappyandquickly around.Theydidn’tchasethefishandthefishdidn’tseemtomindtheturtles.Ireadsomemoreaboutmyrivercooters.Ilearnedthattheywereherbivorous,whichmeanstheyateplants. Itooksomelettucefromtherefrigeratorandcutitintolittlepieces.Theywereclearlyhungryandgobbleditallup.

[4]InamedmyturtlesMarcoandPolo.SinceIdidn’tknowiftheyweremaleorfemale,Idecidedonthenamesfrommyfavoriteswimmingpoolgame.Iwenttothepetstoreandgotturtlefood.Imadeabaskingareaoutofsomebarkandfloateditonthesurfaceofthewater.Theyloved undertheheatlamp.Asthesummerworeon,MarcoandPologrew,andlittlepiecesoftheircarapace,orshell,wouldcomeoffandnewshellwouldreplaceit.

[5]Schoolbeganagain.Icamehomeeverydayandfedtheturtles.Theyweregrowing .Ireadthattherivercootercouldmeasureasmuchas13inchesacrossasanadult.They

muchtoobig,evenforourenormousfishtank.IwenttomymomandwediscussedthefutureforMarcoandPolo.Therewasonlyonethingtodo.Togetherweputmyturtlesintoashoeboxandwalkeddowntotheedgeoftheriver.Iputthemonarock.Theyseemedtolookbackatmeandthenquietly

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slippedintothewater. butIknewitwasbestforthem.Onenightafewmonthslater,Ihadadream.IdreamtthatMarcowaspregnant.ShewouldhaveababyturtleinthespringandshethankedmefortakingcareofherandPolo.IfeltproudthatIhadhelpedthem.

424.(A)NOCHANGE(B)didplay(C)wasplaying(D)couldplay

425.(A)NOCHANGE(B)grass—they(C)grassthey(D)grass.They

426.Ifthewordexcitedlyweredeletedfromtheprevioussentence,theessaywouldprimarilylose(A)asuggestionthatthewriterwasafraid.(B)adetailthatchangesthemeaningofthesentence.(C)evidencethatthewriterdidnotliketheturtles.(D)supportfortheprevioussentence.

427.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Fromtheirmarkings,itappears(C)Itappears,fromtheirmarkings(D)Fromtheirmarkingsitappeared

428.(A)NOCHANGE(B)claims(C)inhabits(D)dominates

429.(A)NOCHANGE(B)musthavewas(C)musthavebeen

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(D)mustbeen

430.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedphraseis(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterthewordthem.(C)aftertheworddomesticated.(D)beforethewordWe.

431.(A)NOCHANGE(B)wouldberesponsible(C)areresponsible(D)wasresponsible

432.(A)NOCHANGE(B)starttoswim(C)startedswimming(D)startsswimming

433.Atthispoint,thewriterisconsideringaddingthefollowingtruestatement:

Ialsoreadthatyoungturtleslovetoeatfreshlettuce.

Shouldthewritermakethisadditionhere?(A)Yes,becauseittellswhatkindofplantturtleswilleat.(B)Yes,becauseitinformsthereaderthatthewriterneededtocutthe

lettuceup.(C)No,becausethewriterpreviouslystatedthattheturtlesateplants.(D)No,becauseitdistractsthereaderanddoesn’tfitlogicallyinthe

passage.

434.(A)NOCHANGE(B)lain(C)lying(D)tolay

435.(A)NOCHANGE(B)veryfast,nearlythreeinchesindiameter.

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(C)veryfast.Theywerenearlythreeinchesindiameter.(D)veryfast,buttheywerenearlythreeinchesindiameter.

436.(A)NOCHANGE(B)wouldbecome(C)wouldhavebecome(D)wouldbebecoming

437.Whichofthefollowingchoicesbestemphasizeshowthewriterrespondedtolettingtheturtlesgofree?(A)NOCHANGE(B)Ifeltalittlefunny.(C)Itwasoddatfirst.(D)Itwasn’tsobadafterthat.

438.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheessay,Paragraph3shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)beforeParagraph1.(C)beforeParagraph2.(D)afterParagraph4.

439.Supposethatthewriterhadintendedtowriteabriefessayaboutachild’slearningtoacceptthefactthatlifeisoftenfullofchange.Wouldthisessaysuccessfullyfulfillthatgoal?(A)Yes,becausetheessayshowsthatthewriterfeltthatthemotherwas

agoodparent.(B)Yes,becausetheessayshowsthatthewriteracceptedthelossofthe

turtlesbyhavingapositivedream.(C)No,becausethefocusoftheessaywasprimarilyonrivercooters.(D)No,becausetheessaywasnotaboutchange,butasummerinthelife

ofayoungboy.

Superman

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,peoplehaveenjoyedmythsaboutheroeswithamazingpowers.TheancientGreekshadHerculeswithhismightystrength.TheMiddleAgesproducedBeowulf,afearlesswarriorwhodefeatedthemonsterGrendel.PaulBunyanwasagiantlumberjackinearlyAmericanfolklorewho

ofmight.ButthesuperherotoendallsuperheroeswasSuperman.ThecomicbookheroSupermanwascreatedbytwoimaginative17-year-oldsnamedJerrySiegelandJoeShusterin1933. Hewasthefirstsuperhero.Withhisspecialpowers, .Originally,Supermancouldn’tfly,buthecouldleapaneighthofamileatatime.Thatwasfastenoughtocatchacriminal.HehadX-rayvisionandsupersharphearing, toolsfortrackingdowncriminals.Astimewenton,hewasgivenmorepowers,includingtheabilitytofly.Hecouldtravelthroughtimeatthespeedoflight.BytheendofWorldWarII,Superman

anuclearblastunharmed. Supermantookthe

identityof newspaperreporterClarkKent.OrdinarypeoplesawthemselvesinClarkKent.Theysawinjusticeandsufferingallaroundthemandfelthelplessaboutit.

ButwhenClarkKenttookoffhistieandbusinessshirt theblue-and-red-capeduniformofSuperman,everyreaderfeltathrill.Thiswastheperfectwayforordinarypeopletofeelpowerful.Theycouldfeel

Superman,fightingfortheinnocentand againstthevillainsoftheworld.AsSupermansaid,“Thereisarightandawrongintheuniverseandthatdistinctionisnothardtomake.”*

Americansweren’ttheonlyonestofollowtheadventuresoftheManofSteel.Supermanbecamepopularallaroundtheworld.Fromhisoriginasacomicbookhero,Supermanmovedontoradioandthentelevisionandmovies.

Hecanbefoundincartoonsandcomputergames.HisadventureshavebeenrecordedonaudiotapesandDVDs.WhyhasSupermanstayedpopularfornearly80years?Otheractionheroeshavecomeandgone, Supermanhas

remainedafavorite.Somepeople thatSupermancaresaboutpeople.Hewantstoprotectordinarypeopleagainstevil.TomanyAmericans,SupermanstandsforthevaluesandbeliefsthatAmericanscare

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about.Supermanrepresents

440.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Intime(C)Throughouttime(D)Allalongtime

441.(A)NOCHANGE(B)becameasymbol(C)becomingasymbol(D)isbecomingasymbol

442.Ifthewordimaginativeweredeletedfromtheprevioussentence,theessaywouldprimarilylose(A)asuggestionthatJerrySiegelandJoeShusterweretalented.(B)evidencethatJerrySiegelandJoeShusterworkedtogether.(C)ahintaboutSuperman’snature.(D)evidencethatSupermanwascreatedasajoke.

443.Giventhatallthechoicesaretrue,whichonebestsupportsthesentence’sclaimsaboutSuperman’spowers?(A)NOCHANGE(B)hecouldovercomeanyproblems.(C)hewasbetterthaneveryoneelse.(D)hehadthechancetodefendhimself.

444.(A)NOCHANGE(B)whichwerehandy(C)whichcouldbeexcellent(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

445.(A)NOCHANGE(B)couldevensurvive(C)couldevensurvives(D)wouldhaveevensurvived

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446.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Forinstance(C)Therefore(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

447.Ifthewriterweretodeletethewordmild-mannered,thesentencewouldprimarilylose(A)acomparisonbetweenSupermanandothersuperheroes.(B)adetailthatstresseshowordinarypeoplefeelaboutSuperman.(C)thesuggestionthatSupermanandClarkKentweresimilarinnature.(D)acontrasttothepowersofSuperman.

448.(A)NOCHANGE(B)toreveal(C)andrevealing(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

449.(A)NOCHANGE(B)asiftheywere(C)asthoughthey’dbe(D)althoughtheywere

450.(A)NOCHANGE(B)servile(C)rejected(D)helpless

451.Atthispoint,thewriterisconsideringaddingthefollowingtruestatement:

ThefilmSupermanReturnswasreleasedtocriticalacclaimin2006.

Shouldthewritermakethisadditionhere?(A)Yes,becauseitprovidesanimportantdetailfortheparagraph.(B)Yes,becauseitreinforcestheparagraph’sstatementthatSupermanis

inmovies.(C)No,becauseitdistractsattentionfromtheparagraph’sfocusonthe

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differentmediaSupermanappearsin.(D)No,becauseitisn’ttimelyinformation.

452.WhichofthefollowingalternativestotheunderlinedportionwouldNOTbeacceptable?(A)besides(B)nevertheless,precededbyasemicoloninsteadofacommaand

followedbyacomma(C)yet(D)however,precededbyasemicoloninsteadofacommaandfollowed

byacomma

453.(A)NOCHANGE(B)thinkwhythereasonis(C)thinkthatis(D)thinkwhichthereasonis

454.(A)NOCHANGE(B)apparently(C)truly(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

455.Ifthewriterweretodeletethequotationmarksaroundthephrase“truth,justice,andtheAmericanway,”thesentencewouldprimarilyloseafeaturethatsuggests(A)thewriterisputtingwordsinSuperman’smouth.(B)thosewordsarewhatSupermanlivesfor.(C)thewordsareadirectquotefromSuperman.(D)Supermandoesn’tbelieveinthosewords.

SojournerTruthSojournerTruthwasoneofthe leadersAmerica

hasproduced.Althoughtherearenorecordsofherbirth,historiansbelievethatSojournerwasprobablybornin1797inUlsterCounty,NewYork.Wedoknow

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thatthisAfrican-AmericanwasbornaslavenamedIsabellaBaumfree.Shewassoldawayfromherparents .Shetookthename

SojournerTruth bytheNewYorkStateEmancipationActof

1827.Hernewnamerepresentedthe shelivedandfought.

SojournermovedtoNewYorkCity,whereshebegantoworkwithorganizationsthathelpedwomen.Later,she aleading

abolitionistwhofoughtagainstslavery.Fightingforfreedomandforequalityforwomen,SojournerTruthbecamealeaderinthesestruggles.In1850,shepublishedTheNarrativeofSojournerTruth:ANorthernSlave.Herbookprovidedasmallincome,andshe tospeakaboutanti-slavery

and topics.

Sojournerwasapowerfulspeakerwithaquickwitandstrongpresence.Shedrewhugecrowdswithherspeeches.Neverintimidatedbyopposition,SojournerTruthwasalwayslookingforpeople shecouldconvinceofthetruth.Assheoncesaid,“Ifeelsafeinthemidstofmyenemies,forthetruthisallpowerfulandwillprevail.”Hermostfamousspeech,“Ain’tIa

givenin1851atawomen’srightsconventioninOhio.IturgedthoseattheconventionnottoignoretheplightofAfrican-Americanwomen.

[1]Thisbravewomanchallengedinjustice .[2]OneexamplewasherfightforthedesegregationofpublictransportationinWashington,D.C.[3]WhenalltheslaveswereliberatedaftertheCivilWar,SojournerworkedintheFreedmen’sBureau.[4]Oneday,Sojournerandawhitewomanwerewalkingdownthestreetandbecametired.[5]EventhoughtheWashingtonstreetcars ,theyremainedsegregated.[6]Sojournerhadherfriendhailthetrolley,andtheybothgoton.[7]AconductorgrabbedSojournerandtriedtokeepherfromgettingon.[8]Hegrabbedher heinjuredhershoulder.[9]Sojournertookthetrolleycompanytocourtandreceived$125indamages,alargeamountinthosedays.[10]Thisgovernmentagencywassetuptohelpformerslaveslearnskills.[11]Theconductorwasfired.[12]Thenextday,thetrolleysystemwasdeclaredopentoallpassengers. Sojournerlivedalongandproductivelifeandwon

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muchrespectandadmiration.SheevenspokebeforePresidentLincoln.Ageandillhealthcausedher thelecturecircuit.ShespentherlastdaysinBattleCreek,Michigan,whereshediedin1883.

In2009,SojournerTruthbecamethefirstAfrican-AmericanwomantohaveabustintheU.S.Capitol.ThestatueisinEmancipationHall,namedinhonorofalltheslaveswhoworkedontheconstructionoftheCapitol.

456.(A)NOCHANGE(B)moreremarkablewoman(C)mostremarkablewomen(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

457.Giventhatallthechoicesaretrue,whichoneprovidesthemostsignificantnewinformation?(A)NOCHANGE(B)whenshewasyoung(C)whileshewasstillgrowing(D)whenshewasonlynineyearsold

458.(A)NOCHANGE(B)whenshewasfreed(C)aftershewasfreed(D)aftershewasfreer

459.(A)NOCHANGE(B)idealsforwhich(C)ideals:forwhich(D)idealsunderwhich

460.(A)NOCHANGE(B)aprofusionof(C)ascarcityof(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

461.(A)NOCHANGE(B)wouldbecome

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(C)wasbecoming(D)wouldhavebecome

462.(A)NOCHANGE(B)ofteninvited(C)wasofteninvited(D)wasoftinvited

463.(A)NOCHANGE(B)women’srights(C)womens’rights(D)women’sright

464.(A)NOCHANGE(B)ofwho(C)that(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

465.(A)NOCHANGE(B)woman”?,was(C)woman?,”was(D)woman?”was

466.(A)NOCHANGE(B)whenshesawthem(C)whenevershesawthat(D)whenevershesawit

467.(A)NOCHANGE(B)weresupposedtobeenintegrated(C)weresupposedtohavebeenintegrated(D)weresupposedtohavebeenintegrate

468.(A)NOCHANGE(B)sohardlythat(C)soharderthat

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(D)somuchhardthat

469.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceofthisparagraph,Sentence10shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)afterSentence1.(C)afterSentence3.(D)beforeSentence6.

470.(A)NOCHANGE(B)havingretiredfrom(C)retiredfrom(D)toretirefrom

OnMotherhoodNote:Thefollowingparagraphsmaynotbeinthemostlogicalorder.Eachparagraphisnumbered;question484asksyoutochoosewhereParagraph2wouldmostlogicallybeplaced.

[1]Letusconsidermotherhood. ThereisnogreaterjoyonPlanetEarth. thereareendlessdutiestothejob,therewardsarenumerous.Still,withthefast-pacedlifestylesocommontoday,motherscanfeelchallengedbyexternalsocietalfactors,likepeerpressureandentertainmentmedia.

itissometimesdifficulttobepatient.AsurveybythePew

ResearchCenterin2007 that70percentofadultssurveyedsaiditwashardertobeamothertodaythanitwasinthe1970sor1980s.

[2]WhenmysoncalledtoaskifIcoulddropoffhistrackuniformforanunscheduledtrackmeetthatafternoon,Iracedtotheschooltogiveitto

outwhattimehewouldneedtobepickedupafterwards.Iarrivedandaskedthesecretaryifshecouldcallhimtotheoffice.Classeswerejustfinishingandthehall withhighschoolstudents.Whenmyson

sawme,hisfaceatoncelitupwithahugesmile. hisuniformand

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gavemetheinformationaboutpickuptimes,hejustkeptsmilingasifwehadn’tmetinages andhewasreallygladtoseeme.Hedidn’tseemtobeembarrassedatallaboutbeingthereinthehighschool

talkingtohismother.Infact,heseemedquite

proud.TheharriedpaceI’dbeenkeepingfellawayasIenjoyedthissmallmoment.ThatsmilebrightenedtherestofmydayeverytimeIthoughtofit.

[3]Sometimeswedon’talwaysfeelthe ofbeingamother.ButIrememberoneincidentthatbroughttomindhowspecialmotherhoodis.I

averybusyday.Itwasfilledwithadoctor’sappointment,ameetingwithmydaughter’steacher,moundsofworkattheoffice,deadlines,and therewasstillgroceryshoppingtobedone.Careerandmotherhoodwereonacollisioncourse.

[4]IthinkmotherhoodissummedupbestbyalinefromKarenMaezenMiller’sbookMommaZen:WalkingtheCrookedPathofMotherhood:“Thelifeofthemotheristhelifeofthechild:youaretwoblossomsonasinglebranch.”Myson’ssmilebroughtbackthosewordstome,andmyjoywas .

471.Ifthewriterweretochangethepronounustomeintheprecedingsentence,thisopeningsentencewould(A)takeonalessformaltone.(B)indicatethatthewriterfeelsisolated.(C)showthatthetopicisnotpersonal.(D)suggestthatthewriterhasstrongfeelings.

472.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Because(C)Moreover,(D)While

473.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Asanexample,(C)Considering(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

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474.(A)NOCHANGE(B)found(C)wasfinding(D)wasfound

475.(A)NOCHANGE(B)him.Andtofind(C)himandfind(D)him,andfind

476.(A)NOCHANGE(B)filled(C)werefilled(D)wasfilling

477.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Whiletaking(C)Afterhetook(D)Ashewastaking

478.Thewriterisconsideringrevisingtheprecedingpartofthesentence(“asifwehadn’tmetinages”)toreadasfollows:

asifwehadn’tseeneachotherinalongtime

Ifthewriterdidthis,thepassagewouldprimarilylose(A)nothingofsignificance,sincetheymeanthesamething.(B)adetailthataddsdepth,astheexpression“ages”connotesan

extremelylongtime.(C)apointthathelpssetthetimeandplaceofthepassage.(D)anindicationthatthemotherfeelsoldaroundherson.

479.Thebestplacementfortheunderlinedportionwouldbe(A)whereitisnow.(B)atthebeginningofthesentence,withacapitalW.(C)afterthewordembarrassed.

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(D)afterthewordmother.

480.(A)NOCHANGE(B)laxity(C)confluence(D)loquaciousness

481.(A)NOCHANGE(B)hadbeenhaving(C)hadbeen(D)having

482.(A)NOCHANGE(B)pressure:plus(C)pressureplus(D)pressure,plus

483.WhichofthealternativestotheunderlinedportionwouldNOTbeacceptable?(A)infinitesimal(B)impressive(C)boundless(D)never-ending

484.Forthesakeofthelogicandcoherenceoftheessay,Paragraph2shouldbeplaced(A)whereitisnow.(B)atthebeginningofthepassage.(C)afterParagraph3.(D)afterParagraph4.

485.Supposethatthewriterhadintendedtowriteabriefessayshowingwhythesimplestandlittlestthingsinlifecansurpriseanybodyandchangethecourseofthings.Wouldthisessaysatisfythatgoal?(A)Yes,becausetheessayshowsthatthewriterfinallylearnedhowtobe

agoodparent.

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(B)Yes,becausetheessayshowsthatherson’ssmilingatherinschoolwassounexpectedbut,atthesametime,sojoyful,thatherstressdissolved.

(C)No,becausethefocusoftheessayisonhowharditistobeamotherthesedays.

(D)No,becausetheessayisnotabouther,butabouthowmotherhoodisdifferentnowthanitwasinsimplertimes.

TheAmericanCowboyCowboysareanintegralpartofourhistory. thefirstcowboysin

NorthAmericaweretheMexicanvaqueros.Vaqueromeans“cattledriver”inSpanish.Thevaqueroswereveryskilledonhorsebackandhadbeenherdingcattlesincethesixteenthcentury,whentheconquistadors(soldiersoftheSpanishEmpire)arrivedfromSpain withhorsesandcattle.ManyAnglos,or ,movedintoTexasbeginningin1821.Theycame

toroundupthecattlethat ontheplains.Atthattime,TexaswaspartofMexico.

whentheMexicangeneralSantaAnnawasdefeated.

theAnglostookovertheranchesthattheMexicanownerswhentheyfledtoMexico.TheAngloshiredthevaquerostoteachthemthecattlebusiness. .TheyalsogavetheEnglishlanguagenewnamesforcowboys’equipmentandactivities.Haciendawastheestate.Ranchowastheranch,andtherancheroworkedontheranch.Theleatherpantscalled“chaps,”whichcowboys theirlegswhileriding,gottheirnamefromtheSpanishwordchaparajos.SomanyAnglosmispronouncedthewordvaquero buckaroo,anothernamefor

cowboy.Thelariatthat toropecattlegotitsnamefromtheSpanishlareata,whichmeans“thelongrope.”RodeocamefromtheSpanishwordrodear,whichmeans“toroundupcattle.”Thefunnyslangwordfor

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hoosegowwasagarbledversionoftheSpanishwordfor

“courtroom,”juzgado(pronounced/hooz-GAH-doh/).manyflockedtotheWestforanew

life.Thecowboybecameasymboloffreedom,livingontheopenrange,sleepingunderthestars. thecowboyrepresentedaruggedindividualism,asymbolofhardworkandhonor,freedomandstrength.Therewerecowgirlstoo,justasskilledastheirmalecounterparts,handlingcattleonhorseback.

Inrecognitionofthecowboy’splaceinhistory,in2005theU.S.SenatedeclaredthefourthSaturdayinJulytobeNationalDayoftheAmericanCowboy.

[1]Inthetwentiethcentury,thisfascinationwiththelifeofthecowboywasreflectedinhundredsofmovies,withclassicfilmslike3:10toYuma,RioGrande,andHighNoon.[2]Eventothisday,boysandgirlsdreamofgrowinguptobecomeacowboyoracowgirl.[3]CowboyshadtheirimpactonTValso;showslikeBonanza,TheLoneRanger,andAnnieOakleywerefavorites.

486.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Besides(C)Indeed(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

487.Thewriterisconsideringrevisingtheprecedingpartofthesentence(“conquistadors(soldiersoftheSpanishEmpire)arrivedfromSpain”)toreadasfollows:

SpanishsoldiersarrivedfromSpain

Ifthewriterdidthis,theessaywouldprimarilylose(A)anhistoricaldetailthataddstexturetotheessay.(B)apossiblepointofconfusionoverthewordconquistadors.(C)anindicationthattheSpanishEmpirewasfar-reaching.(D)nothing.

488.(A)NOCHANGE(B)English-speakingpioneer’s

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(C)English-speakingpioneers(D)Englishpioneers

489.(A)NOCHANGE(B)roamingfree(C)roamedfree(D)roamedfreely

490.(A)NOCHANGE(B)TexaswonitsindependencefromMexicoin1836.AftertheBattleof

SanJacinto,(C)TexaswonitsindependencefromMexicoin1836,aftertheBattleof

SanJacinto.(D)TexaswonitsindependencefromMexicoin1836,aftertheBattleof

SanJacinto,

491.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Consequently,(C)Asanexample,(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

492.(A)NOCHANGE(B)leavebehindthem(C)leftbehind(D)leavingbehind

493.(A)NOCHANGE(B)ThisvaquerotrainedAnglocowboys.(C)ThosevaquerostrainedAnglocowboys.(D)WhosevaquerostrainedAnglocowboys.

494.(A)NOCHANGE(B)woreprotected(C)protected(D)woretoprotect

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495.(A)NOCHANGE(B)whenitbecame(C)thatitbecame(D)itbecame

496.(A)NOCHANGE(B)thecowboyuse(C)thecowboyused(D)cowboysused

497.(A)NOCHANGE(B)“jail”—hoosegow—(C)“jail,”hoosegow—(D)OMITtheunderlinedportion.

498.(A)NOCHANGE(B)WhencametheendoftheCivilWar,(C)WiththeendoftheCivilWar,(D)WiththeendingoftheCivilWar,

499.(A)NOCHANGE(B)Independentandself-reliant,(C)Moreindependentandself-reliant,(D)Mostindependentandself-reliant,

500.Whichofthefollowingsequencesofsentencesmakestheparagraphmostlogical?(A)NOCHANGE(B)2,1,3(C)1,3,2(D)3,2,1

*Superman:LastSonofKryptonbyElliotS.Maggin(NewYork:WarnerBooks,1978).

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CHAPTER7

HowtoWriteanEssay

Writingcanseemlikeaveryintuitiveprocess—eitheryougetitoryoudon’t.Thisleavesthosewhodon’tthinkthey“getit”feelinghopeless.Inpart,thisisbecausethewritingprocesscanbedifficulttoexplainandcantakepracticebeforemasteryisachieved.

Thetruth,however,isthattherearestepsthatpeoplecantaketoimprovetheirwritingskills.Specifically,whenwritingtheACTessay,therearestrategiesthatcanimproveyourgrade.Wewilltakeyoustep-by-stepthroughtheprocesssothatyouclearlyunderstandwhattodo.Afteryouunderstandthestepstowritingagoodessay,thenextpartwillbeuptoyou:practice,practice,practice!Practicingwritinganessaywithatimeconstraintwillhelpyoubeabletoorganizeyourtimewhenyouaretakingtheactualtest.

Now,ontowritingstrategies!TheACTgivesyou40minutestowriteyouressay.Youneedtogive

yourselfacertainamountoftimeforeachstepoftheprocessandremainawareoftheclocksothatyoudon’trunoutoftimeandhaveanunfinishedessay.

Youalsowanttoclearlyunderstandtheinstructionsbeforeyoubeginyouressay.Luckily,althoughthewritingpromptsarealwaysdifferent,theinstructionsfortheACTessayremainthatsame.Therefore,youcanbepreparedbeforeyoueverwalkintotakeyourtest.ACTadministratorswantyoutowriteanessaythatisbothpersuasiveandanalytical.Youmustmakesuretodecidewhatyourperspectiveontheargumentis,andclearlyargueforit.Youwillbegradedonfourpoints:

•Yourabilitytoclearlystateyourperspectiveandanalyzetherelationshipbetweenyourperspectiveandatleastoneotherperspectivethatwasgiven.

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•Yourabilitytodevelopandsupportyourideaswithreasoningandexamples.•Yourabilitytoorganizeyourideasclearlyandlogically.•Yourabilitytocommunicateyourideaseffectivelyinstandardwritten

English.

Thesemightseemlikecomplicatedinstructions,butaswebreakthemdown,youwillfindtheyaren’tasdifficultastheyseem.

Whenyoutakethetest,youwillbegivenawritingpromptandthreeperspectives.Inthislesson,wewilluseasamplepromptsothatyoucanwatchtheprocessunfold.Thiswillbeoursample:

TheElectoralCollegeintheUnitedStatesTheElectoralCollegewasestablishedduringtheformationofournation.ItwasadoptedasacompromisebytheframersoftheConstitution.Thesmallerstatesdidnotwanttopickthepresidentbypopularvotebecausetheyknewthatinthattypeofelectiononlythemorepopulousstateswouldhaveasay.AnElectoralCollegegavethesmallerstatesmoreofavoice,althoughtheystilldidnothavetheinfluencethatthelargerstateshad.TheElectoralCollegesystemalsorequired270electoralvotestodeclareawinner.Thisvirtuallyensuredthatthefederalgovernmentremainedatwo-partysystem.

Alothaschangedoverthe250yearssincetheConstitutionwaswritten.Inthe2016election,HillaryClintonwonthepopularvotebyreceivingnearly2.9millionmorevotesthanDonaldTrump.However,DonaldTrumpwasawardedadecisivevictoryaccordingtotheelectoralvote.Thiswasthesecondtimeinrecenthistorythatthewinnerofthepresidentialracedidnotwinthepopularvote.

Afterthe2016election,manypeoplequestionedthevalidityofhavinganElectoralCollegeandwantedtoabolishit.OthersfeltthattheElectoralCollegewasstillanimportanttool.TherestructuringoftheelectoralprocessintheUnitedStateswouldbeamajorchange,butitisworthconsidering.

PerspectiveOneTheElectoralCollegeisanantiquatedsystemthatsimplydoesn’tmeetthemodernneedsoftheUnitedStates.Eachperson’svoteshouldbeconsideredequal,andthatonlyhappensiftheElectoralCollegeisabolished.Thepopular

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voteisthebestwaytodecidethepresidency.

PerspectiveTwoTheElectoralCollegeisabrilliantinnovation.Itpreservesthedistributionofpowerbetweenthestatesandfederalgovernmentandallowstheneedsofallregionsofthecountrytobeconsideredatelectiontime.

PerspectiveThreeTheElectoralCollegesystemunfairlystiflesthirdparties.Thistwo-partysystemiscripplingthegovernment,andtheElectoralCollegeshouldbemodernizedtoallowformorevoicestobeheard.

OrganizingandPlanningYoushouldallotyourself8to10minutesforthispart.Youmightbetemptedtojustjumpintowritingtosavetime,butdon’tdoit.Youressaywillbemuchclearerifyouorganizeandplanbeforeyoustartwriting.Itwillprobablysaveyoutimeinthelongrunalso.

Step1:ClearlyDefiningPerspectivesThefirstpartoforganizingyouressayismakingsureyouunderstandthewritingpromptandthethreeperspectives.Taketimetoreadthemcarefully.Then,makealittlenotetosumupthepositionofeachperspective.Fromtheabovesample,youcouldsay:

•Perspectiveone:GetridofElectoralCollege;electbypopularvote.•Perspectivetwo:KeeptheElectoralCollege.•Perspectivethree:Changethesystemtoallowathird-partycandidate.

Youareallowedtoeitherpickoneoftheperspectivesgivenorcomeupwithoneofyourown.Youdonotgetextrapointsforcomingupwithyourownperspective,anditwillprobablytakeupextratime,soyourbestbetisjusttopicktheperspectiveyouthinkwillbeeasiesttosupportwithreasoningandexamples.

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Step2:ListingReasonsandExamplesInthisinitialstageoforganizingandplanning,youdon’thavetobesurewhichperspectiveyouwilltake,butyouwillprobablyhaveanidea.Usethebackofthetestorsomescrappaperforyournotes.Jotdownsomereasonsandexamplesthatwouldsupporteachoftheperspectives.TheACTonlyasksyoutoanalyzetherelationshipbetweenyourperspectiveandoneoftheotheronesgiven.Therefore,aslongasyouhavereasonsandexamplesforatleasttwooftheperspectives,youarefine.Ifyoucan’tthinkofanyforthethirdperspective,don’tworryaboutit.

Whenyouaregatheringreasonsandexamples,youcanpullfromavarietyofsources.Theseinclude:

•Personalexperience•Historicalorcurrentevents•Statistics

Thenicethingaboutthispartisthattheinformationcancomefromanyofthesesources.TheACTadministratorsdon’tcare.Aslongasyouressayiswellorganizedandsupported,youcanuseexamplesfromanyrelevanthistoricaleventandgetfullpoints.Herearesomeexamplesthatyoumightuseforthesampleessay:

•Perspectiveone:GetridofElectoralCollege;electbypopularvote.Tobeatruedemocracy,everyone’svoteshouldhaveequalweight.Votesdon’thaveequalweightwiththeElectoralCollegebecauselesspopulousstateshavemoreinfluencethantheyshould.

•Perspectivetwo:KeeptheElectoralCollegeTheElectoralCollegepreventsthird-partyfringeideasfromgainingcredibility,whichallowsforamorecohesivegovernment.

Whentherearemorethantwopartiesitishardtogetanythingdone.TheElectoralCollegeforcesthecandidatestoaddresstheconcernsofallthestates,notjustthemorepopulousurbancenters.

TheElectoralCollegegivespowertothestateinsteadofthefederalgovernment.

•Perspectivethree:Changethesystemtoallowathird-partycandidate.Thiscouldadddiversitytoourgovernmentandallowmoreminorityviews

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tobeheard.

Step3:BrainstormingforArgumentsAgainstOpposingPerspectivesAsyoumadeyourlistofreasonsandexamples,itprobablybecameclearertoyouwhichperspectiveyouwanttopick.Thatisgreat.Thisisthetimetomakeachoiceandsticktoit.Withourexampleprompt,let’schooseperspectivetwo.Thisallowsustoargueagainstbothperspectiveoneandperspectivethree.

Withanyoftheseprompts,youcanmakealistofassumptionsandconsequencesforeachperspectiveyouwillargueagainst.•Assumptions:

Thepopularvoteisthebestwaytochooseapresident(perspectiveone).Thetwo-partysystemcripplesthegovernment(perspectivethree).

•Consequences:Thepopularvotemightbeagoodwaytochooseapresident,butitcouldleadtotheneedsofwholeregionsofthecountrybeingignored.

Thetwo-partysystemhassomedrawbacks,butingovernmentsthathavemorethantwoparties,gettingamajorityvoteisverydifficult.Thatcanleadtonoprogressaslegislationcanbestalledindefinitely.

Step4:OrganizingYourEssayThisisaveryimportantstep.TheACTadministratorswillbelookingcarefullyathowwellyouorganizeyouressay.Themostnecessarypartofawell-organizedessayisagoodthesisstatement.Agoodthesisstatementwillpresentthetopicandexpressyourpositioninrelationtothetopic.Itwillletyourreadersknowwhatyouintendtoproveintheessay.

Basically,youneedtostartwithanintroductoryparagraphthatcontainsyourthesisstatement.Then,youwritebodyparagraphs.Startwiththeperspectivesyouarearguingagainst,examples,andcounterargumentsforthem.Next,introducetheperspectiveyousupportandthereasonsandexamplesyouhave.Finally,finishwithaconclusionthatsumsupyourargument.

Inthisstep,allwedoisformulateathesisstatementandorganizetheinformationthatwealreadyhave.Becauseyouarebeingtimed,youcouldsimplynumbertheideasthatyouhaveinsteadofrewritingthem.(Puta#1

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besideeachideathatneedstogoinbodyparagraphone,a#2besideeachideaforbodyparagraphtwo,andsoforth.)

Hereisawaytoorganizeoursampleessay:

TheElectoralCollegeThesisStatement•TheElectoralCollegeisthebestwayfortheUnitedStatestorunitselections.

(Thisisaroughversionandneedstobefixedwhentheessayiswritten.)

BodyParagraphOne•Perspectiveone:getridofElectoralCollege;electbypopularvote.•Tobeatruedemocracy,everyone’svoteshouldhaveequalweight.•Votesdon’thaveequalweightwiththeElectoralCollegebecauseless

populousstateshavemoreinfluencethantheyshould.•Thepopularvoteisthebestwaytochooseapresident(perspectiveone).•Thepopularvotemightbeagoodwaytochooseapresident,butitcouldlead

totheneedsofwholeregionsofthecountrybeingignored.

BodyParagraphTwo•Perspectivethree:Changethesystemtoallowathird-partycandidate.•Thiscouldadddiversitytoourgovernmentandallowmoreminorityviewsto

beheard.•Itcouldalsohamperprogressbycreatingastalemateinthelegislative

process.•Thetwo-partysystemcripplesthegovernment(perspectivethree).•Thetwo-partysystemhassomedrawbacks,butingovernmentsthathavemore

thantwoparties,gettingamajorityvoteisverydifficult.Thatcanleadtonoprogressaslegislationcanbestalledindefinitely.

BodyParagraphThree•Perspectivetwo:KeeptheElectoralCollege.•TheElectoralCollegegivesthestatesmorepower.

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•Itforcesthecandidatestoaddresstheconcernsofallthestates,notjustthemorepopulousurbancenters.

•TheElectoralCollegepreventsthird-partyfringeideasfromgainingcredibility,whichallowsforamorecohesivegovernment.Whentherearemorethantwoparties,itishardtogetanythingdone.

ConclusionThisisthelaststepintheplanningandorganizingstageofouressaywriting.Makesuretokeepaneyeontheclockduringthistimeandtrynottospendmorethan10minutestotalonthis.Ifyoudo,youwillhavetoskimpontheactualwriting.Ingeneral,yourconclusionshouldrestatethemainpointofyouressay.

WritingYourEssayYoushouldhaveabout30minutesleft,butyouwanttosavealittletimeforrevisingandproofreading,sotrytogetthewritingdoneinabout25minutes.

Step5:IntroductoryParagraphandThesisStatementThinkofyourintroductoryparagraphasafunnel.Starttheparagraphwithalargeideathatwillgrabeveryone’sattention.Narrowthatthoughtdowninthenextfewsentencesandendwithyourthesisstatement,whichshouldbeaconcisesentenceaboutthefocusofthisessay.Youcanincorporateideasfromthewritingpromptintheintroductoryparagraph.(Ifyouareunabletocomeupwithanintroductoryparagraphquickly,youcanskipitandcomebacktoitlater—butremembertoleaveroom!)

Considerthissampleintroductoryparagraph:

TheUnitedStatesisknownastheLandoftheFree,andweareproudofthemanycherishedlibertiesthatareofferedtoourcitizens.Perhapsthemostvaluedofthoserightsistherighttoelectourleaders.Everyfouryears,mostadultshavetheopportunitytovoteforthepersontheythinkisdeservingoftheofficeofthePresidencyoftheUnitedStates.Lately,however,muchcontroversyhasarisenbecausethewinnerofthepopularvotehasnotbeenthepersonelectedtothatoffice.Instead,thepresidentwasthewinneroftheElectoralCollegevote.

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Yourfinalsentenceshouldbeyourthesisstatement.Itshouldclearlystateyourperspectiveandshowhowitcontrastswithatleastoneotherideafromtheprompt.Hereisathesisstatementforoursample:

AlthoughmanypeopleconsidertheElectoralCollegeundemocratic,itisactuallyabrilliantsystemcreatedbytheConstitutionthatallowsallcitizensinthenationtofeelrepresentedinthepresidentialelectionprocess.

Inthissample,theintroductoryparagraphhascreateda“funnel.”Itstartswithawideideatocaptureeveryone’sattention(theUnitedStateshasmanyliberties)andnarrowsitdownuntilitisfocusedonthespecificsubjectoftheessay(theElectoralCollegeisabrilliantsystem).

Step6:BodyParagraphsBodyparagraphoneshoulddiscussoneoftheperspectivesyouarearguingagainst.First,explaintheperspective,andthenlistthereasonsandexamplesthatsupportit.Finally,counterthesereasonsusingtheassumptionsandconsequencesthatyouhavelisted.

Oursamplepromptcouldhaveafirstbodyparagraphlikethis:

OnecommonargumentagainsttheElectoralCollege(asseeninperspectiveone)isthatitisundemocratic.Theelectoralvotesarebasedonpopulation,withlargerstatesreceivingagreaternumberofvotes.However,lesspopulousstateshavemoreelectoralvotesthantheywouldifthevotewerebasedstrictlyonpopulation.Thismeans“oneperson,onevote”isnotnecessarilytrue.Manypeopleconsiderthisveryundemocratic.Althoughthisisavalidargument,thisperspectivedoesnotconsiderthewholepicture.Stateswereawardedelectoralvotestoensurethattheywererepresenteddespitetheirpopulations.Thisimportantfactallowsallregionsofourcountrytofeelrepresentedintheelection.

Youdonothavetodiscussbothoftheperspectivesthatyoudidnotchoose.However,ifyouhavetimeandideas,youcanmakebodyparagraphtwoaboutthesecondperspectivethatyouaredisagreeingwith.Usethesameformatthatyouusedinbodyparagraphone,butmakesureyouusetransitionsfromoneparagraphtothenext.Thetransitioncanbeassimpleas“Incontrasttoperspectiveone,”or“Similartoperspectiveone.”

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Oursampleessaycouldhaveasecondbodyparagraphlikethis:

Similartoperspectiveone,perspectivethreearguesthattheElectoralCollegeisantiquatedandneedstobeabolishedoratleastrevised.ItsmainargumentisthattheneedforaclearmajorityofelectoralvotesforcestheUnitedStatestoremainatwo-partysystem.Thus,third-partycandidatescannotwinandfringecandidatesareunabletogaintractionfortheirideas.Thisistrue,butIwouldarguethatitisnotabadthing.Amulti-partysystemcancompletelystallthelegislativeprocessbecausethereisnoclearmajority.TakeFrance,forinstance.Franceisoftenunabletogetanymajornewlegislationpassedforyearsbecauseitslegislativebranchismadeupofpoliticiansfrommanydifferentpartiesthatcan’tworktogethertoagreeonanything.Politicalstalemateisoneoftheveryrealdangersofmulti-partysystems,andtheElectoralCollegewascreatedtoguardagainstthatverything.

Forthenextbodyparagraphs,youshouldintroducetheperspectivethatyouarearguingfor.Giveyourreasonforsupportingthisperspective,andthenuseyourexamplesorfactstosupportyourposition.Trytoconnectyourexamplestoyourthesisstatement.Thismightbecomeacoupleofparagraphsasyouelaborateonyourargument.Makesuretoalsolinkyourargumentbacktothecounterargumentsthatyouhavealreadymadeabouttheotherperspectives.

Thefinalbodyparagraphsofouressaycouldbesomethinglikethis:

Iagreewithperspectiveonethatitisveryimportanttosafeguardourdemocraticelections.ThisisacoreelementofwhatmakestheUnitedStatesafreecountry.Ithink,however,thatweneedtocarefullyconsiderthebenefitsoftheElectoralCollegeinsteadofjustembracingtheideaofelectionbypopularvote.TheConstitutioniscarefullystructuredtobalancethepowersofthestateandfederalgovernments.TheElectoralCollegegivespowertothestate.Thisisanotherwaythatthestatesareabletohavetheirissuesrepresentedinthefederalgovernment.Thecountryisalreadystarklydividedbetweenredandblue

states.Inthe2016campaign,ClintonandTrumpspentamajorityoftheirtime,resources,andmoneytryingtowinjustafewstates.Therestofthestateswerealreadydecided.Imagineasystemthatallowedelectionofthepresidentbypopularvote.Themajorityof

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thepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisinNewYorkandCalifornia.PresidentialcandidateswouldnothavetoaddressissuesthataffectruralAmericaatall.Infact,becauseurbanissuesandruralissuesareoftenatodds,presidentialcandidateswouldmostlikelychampionurbancausestothedetrimentofruralcitizens.Thiswouldleadtomanycitizensfeelingalienatedandfrustrated.

Finally,createaconclusion.Thiscanbeassimpleasonestatement.Ifyouhavetime,youcanrelateafewexamplesbacktothethesisoraddsomesentencesthatsumupyourmainidea.Besuretoendbyrestatingyourthesisinawaythatwrapsupyouressay.

Ourconclusioncouldbesomethinglikethis:

Ifullyagreethatitisimportanttoaddresstheconcernsofallthecitizensinournation.Itisalsoimportanttoconsidercarefullytheramificationsofourelectionsystemtomakesureitsuitsourneeds.However,whentheElectoralCollegeisputundercarefulscrutiny,Ithinkthatwefinditdoesexactlywhatitwascreatedtodo.Itsafeguardsourgovernmentalstructure,itgivespowertothestates,anditallowscitizenstofeelliketheyareinvolvedintheelectionprocess.Inshort,itisstillanimportantandrelevantpartoftheelectionprocessintheUnitedStates.

Step7:RevisingandProofreadingHopefullyyouhaveafewminutesleftafteryouhavewrittenyouressay.Ifyoudo,useittoreadoveryouressayandcorrectanymistakes.Lookformistakesingrammarandpunctuation,ofcourse,butalsobeonthelookoutforrepetitivephrasingandanysentencesthatareunclear.

Hereisafinallookatoursampleessay:

TheUnitedStatesisknownastheLandoftheFree,andweareproudofthemanycherishedlibertiesthatareofferedtoourcitizens.Perhapsthemostvaluedofthoserightsistherighttoelectourleaders.Everyfouryears,mostadultshavetheopportunitytovoteforthepersontheythinkisdeservingoftheofficeofthePresidencyoftheUnitedStates.Lately,however,muchcontroversyhasarisenbecausethewinnerofthepopularvotehasnotbeenthepersonelectedtothatoffice.Instead,thepresidentwasthewinneroftheElectoralCollegevote.Althoughmany

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peopleconsidertheElectoralCollegeundemocratic,itisactuallyabrilliantsystemcreatedbytheConstitutionthatallowsallcitizensinthenationtofeelrepresentedinthepresidentialelectionprocess.OnecommonargumentagainsttheElectoralCollege(asseen

inperspectiveone)isthatitisundemocratic.Theelectoralvotesarebasedonpopulation,withlargerstatesreceivingagreaternumberofvotes.However,lesspopulousstateshavemoreelectoralvotesthantheywouldifthevotewerebasedstrictlyonpopulation.Thismeans“oneperson,onevote”isnotnecessarilytrue.Manypeopleconsiderthisveryundemocratic.Althoughthisisavalidargument,thisperspectivedoesnotconsiderthewholepicture.Stateswereawardedelectoralvotestoensurethattheywererepresenteddespitetheirpopulations.Thisimportantfactallowsallregionsofourcountrytofeelrepresentedintheelection.Similartoperspectiveone,perspectivethreearguesthatthe

ElectoralCollegeisantiquatedandneedstobeabolishedoratleastrevised.ItsmainargumentisthattheneedforaclearmajorityofelectoralvotesforcestheUnitedStatestoremainatwo-partysystem.Thus,third-partycandidatescannotwinandfringecandidatesareunabletogaintractionfortheirideas.Thisistrue,butIwouldarguethatitisnotabadthing.Amulti-partysystemcancompletelystallthelegislativeprocessbecausethereisnoclearmajority.TakeFrance,forinstance.Franceisoftenunabletogetanymajornewlegislationpassedforyearsbecauseitslegislativebranchismadeupofpoliticiansfrommanydifferentpartiesthatcan’tworktogethertoagreeonanything.Politicalstalemateisoneoftheveryrealdangersofmulti-partysystems,andtheElectoralCollegewascreatedtoguardagainstthatverything.Iagreewithperspectiveonethatitisveryimportantto

safeguardourdemocraticelections.ThisisacoreelementofwhatmakestheUnitedStatesafreecountry.Ithink,however,thatweneedtocarefullyconsiderthebenefitsoftheElectoralCollegeinsteadofjustembracingtheideaofelectionbypopularvote.TheConstitutioniscarefullystructuredtobalancethepowersofthestateandfederalgovernments.TheElectoralCollegegivespowertothestate.Thisisanotherwaythatthestatesareabletohave

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theirissuesrepresentedinthefederalgovernment.Thecountryisalreadystarklydividedbetweenredandblue

states.Inthe2016campaign,ClintonandTrumpspentamajorityoftheirtime,resources,andmoneytryingtowinjustafewstates.Therestofthestateswerealreadydecided.Imagineasystemthatallowedelectionofthepresidentbypopularvote.ThemajorityofthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisinNewYorkandCalifornia.PresidentialcandidateswouldnothavetoaddressissuesthataffectruralAmericaatall.Infact,becauseurbanissuesandruralissuesareoftenatodds,presidentialcandidateswouldmostlikelychampionurbancausestothedetrimentofruralcitizens.Thiswouldleadtomanycitizensfeelingalienatedandfrustrated.Ifullyagreethatitisimportanttoaddresstheconcernsofall

thecitizensinournation.Itisalsoimportanttoconsidercarefullytheramificationsofourelectionsystemtomakesureitsuitsourneeds.However,whentheElectoralCollegeisputundercarefulscrutiny,Ithinkthatwefinditdoesexactlywhatitwascreatedtodo.Itsafeguardsourgovernmentalstructure,itgivespowertothestates,anditallowscitizenstofeelliketheyareinvolvedintheelectionprocess.Inshort,itisstillanimportantandrelevantpartoftheelectionprocessintheUnitedStates.

Asyoureadoveryouressay,youmightnoticeafewmistakes.Justcrossoutneatlyandinsertyourcorrection.

There.Youarefinished!Learningtowritewellcanbetimeconsuming,butitisworthit.Thebest

thingyoucandotoboostyourACTWritingscoreisfollowthesestepsandcontinuetopractice.Youwillgetbetterwitheverytry!

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CHAPTER8

ACTEssayPrompts

Prompt1

HistoricalRevisionismHistoricalrevisionismisthereevaluationofhistoricaleventsandfigureswiththeintroductionofnewfactsthatchangethewaytheseeventsandfiguresareviewed.Sometimes,insteadofnewfacts,anewmoralcompassisused.Peoplewhowereonceviewedasheroesbecomevillains,andthoseonceviewedasvillainsmaybecomeheroes.Someviewthisrestatementofhistoricaldataaspositive,whileothersviewitnegatively.Itiscertainlyworthdebating.

PerspectiveOneSimplybecausesomeoneorsomeeventhasalwaysbeenviewedinapositivelightisnoreasonthatweshouldrefusetodigdeeper.Ifweblindlyaccepttheattitudestaughttousbyourforebears,wecannotgrowandlearnfromourhistory.Asweevolve,weneedtoreevaluatehistoryasweknowit.

PerspectiveTwoItiswrongtoimposeamodernmoralityonthepeopleandeventsthattookplaceinhistory.Throughthatlens,therewouldbenoheroes.Instead,wemustlookatthemthroughthecontextofthetimeinwhichtheylivedortookplace.Thatistheonlywaytoclearlyjudgeapersonorsituation.

PerspectiveThree

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Nopersoniswithoutflaws;noeventiswithoutsomenegativerepercussions.Ifwediglongandhardenough,wewillfindsomethingtodespiseabouteveryhero.Removingtheheroesfromourculturewillhavenegativeconsequences.Insteadofsearchingforflaws,weshouldcelebratethegreatachievementswithouttryingtotearourhistoricaliconsapart.

Prompt2

VegansVersusMeat-EatersThedebatebetweenvegansandmeat-eaterswageson.Thequestionofwhetherornotpeopleshouldeatmeathasbeensparkingheateddebatesformanyyears.Whilemanypeoplefeelthatitishealthiertoeschewmeats,othersarejustasardentintheirespousalofincorporatingmeatintotheirdailydiets.Somepeoplegoveganforhealthreasons,whileothersfeelmorallyboundtoavoideatingotheranimals.Thisissueaffectseveryoneonadailybasisandshouldbeexaminedcarefully.

PerspectiveOneOurancestorshavethrivedonmeatformillennia.Ourbodies,justliketheirs,arebiologicallyprogrammedtoconsumemeat.Thetruthisweeatmeat,welovemeat,andwearebuilttodigestmeat.Thereshouldbenoshameinconsumingmeataspartofourdiets.Wearesimplydoingwhatourbodiesweredesignedtodo,andwearehealthierforit.

PerspectiveTwoContrarytothereportsofmanymeat-eaters,studieshaveshownthatvegetarianslivelonger,healthierlives.Partlythisisbecausemeatishardonthedigestivesystem.Wecangetallthenutrientsweneedfromaplant-baseddietandwillbehealthierforit.

PerspectiveThreeWhetherornoteatingmeatisgoodforourbodies,itisaselfishfoodchoice.Itisnotjustanutritionalissue,itisamoralone.Weshouldnotbedeprivingotheranimalsoflifesimplybecausetheytastegoodtous.Inadditiontocausingmurder,ameat-eatingsocietyisharmfultotheenvironmentasmanyresources

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gointoraisinglivestock.

Prompt3

ShouldChildrenWork?Societyhascomealongwaysincethedayswhenchildrenasyoungassixorsevenworkedtwelve-hourdaysforabout$1aweek.Sincethen,lawshavebeenenactedtoprotectchildrenfromtheruthlessexploitationoftheearlyindustrializationperiod.Whilenoonearguesthatweshouldreturntothosepractices,somepeoplethinkthatasasocietyweoverprotectourchildrenfromwork.Perhapsinsteadofbeinghelped,youngpeoplearebeinghurtbyasocietythatdoesn’tthinkchildrenshouldbemadetowork.Howyoungistooyoung?Atwhatageisitokaytorequirelaborfromchildren?Thisdebateinvolvesparents,socialworkers,andbusinessowners.

PerspectiveOneIntheUnitedStatestoday,peoplehavebeensoconcernedaboutmakingsurethatchildrenarenotoverworkedthatwehavecreatedanotherproblem.Wehavewholegenerationsofchildrengrowingupwithoutlearningaboutresponsibilityorworkethic.Childrenshouldbeencouragedtoworkatayoungagesothattheycanbecomeresponsibleadults.

PerspectiveTwoAlthoughsomeresponsibilityathomeisgoodforchildren,theyshouldnotbeallowedintotheworkplaceuntiltheyarefourteen.Thiswillpreventbusinessesfromexploitingthemasacheaplaborpool.Childlaborisaslipperyslope,andstringentlawsareneededtokeephistoryfromrepeatingitself.

PerspectiveThreeChildrenshouldnothavetoworkwhentheyareyoung.Youthisatimeforfreedomandforlearningnewthings.Thereisplentyoftimeforresponsibilityandworkingwhentheybecomeadults.Asasociety,weoweittochildrentogivethemacarefreeyouth.

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ANSWERS

Chapter1:Set1ReadingQuestions1.(B)Thenarratorisn’tascientist,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Thereisnomentionofafriendoftheman,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.Thenarratorisclearlynotthemanhimself,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

2.(D)Thisisametaphoranduseswordsthatwouldtypicallydescribeacandle.

3.(C)Thelanguagethatisusedtodescribethemansoundsmorelikeadescriptionofsomebeast.Theotheranswerchoicesaren’tsuggestedbythepassage.

4.(C)Thereisenoughfoodonboard,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Thescientiststreatedthemanwithrespect,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.TheshipisgoingtoSanFrancisco,butthatisn’ttheman’sconcern,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

5.(B)Thisiswhatthesimilesuggests,thattothemanthefoodwaslikegold.

6.(A)Themanfearedthathewouldrunoutoffood.

7.(A)Amendicantisabeggar—someonewhohasnothingandasksformoneyorfood.

8.(C)Theywereeatingfoodthathethoughthewouldneedwhentherewasanotherfamine.

9.(B)Thesailorssmiledandgavehimtheirbiscuits;theythoughthewasacuriosity.Thereisnoindicationthatthesailorswereafraidoftheman,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Neitheranswerchoice(C)noranswerchoice(D)issupportedbythepassage.

10.(B)Althoughitissuggestedthathetoldthescientistshisname,itisn’t

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revealedinthepassage.

11.(B)Thisiswhattheexperiencesofthemansuggest.Theotheranswerchoicesaren’tconsistentwiththepassage.

12.(A)Thisiswhatthescientiststhoughtwouldhappenandwhatdidhappen.

13.(B)Thefactthatthemannearlystarvedtodeathhasimpactedthewayhethinksandacts.Theotheranswerchoicesrefertoaspectsofthestory,buttheyaren’tthemaintheme.

14.(B)Thisisthemainreasonthepassagewaswrittenandwhattheauthorwantedtoachieve.

15.(D)Aclosereadingofthepassagemakesthistheclearanswerchoice.While(C)isprobablytrue,thepassagenotesthatthestiltswerehelpfulinnavigatingundrainedmarshes.

16.(A)Thisshowshowwelltheracewasgreetedbythepeopleofthearea.Theotheranswerchoicesdon’treflecttheirenthusiasm.

17.(A)Whiletheroutewaschosenbytheorganizersoftherace,theydidnotchooseitbecauseofthenumberofcafés.Familiaritywiththerouteisnotdiscussedinthepassage,makinganswerchoice(C)unlikely,andthepassagealsodoesnotstatewhethertheroutewentthroughwell-populatedareas,makinganswerchoice(D)incorrect.

18.(C)Thewordnarrowedmeans“becamefewer”inthiscase.

19.(C)Althoughanewspaperdidincreaseitsreadershipbysponsoringthisevent,thisisnotthemainpointofthepassagebecausethatideaisnotdiscussedindepth.Inaddition,itonlyaddressesoneparticularnewspaper’stactics,so(A)isnotcorrect.MauriceGarinismentioned,butheisnotthefocalpointofthepassage,so(B)isnotcorrect.AslightmentionofthedifferencebetweenthefirstTourdeFranceandthemodernoneismade,butthatisquicklypassedby,so(D)isnotcorrect.Theansweris(C)becausethelasttwoparagraphsofthepassagearedevotedtodescribingthemanyproblemswithcheating.

20.(D)Unscrupulousmeanstonotbehonestorfairorhavingorshowingnomoralprinciple.

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21.(A)Theideathatcyclistscouldridefor17hoursatalmostexactlythesameaveragespeedissurprising.Thereisnosuggestioninthepassagethatanyoftheotherreasonsweresurprising.

22.(B)Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphstatesthattheracerswere“spurredon”bythe“enticement”ofthereward.Thislanguagesuggeststhattherewardwassignificant.Thepassagedoesn’tmentionfameorthefeelingsofthecompetitorstowardoneanother,sononeoftheotherchoicesarecorrect.

23.(D)Thepassagestatesthatthestagesweresolongthat“thecyclistsrodethroughthenight.”Fromthisyoucaninferthattheyhadtoendurealackofsleep.ThepassagedoesmentionthatGarinwasaccusedofillegallyobtainingfood(B),butitdoesn’tgointoenoughdetailtodeterminethatalltheracerslackedsufficientfood.

24.(A)Passage1nevermentionsthattherewasanycheatingorothermoralissueswiththecompetitorsorthefans.Passage2,ontheotherhand,goesintodetailabouttheunderhandedtacticsthatwereused.Theissuesofwhoshouldparticipate(B)andhavingtoomuchpublicity(C)arenotreallyaddressedinthepassages.AlthoughthereisalargerewardgiveninPassage2(D),thereisalsoarewardinPassage1,soacleardifferenceisnotmade.

25.(C)Bothpassagesenumeratethedifficultiesoftheenduranceracestheydescribe.AlthoughtheauthorofPassage2wouldagreethattherearemanywaystocheat(A),therewasnomentionofthisinPassage1.ThereisnocomparisonofmodernracesinPassage1(B),andthereisnomentionofafinalcelebrationinPassage2(D).

26.(B)Inbothpassages,theideafortheracewasconceivedasawaytoboostnewspapersales.Althoughtheracesprobablyalsoaccomplishedalltheotherchoicesalso,thatwasnottheirimpetus(motivation).

27.(A)Passage1indicatesthatfanparticipationwasagoodthingaspeoplewatched,handedracersdrinks,andcelebratedthevictory.Passage2showsthenegativesideoffanparticipationasitdescribesfanssabotagingothercompetitorsandbeatingthemup.

28.(C)Specifically,Washingtonnotesthat“therewereatleastahalf-dozenotherplacesinthecabinthatwouldhaveaccommodatedthecats”(lines12–13).Basedonthisinformation,aswellasonanearlierdescriptionoftheroomas

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having“openingsintheside”(line3),answerchoice(C)ismostsupportedbyinformationinthepassage.

29.(C)Thisisthebestanswerchoice.SinceWashingtonistellingabouthischildhoodindetail,answerchoices(A)and(D)areunlikely.Washingtonaddresseshisfamily’sdesperatesituation,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.

30.(B)Thefamilydidnothaveenoughfood,andthemotherwastryingtofeedthem.

31.(C)EatingtheroastedsweetpotatoeswasajoytoWashington.

32.(A)Thisistheintentoftheparagraph.Thereisnocomparison,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Washingtonisn’tcomplaining,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.Heisn’tbeingcarefulabouthowhetalksabouttheconditions—heisblunt—soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

33.(A)Hethoughtitwassimilartobeinginparadise,notaneasyoptionforayoungslave.Answerchoice(B)doesn’trelatetothepassage.Washingtondoesn’tseemfearfuloftryingschool,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.Thepassagedoesn’tmentionanswerchoice(D).

34.(D)ThisistheonememorythatWashingtondoesn’treveal.

35.(A)ThiswassurprisingtoWashington;theotheranswerchoiceswerenot.

36.(D)Thiswasthemeansbywhichtheslavesacquiredinformation.

37.(B)Thisistheauthor’sintent.WhiletheCivilWarismentioned,itisn’tthemainpointofthepassage,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.

38.(B)Thisseemstobetheattitudetheauthorhasashetalksabouthisyouth;thereisnosenseofangerorfear,soanswerchoices(A)and(C)areincorrect.Certainly,theauthordoesn’thaveanattitudeofindifferenceorboredomaboutthehardshipsheenduredinthepast,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

39.(A)Washingtonstatesthathe“wentasfarastheschoolhousedoorwithoneofmyyoungmistresses”(line41).Thedaughteroftheplantationownerwouldbereferredtobyaslaveas“myyoungmistress,”makinganswerchoice(A)themostplausible.

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40.(B)ThepassagesaysthatthiswasthefirsttimethatWashingtonrealizedhewasaslaveand,therefore,notfree.

41.(C)Acontrivanceisadeviceorgadget.

42.(D)Answerchoices(A),(B),and(C)areallcontradictedinthepassage.

43.(A)Aclosereadingofthepassagemakesthistheclearanswerchoice.Thesubjectsintheotheranswerchoicesmayhavebeenwrittendown,butthepassagesaysthatkeepingtrackofpersonalpossessionswasalikelyimpetusforthedevelopmentofwriting.

44.(C)Thiswastheadvantageofpicturesymbols.

45.(B)Scribeshelpedrulerskeeptrackofthecollectionoftaxes,butthescribeswerenotrulersthemselves,soanswerchoice(B)ismoreaccuratethananswerchoice(A).Answerchoice(C)coversalatertopic,alphabets.Answerchoice(D)maybetrue,butitisnotsupportedbythepassage.

46.(D)Althoughthisisn’tdirectlystatedinthepassage,thisconclusionisprobable.Writingasymbolinsteadofdrawingajarwouldbeamuchfasterwaytokeeptrackofwhathasbeenpaid.

47.(A)BoththeUnitedStatesandSwedenusethesamesignsfornumbers;thiscanbeinferredfromtheinformationinthepassage.

48.(B)ItistheorizedthatmerchantsintheMiddleEast(inmodernLebanon,Israel,andSyria)madethefirstalphabet.Answerchoice(D)istempting,sincebothoftheseancientcountrieshadalphabets,buttheywerenotthefirst.

49.(B)Picturewritingandhieroglyphicsbothprecededanalphabet.Noalphabetwascreatedbeforeanylanguagewasspoken,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

50.(A)Logically,itwouldhavetobeEnglish;alloftheotherlanguagespredateEnglish.

51.(A)Accordingtothepassage,thisisthereasonthatEnglishisdifficulttospell.

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52.(D)ThepassageclearlystatesthatwrittenChineseiscomposedofpicturesymbols.

53.(C)Certainly,theauthordoesn’tbelievethatknowinghowtowritecreatesproblems,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect,norwouldtheauthoragreewithanswerchoice(B)oranswerchoice(D).

54.(A)Thisisthemainreasonthatanalphabetissuperiortoasystemofsymbols.Morepeoplecanlearnitmoreeasily,whichmeansmorepeoplecanlearntoreadandwrite.

55.(C)Thisisthemeaningofthewordimmaterial.

56.(B)ThereaderistoldaboutO.Henry’sbackgroundbeinginfederalprison,sothisisaneasyinferencetomake.

57.(A)Thisisafigurativeuseofbracelet.Thereisnomentionofapresent,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Thereisnomentionthatthebraceletwasworthalotofmoney,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

58.(D)SoonafterEastonbemoanshislackofmoneyandhighsocialstanding,heimpliesthattheambassadordoesnothavetheseproblems.MissFairchildinterruptshimtostatethattheambassador“doesn’tcallanymore.”TheexchangemakesitplausiblethatbothmenwerevyingforMissFairchild’sattentionandthatEastonwasjealousoftheambassador’smoneyandsocialprominence.

59.(B)ThereadercandeterminethisfromthecluesthattheauthorgivesabouthowMissFairchildfeelsaboutEaston,suchasinthetenthparagraph,whentheauthorsaysthatsheanswersEaston“warmly.”

60.(B)Thefactthathewashandcuffedandaprisonerofthemarshalwasembarrassingtohim.

61.(B)EastontellsMissFairchildthatthedaysofhavingfunareoverforhim;heisseriousnow.Thisisthefigurativemeaningof“butterflydays.”

62.(B)Themarshalfeelsthatiftheconversationcontinues,MissFairfieldwillrealizethatEastonistheprisoner,notthemarshal.

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63.(A)HenoticesthehandcuffisonEaston’srighthand.

64.(D)Thisisthefigurativemeaningofmoney“takingwings,”thatis,flyingaway.

65.(C)Thepassagesaysthatthe“lookinthegirl’seyesslowlychangedtoabewilderedhorror”(lines22–23).

66.(A)Themanisfollowingtheconversationandthenreactstoit.ItisunlikelyhewastryingtoimpressMissFairchild,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Heprobablydoesn’tknowwhyEastoncametotheWest,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

67.(B)ThissurpriseendingistypicalofO.Henry.

68.(A)WecanseethroughhisactionsthatheistryingtohelpEastoninadifficultsituation.

69.(B)Theparagraphsdon’tmentionwhysheisonthetrain.

Chapter2:Set2ReadingQuestions70.(B)Thisisthepointofviewfromwhichthestoryistold.Thereisnoevidencethatthenarratorrodeonthefoxhunt,isamemberofthePaddockfamily,orhasnoridingability.

71.(B)Thesentence“Travershadneverridden;buthehadbeenpromptedhowtoanswerbyMissPaddock”(lines14–15)makesanswerchoice(B)thebestresponse.

72.(C)Thisdoesn’tposeareasontofearridingMonster;theotheranswerchoicesdo.

73.(B)Traverswasworriedaboutwhathewastoldaboutthehorse.Thereisnoevidencethathewasanxiousaboutgettingmarried,hadafever,orhadindigestion.

74.(D)Beforetheride,Traversisworriedabouthisridingskills,sinceheknowshewillbejudgedbyhisfiancée’sfamilyinthatregard.OnceTravers

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learnsthathewillberidingahorsethathaskilledaman,hisfeargrowsevenworse.

75.(A)Formuchoftheride,asMonsterracesaheadoftheotherhorses,Travershashiseyesclosedandismoreorlessclingingtothehorsefordearlife.Answerchoice(A)bestconveysthisstateofaffairs.

76.(B)ThepassageindicatesthatTraverstriedtogetMonstertothebridge,butthehorsewouldnotcomply.

77.(B)Alocomotive“jumpingtheties”isoutofcontrolandcannotbecontrolled.

78.(D)Althoughthepassagedoesn’texplicitlystateyoungPaddock’smotivation,thisreasonmustbeclosesttothetruth.Clearly,Monsterwasnotthebesthorse,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Thepassagedoesn’tmentionadesiretoupsethissister,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Itisdoubtfulthat,consideringwhatyoungPaddocksaidaboutMonster,hewastryingtopleaseTravers,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

79.(A)Thisiswhatthesimilemeans.

80.(A)Thesacrificewaswhatheenduredtogaintherespectofhisfiancée’sfamily.Theotheranswerchoiceswouldnothavebeensacrifices.

81.(B)Thisiswhatnonchalantmeans.

82.(A)Thestoryisextremelyamusing,buthighlyimprobable.

83.(D)ThisisthecorrectdescriptionofTravers.Hewaswillingtodoanythingtopleasehisbride-to-beandgaintheadmirationofherfamily.

84.(D)Theotheranswerchoicesarementionedinthespeech,buttheyaren’tthemainpointofthesecondparagraph.

85.(B)Thisisthemeaningofthemetaphor.

86.(A)Kingwantstodramatizethesituation.

87.(D)Thissentencespeaksoftransformingournationintoasymphonyof

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brotherhood;itishopeful.Theothersentencesdon’tsupporttheideathatKinghashopeforabetterworld.

88.(C)Manaclesandchainsevoketheimageofajail.Apersonwouldnotbechainedinahospitaloratwork,andchainswouldnotkeephimsafe.

89.(C)ThisiswhatKingissuggesting.Theotheranswerchoicesaren’tsupportedbythepassage.

90.(A)Herepeatsthreetimes,“Nowisthetime…”.Hedoesn’tusethewordslowly,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Hedoesn’tadvocatepreservingsegregation,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.Thereisnomentioninthespeechofholdingavoteoncivilrights,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

91.(D)KingissayingthatthesufferingenduredbyAfrican-Americansatthehandsofthepolicecanbecalledgodly.Thereisnomentionofsufferingbeingproductive,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Kingdoesn’tusethewordevil,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Whileitcouldbeinferredthatthosewhohavesufferedhavefaith(answerchoice(C)),answerchoice(D)ismoreaccurate.

92.(C)Here,theverbwallowmeans“torollaboutlazily.”Self-indulgentisaclosesynonym.

93.(A)ThereisnoindicationthatgoingbacktotheslumsandghettosintheNorthwouldbeahardship.Thehardshipsarepolicebrutality,racialinjustice,andthefactthat,100yearsaftertheEmancipationProclamation,African-Americansarestillnotfree.

94.(C)JustasAmericansincolonialdaysdreamedoffreedomfromBritishrule,Kingdreamsoffreedomfromoppressionforhispeople.Hedoesn’tmentionthathisdreamisdifficulttounderstand,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Hedoesn’ttalkofanAfrican-Americandream,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Heexhortstheaudiencetoreturntowherevertheyarefrom,SouthorNorth,andworktomakethedreamoffreedomareality.

95.(D)KingpaintsagrimportraitofthegovernorofAlabama.Interpositionandnullificationarestrongwords.Indeed,twomonthsearlier,thegovernorhadblockedtheenrollmentofAfrican-AmericanstudentsattheUniversityofAlabama.Thereisnosignofgivinguphopeintheparagraph,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Certainly,thelastthingthegovernorwantstoseearewhiteand

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blackchildrenplayingtogether,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Althoughtheworddrippingissuggestive,Kingismerelyusingastrongmetaphor,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

96.(A)Themetaphorical“sculpture”isahugetask,butitdoesrepresentthebeginningofhopeforfreedomforallAfrican-Americans.Creationofanactualsculptureisn’tdiscussed,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.

97.(B)KingmeansthatfreedomwillringforallAmericans;“God’schildren”referstoallhumanbeings.Kingdoesn’tsaythatmusicisliberating,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Thesongwouldn’thaveanewmeaning,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

98.(D)Theauthordoeslikethedoll,butthatisn’tthemainpointofthepassage,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Thepassagedoesn’targueagainstfundingforthedisabled,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Thepassagedoesn’tsupportlawsthatprotectthedisabled,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

99.(B)Whensomethingisconfounded,itisconfusedormixedup.Theotheranswerchoicesdon’tsignifyconfounding.

100.(D)Thosebarriersweresweptaway,andHelenwentontohavearemarkablecareer.

101.(B)Akeypieceofinformationisthesentence“Iknewthenthat“w-a-t-e-r”meantthewonderfulcoolsomethingthatwasflowingovermyhand.”Thisstatement,andthetextsurroundingit,makesanswerchoice(B)correct.

102.(D)TheexperiencecreatedasenseofjoyinHelen;itsetherfree.Communicationwasnotimpossible,asshefoundout,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect;itcertainlywasn’tupsetting(answerchoice(B))orinevitable(answerchoice(C)).

103.(A)AlthoughthepassagedoesshowthewayHowedealtwithapersonwithdisabilities(B),thatwasaparticularcaseandnotthemainpointofthepassage.Similarly,itdoesshowusthatHowewasabrilliantteacher,butthatisnotthefocusofthepassage.Itmentionsinpassingthatadogcouldhavedonesomeofthesametricks,butthatcertainlyisn’tthefocusofthepassage.ThewholepassageleadsuptothemomentwhenBridgman’smindisawakenedandherintellectignited(A).

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104.(C)Here,theauthorcomparedwhatBridgmanwasdoingtowhatadogcoulddo.Thatwassothathecouldlatercontrastthistoherbehaviorwhenshebeganusingahigherintelligence.

105.(B)Bridgmanwasusingspoons(D),butthepassagedoesn’tactuallyimplythatsheenjoyedthis.Itdoesindicatethatshelikedtobepattedontheheadbecause“shewasencouraged”bythis.Althoughtheparagraphdoesshowthatsheislearning(C),itdoesn’tindicatethatshewasexceptional,nordoesitindicatehowshefeltaboutherteacher(A).

106.(D)Althoughlabelingdidteachablindpersontoread(A),themethodwasnotcomparedtoothermethods.ThepersonalityofHowe(C)isnotreallyaddressed.Itwasnotlearningtoread(B)but,rather,learningtocommunicatethatsparkedBridgman’sintellect.

107.(A)ItisapparentfromthediscussionofhismethodsthatHoweusedstructureandpersistencetoreachBridgman.(B)and(C)couldn’tbetrueorhismethodswouldn’thaveworked.(D)couldbetrue,butthereisnoevidencetosupportthat.

108.(B)Passage1wasanautobiography,soitshowedtheauthor’sfeelings,whichgaveitapersonaltone.Passage2wasrelatedthroughtheteacher’svoiceandsoundedasthoughheweretalkingaboutanexperimenthehadconducted.Itwasmuchlesspersonalthanthefirstpassage.

109.(B)Bothofthepassagesdescribeblindanddeafchildrenwhorealizeforthefirsttimethattheycanusewordstocommunicate.

110.(C)Bothofthepassagesmakesomeuseofsimilesormetaphors(A),relateastep-by-stepprocess(B),andofferadescriptionoftechniques(D).BecausePassage1isanautobiography,italsomakesuseofinternalfeelingstoexplainatransformation.

111.(C)Bothofthepassagesendwiththegirlsrealizingthatwordsexpressmeaningandindicatethatthiswillchangetheirlives.Passage2doesnotrelatethemomentwhenBridgmanmetherteacher(A).Althoughitwasanimportantstepforthemtolearntospell(B),thisdidnotreleasetheirintellect.Passage2doesnotcontainanyinformationaboutBridgmangoingoutside(D).

112.(C)Thesepeopleareambidextrousandcanuseeitherhandforany

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purpose.

113.(D)Etiologyisthecauseofaconditionoradisease.Custom(answerchoice(A))andessence(answerchoice(B))don’tmakesenseinthecontextoftheparagraph.Whileeffect(answerchoice(C))couldpossiblybecorrect,aclosereadingmakescausethebestanswer.

114.(B)Thisisclearlystatedinthethirdparagraph.Nowheredoesthearticlestatethatleft-handedpeoplearehappier(answerchoice(A))orthattoomucheffortisgiventothetopic(answerchoice(C)).Thepassagedoessaythatalargepreponderanceofsuccessfulsportsfiguresareleft-handed,butdoesn’tmakethesameclaimformusicians,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

115.(A)Thefourthparagraphstatesthat“leftiesareoftenleadersintheirfields.”Answerchoices(B)and(C)aretouchedon,buttheyaren’tthemainpointofthepassage;theyareonlyexamplesthatsupportthemainpoint.

116.(D)TheauthorusesQueenElizabethandherfamilyasanexampleofhowleft-handednessrunsinfamilies.Answerchoices(A),(B),and(C)maybetrue,butnoneofthemisthereasonforincludingthequeeninthepassage.

117.(C)Handednessisn’tasignificantfactorincomputeruse.

118.(C)Dr.A.Klararguedin2000thatright-handednessisdeterminedbytraitsinheritedfromparents.Dr.Coren(answerchoice(B))thinksthatpreferenceforthelefthandisduetomildbraininjury,whileDanielGeschwind(answerchoice(A))believesthatbothofthese,inadditiontoeventsearlyinlife,arethecause.ThepassagestatesthatAlbertEinsteinwasleft-handed,buthedidn’tfocusonthestudyofleft-handedness,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

119.(B)Thefirstparagraphstatesthat90percentofpeopleareright-handed.

120.(B)Thepassagestatesthatscientistsare“almostunanimousinarguingagainst”(lines46–47)tying“thechild’slefthandbehinditsback”(lines43–44).

121.(D)Thepassagestatesthatmostpowertoolsaremadeforright-handedpeople.Thepassagestatesthattherearecookingutensilsforleft-handedpeople,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Thepassagestatesthattherearebooksonhowtoplaytheguitarwiththelefthand,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Thepassagestatesthatleftiescanuseacomputerifthemouseisswitchedtotheleft

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side,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

122.(B)Thepassagedoesn’tmentionlegs,bitingfingernails,orthesizeofone’shand.

123.(B)Whileanswerchoice(D)maybetempting,nothinginthepassageindicatesthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreintelligent,althoughitstronglysuggeststhatmanyleftiesexcelatwhattheydo.Thepassagedoessaythatleft-handedscissorsareavailable,soonecaninferthatleftieshavetroublewithordinaryscissors.

124.(A)Judgingfromthenumberofleft-handedpeopleandtheirneedforproductsthatareeasiertouse,thisanswerchoicemakesthemostsense.Answerchoice(B)maybetrue,butitisimpossibletoinferthisfromtheseventhparagraph.

125.(B)Thedeskproblemispointedoutinthepassage.Seatingleft-handedstudentstogetherintheclassroomwouldbeofnobenefit,althoughitmightbenefittheminthecafeteria,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.

Chapter3:Set3ReadingQuestions126.(A)ThisiswhatIvanfearsifhiswifewinsthelottery.Answerchoice(B)obviouslydoesn’tposeaproblem.Answerchoices(C)and(D)arementionedinthepassage,buttheyaren’tthemainconflict.

127.(A)Ivanrespondedtothenumberasababywould—ababywhodidnotreallyknowwhatwasgoingon,butreactedinstinctually.

128.(B)Thenarratorcertainlyunderstandshumannatureandhowitaffectsthesituation.

129.(B)Ivaniscontemplatinghowrainyandmiserableautumnis.

130.(B)Mashadoesn’twanttogivethemoneytoherhusband,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Ivandoesn’twanttobuyhiswifeclothing,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.NothinginthepassagesuggeststhatMashawouldleaveherhusband,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

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131.(C)Thereisnoindicationthathiswifenolongerisinlovewithhim,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.ItisunlikelythathiswifehasworkedharderthanIvanhas,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.ThereisnoevidencethatIvanisyoungerthanhiswife,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

132.(B)ThisiswhatIvanimagineswillhappen(lines67–69).

133.(A)BothIvanandMashahavedaydreamsofwhatitwouldbeliketowinthelottery.

134.(D)Thewordbegrudgemeans“toresent,”soitisclearthattheauthormeansthatIvanthoughtthatMashawouldbestingy.

135.(D)ThisisthereasonIvandidnotimmediatelylooktofindoutthewinningnumber.Nothinginthepassagesuggeststhattheotheranswerchoicesarecorrect.

136.(A)BothIvanandMashafantasizeaboutwinningthelottery,andbothgofrombeingpositiveabouteachothertobeingangrywitheachother.

137.(D)AfterIvanandMashalearnthattheyhavenotwonthelottery,theirnotionabouttheirliveshaschangedfortheworse.

138.(D)Greedinthiscasepittedhusbandagainstwife.

139.(C)Cainusesthewordunderscoredtoemphasizetheneed.

140.(D)AclosereadingofthepassageindicatesthatintheeventthatnocandidatehasreceivedenoughElectoralCollegevotes,theHouseofRepresentativesdecideswhothenextpresidentwillbe.

141.(A)ThisisCain’smainpoint.Theotheranswerchoicesaremerelydetails.

142.(C)Electorsaren’tboundtovoteforthechoiceofthepeople,whichmeanstheyarefreetovoteforwhomevertheywant.Answerchoice(A)isn’trelevant,andanswerchoice(B)isn’ttrue.Answerchoice(D)couldhappenbutdoesn’thappenoften.

143.(B)Thecandidatewhowinsthepopularvoteinastategetsallofthestate’selectoralvotes,soineffectthevoteisavoteforCandidateB.

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144.(B)Thewordanachronismmeanssomethingthatisout-of-dateorold-fashioned.

145.(C)TheConstitutionisupdatedbyadoptingamendments.Theotheranswerchoicesarementionedinthepassage,buttheydon’tsupportthisstatement.

146.(D)Thisisn’toneofthereasonsthattheElectoralCollegesystemshouldbeabandoned.

147.(B)Theworddefectingmeans“abandoning.”

148.(B)SheworriesthatAmericanvotersarelosingfaithinasystemthattheycannotdirectlyaffect.

149.(A)Cainwouldbemostlikelytosupportathoroughreview,becausesheissuggestingthattheConstitutionbeupdated.

150.(D)TheLeagueofWomenVoterswantstoreinvigoratethevotersinthecountrysotheywillbemoreinterestedinhavingtheirvoicesheard.

151.(D)Cainusesthisexampletodemonstratehowlittleitwouldtaketochangetheoutcomeofelectionsandbypassthechoiceofthepeople.

152.(A)Thisistheauthor’smainpoint;shewantsCongresstoadoptanamendmentthatwouldabandontheElectoralCollegesystem.

153.(C)Thewomenwantedtoseeifthesapwasflowingsotheycouldtapthetrees.Thesentencedoesn’trefertomakingcanoes,gatheringwood,ormakingfires,sotheotheranswerchoicesareincorrect.

154.(B)Whilethegrandmotherdoesseemlenientabouttheboys’tastingthesyrup(answerchoice(C)),thisisn’therchiefquality.

155.(C)Theauthorwasproudofhisgrandmother’sindustry.Noneoftheotheranswerchoicesissuggestedbythepassage.

156.(D)Thegrandmotherseemedtobetheonewhowasrunningthemaplesugarproject.Thereisnoevidencethatshedidnotwanttoparticipateinthesugargathering,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Thereisnoevidencethatshe

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thoughthergrandsonwasworkingtoohard,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.

157.(A)Theauthorthinksbackonhischildhoodwithwarmth.

158.(B)Thisisexpressedintheopeninglines“Savageswecallthem,becausetheirMannersdifferfromours,whichwethinkthePerfectionofCivility.Theythinkthesameoftheirs.”Althoughoptions(A),(C),and(D)maybeindicatedbythepassage,theyarenotthemainpoint.

159.(C)Thisinexpressedinthesentence:“foralltheirGovernmentisbyCounseloftheSages.”Thenextline,“thereisnoForce,therearenoPrisons,noOfficerstocompelObedience,orinflictPunishment,”contradictsanyoftheotherchoices.

160.(A)Thisisexpressedbythesentence:“OurlaboriousMannerofLifecompar’dwiththeirs,theyesteemslavish&base.”

161.(D)Speakingwell(A),huntingandfighting(B),andrunning(C)areallmentionedinthepassageassomethingthatwasimportantfortheyoungIndianmentolearntodo.Smokingmeats,however,wouldhavefallenunderthecategoryofwomen’swork:“TheIndianWomentilltheGround,dresstheFood[etc.].”

162.(A)Inthelastparagraph,theIndianchiefsturndowntheoffertosendtheiryoungmentocollegebecausetheyconsideredtheotheryoungmenthathadgonetheretobeworthlesswhentheyreturned.

163.(A)Thefirstpassageisautobiographical.Theauthorrelatesatimeheremembersfondlyfromchildhood.Inthesecondpassage,BenjaminFranklinusessomeironywhenheshowsthatcivilityisamatterofperspective.Choices(B),(C),and(D)can’tberightbecausePassage1isverypersonalanditisnothumorousorobjective.

164.(C)InPassage1theauthorcompareshisgrandmothertoamuskrat.Healsocalledthesapinthetreestheirlifeblood.Choice(A)isincorrectbecausetheauthordoesnotusehyperbole.Choice(B)isincorrectbecausebothauthorsuseexamples.Choice(D)doesnotworkbecausenosignificantalliterationisused.

165.(C)Choice(A)isnotrightbecausetheauthorportraystheIndianlifeasverybusy.Theauthordoesn’tcommentonthetalkativenessofIndians(B),and

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although(D)istrue,thishasnobearingonthepassage.Choice(C)isthemostlogicalbecausePassage1portraysagrandmotherworkingbusily.

166.(C)Thebestanswerishardworkingcomparedtorelaxed.Thefirstpassagesays:“Mygrandmotherworkedlikeabeaverinthesedays.”Thesecondpassagesays:“theyhaveabundanceofLeisureforImprovementbyConversation.”Choice(A)isn’tcorrectbecausePassage1isnosimplerthanPassage2.Choice(B)can’tberightbecausethefirstpassagehadstructurealso.Choice(D)isalsowrongbecausealthoughthesecondpassagegoesintomoredetailthanthefirst,thereisnoreasontothinkthatoneismoreadvancedthantheother.

167.(A)Answerchoice(A)istheonlyanswerchoicethatfitsthecontextofthesecondparagraph.

168.(C)Likeallelectromagneticparticles,lighttravelsinwaves.Onlybluelighthasawavelengthof450to500nanometers,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.

169.(C)Themainpointisn’tthatLEDscreensemitbluelight(answerchoice(A))orthattheresearchwasconductedinacontrolledsetting(answerchoice(B)).

170.(B)Cognitivemostnearlymeans“mental”andincludestheareasofperception,memory,andreasoning,andperformancemeans“process.”

171.(A)Thehugeincreaseintheuseoftablets,e-readers,andsmartphonescausesconcern,becausetheyareheldclosertotheeyes,withincreasedexposuretoblue-lightemissions.

172.(B)Theentireparagraphisaboutmelatonin,andthekeypointisthatthehormoneregulatesourdailysleep/wakecycle.Theotheranswerchoicesaremerelysupportingdetails.

173.(D)TheNationalSleepFoundationiscitedasthesourceforanswerchoice(A),sothisanswerchoiceisincorrect.Whileanswerchoices(B)and(C)arementionedinthepassage,neitherisassociatedwiththetworesearchprojects.

174.(C)Wearingadimesimeter,arecordingdevice,wouldnotaccomplishanything.WatchingmoviesonTV(answerchoice(A)),cuttingdownonnighttimeuseofthecomputer(answerchoice(B)),andusingf.lux(answer

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choice(D))areallwaystoreducethemelatonin-loweringeffectsofbluelight.

175.(D)TheauthorcitesdatafromtheNationalSleepFoundationtomakereadersawareofthepossibleconsequencesofexcessivenighttimecomputeruse.Melatoninsupplements(answerchoice(A))aren’tdiscussedinthepassage,andnowheredoesthepassagesuggestthatreplacingfluorescentlighting(answerchoice(C))wouldhelpreadersgetmoresleep.

176.(C)ThefirstlinesoftheparagraphstatethattheRPIfindings“builtonwhattheBaselresearchersdiscovered.”

177.(D)Theauthorhopesthatf.luxsoftwareisonlythefirststepinfindingwaystocontrolbluelight.

178.(A)Whilebluelight’sraysareshorterthanthoseofvisiblelight,theyaren’ttheshortest.Theotheranswerchoicesaccuratelydescribebluelight.

179.(B)ItislogicaltoassumethattheRPIengineersfeelthattheirstudyoffersusefulinformationtocomputerusers,especiallythosewhooftenusethecomputeratnight.

180.(A)Theotheranswerchoicesarefoundinthepassage,buttheyaredetails—notthemainidea.

181.(C)Thisdeductionisbasedoninformationintheearlypartofthepassage.Answerchoice(B)mightbecorrect,butthereisn’tanyevidencetosupportit.BasedonwhattheauthortellsthereaderaboutTheodoric,answerchoice(D)isincorrect.

182.(C)Theodoricdidn’trealizethathistravelingcompanionwasblinduntiltheendofthepassage.Althoughanswerchoice(D)isappealing,mostpeopledon’tdooddthingswhentheytravel.

183.(A)Whilealloftheeventswereimportant,thedisclosureaffectstheoutcomeofthestorythemost.

184.(D)Theotheranswerchoicesaren’tindicatedbytheinformationinthepassage.

185.(C)ThisisthereasonthatTheodoricdecidedtoputhisclothesbackon;

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thetrainwasapproachingthestationandhewouldbeseenbymanypeople.

186.(D)Themouse’scrawlinginhispantsandbitinghimforcedTheodorictodosomethinghewouldneverhavedoneotherwise.

187.(D)TheauthorusesasomewhatfigurativewaytoexpressthatthemousewasinsideTheodoric’sclothes.ThereisnosuggestionthatthemousewasnestinginTheodoric’sclothes,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.

188.(B)Theodoricisembarrassedandwantstogivealogicalreasonwhyhehastherugoverhimself.Theodoricdoesn’tsuggestthatitiscoldonthetrain,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.

189.(A)ItisclearfromthewayinwhichtheauthorwritesaboutTheodoricthathefindshimhumorous.

190.(B)Theodoricisworriedthathistravelingcompanionwillbehorrifiedthathedoesn’thaveallhisclothesonandwillcallforhelp.

191.(B)Theodoricthinksthatthetravelingcompanionishavingagoodtimeathisexpense.

192.(C)Theauthorknowsthatthetravelingcompanion’sblindnessisaveryimportantdetail,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.(B)and(D)arenotsupportedbythetext.

193.(C)Theauthorobviouslyhasfunwritingthestoryandusesatongue-in-cheektone.

194.(B)Theodoricwassurprisedandperhapssomewhatangry,buthemostcertainlywasrelievedthathiscompanionhadnotseenhimwithhisclothesoff.

Chapter4:Set4ReadingQuestions195.(B)ThenarratorseesthathewillneverstudyFrenchagainandthatMonsieurHamelwillbeleaving;hislifewillneverbethesame.

196.(D)Frantzwantedtoskipschool,buthedidnot.Nothinginthepassagesuggeststhathewantedtohelphisteacher(answerchoice(A))orthathewanted

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tospeaktothePrussians(answerchoice(C)).

197.(A)Thevillagerscametoshowrespecttotheteacherandsaygoodbyetohim.ThePrussians,notthevillagers,decidedthattheteachershouldbeletgo,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.

198.(C)Thisisanexampleofforeshadowing.Frantzunderstoodthatsomethingwasnotrightbecauseofhowsolemntheclasswas.

199.(B)Thereisnoindicationofatraditionofthevillagers’presencewhenFrantzwasintrouble,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Thereisnoevidencethatthevillagers’presencecausedFrantztobecomeevenmorenervous(answerchoice(C))ortoforgethislesson(answerchoice(D)).

200.(B)MonsieurHamelshowedgreaterpatiencewithFrantzthanbefore,whenhepunishedhimwithhisruler.

201.(C)FrantzwasextremelyupsetthatMonsieurHamelwouldbegone.

202.(C)Thisisthemainpointofthepassageandthelessonthatitteaches.

203.(C)MonsieurHamelrealizesthatFrantzhaslosthischancetostudyFrenchandthatFrantzfeelsbadly.

204.(B)Thelessonwasnoteasier,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Frantzwasnotlessconcernedaboutdoingwell,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.Thereisnoindicationthatitwasarepeatedlesson,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

205.(D)Theuseofblaredtellsthereaderthattheauthordidn’tlookfavorablyonthePrussians.

206.(B)MonsieurHamel’sattitudemighthavebeenevenstronger:hemayhavehatedthePrussians.

207.(D)Thefactthathemustleaveafterteachingandlivinginthebuildingfor40yearswaslikeadeathtohim.

208.(D)SinceMonsieurHamelwrotehismessageontheboard,itisunlikelythatheforgotwhatheneededtosay(answerchoice(A))ordidn’tknowwhatto

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say(answerchoice(B)).Thereisnoindicationthathewaslosinghisvoice(answerchoice(C)).

209.(A)Thisisthemostlikelyreasonthattheyturnedback.

210.(B)AclosereadingofthepassagemakesitclearthattheVenetiansthoughthisbookwasalllies.

211.(B)Nothinginthepassagesuggeststhattheprincessdidnotenjoytravelingbyherself(answerchoice(A)),thatshewashesitanttoleaveherhomeland(answerchoice(C)),orthatshemightrunaway(answerchoice(D)).

212.(C)TheparagraphidentifiesthefailuretomentiontheGreatWallofChinaasoneofthehistorians’reasons.

213.(A)Thisisprobablythebestproof;thereisasayingthatdyingmentellnolies.

214.(C)Ericson’sVikinghistoryisonlymentionedinrelationtohisseafaringandexploringtendencies.AlthoughweknowfromothersourcesthattheVikingswereviolent(A),thatisnotdetailedinthispassage.Neitherprideofheritage(B)noracomparisonofcivilizations(D)issupportedbythepassageeither.

215.(D)Thereareafewcontextcluesthatsupportthischoice.HewasdisappointedinBaffinIslandbecauseitwasbarrenandrocky.Hewasrewardedbyhistravelswhenhefoundsalmon,greenpastures,andtimberland.AlthoughthepassageindicateshewasinterestedinconvertingGreenlandtoChristianity,thereisnomentionofhislookingforconvertsonhistravelstoNorthAmerica(B).Thereisnosupportfor(A)or(C)inthepassageeither.

216.(B)TherearemanyindicationsthatEricsonlikedtotravel,includinghisfirsttriptoNorwayaswellashistripwest.Noneoftheotheroptionsarediscussedinthepassage.

217.(A)Beforethefind,alloftheinformationaboutLeifEricsonsailingtoNorthAmericawasbasedonlegend.Tourismwasnevermentioned(B),andthepassagedoesnotindicatethatEricsonisasfamousasColumbus(D).ThefindprobablydidhelphistorianstobetterunderstandVikingculture(C),butthatisnotindicatedbythepassage.

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218.(B)OtherstoriesaboutVikingsmayhavetoldusthattheywerecruelandruthless(A),butthispassagedoesnotindicatethat.TheonlylandsettlementtheparagraphmentionsisGreenland—thatisnotmany(C).ThehistoryoftheVikingsisnotmentionedintheparagraph(D).

219.(B)Passage1hasadirectquoteofMarcoPolo’s.Passage2doesnotquoteLeifEricson.Bothpassagesfollowachronologicaltimeline(A),neitherisargumentative(C),andonlyPassage2referencesarchaeologists’data.

220.(B)Bothpassagesfocusonrelatingtheadventuresanddiscoveriesofexplorers.InPassage1,overtime,peoplecometorealizethatMarcoPolowastellingthetruth,andinPassage2,thediscoveryoftheVikingsettlementinNewfoundlandchangedthehistoryofNorthAmerica(A),butneitherofthesepointswascentraltothepassages.BothpassagesmentionspreadingChristianity(C),butneitherfocusesonthatpoint.MarcoPolo’sbookdidchangeEurope’sperceptionoftheworld(D),butthatpointisnotreallymadeinPassage2.

221.(A)Passage2isaboutadiscoverychangingwhatweknewabouthistory.AlthoughthediscoveryinPassage2didconfirmstoriesthathadbeenpasseddownforgenerations(C),thereisnotenoughevidenceinthetexttosuggesttheauthorfeltthatstoriesshouldneverbechallenged.Thereisnoevidenceabouthowtheauthorfeltaboutaconsensus(B)oraboutwhatshouldbetaughtinschools(D).

222.(C)InPassage1,MarcoPolo’sstoriesaredisregardedandlaterproventobetrue.InPassage2,VikinglegendsareproventobebasedonfactwiththediscoveryofL’AnseauxMeadows.AlthoughseatravelisdangerousinPassage1(A),thereisnocommentonitsdangersorlackthereofinPassage2.Passage1doesnotimplyonlyprovenhistoricalfactsshouldbetrusted(B),andneitherpassageindicatesthattheexplorationstookplaceinordertoexpandChristianity(D).

223.(C)Theauthorsaysthatinwinter“themoonachievesafullertriumph,”thatis,itseemsbigger.

224.(B)Winterbringsoutthesinewypartofthemind,notimagination(answerchoice(A)),passion(answerchoice(C)),orsadness(answerchoice(D)).

225.(A)Answerchoice(A)describeswinter,notsummer.

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226.(A)Accordingtotheauthor,winterisatimefor“studiesanddisciplines.”

227.(C)Thereisnomentionintheparagraphthatwinterisavictimofsummer(answerchoice(A)),thatitgiveslessjoythansummer(answerchoice(B)),orthatitishardertolivethrough(answerchoice(D)).

228.(C)Theauthorisromantic,butseesdeeplyintothings.Thereisnosuggestionthattheauthorisoverwroughtandtense,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Theauthormightbeconsideredintellectual,butheishardlypragmatic,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Thereisnosuggestionthattheauthoriscynicalanddespairing(answerchoice(D))—quitetheopposite.

229.(B)Theparagraphdoesstatethatsnowmakesthefencelooklikeiron(answerchoice(A)),butthatisadetail—notthemainidea.

230.(B)Theworkthatthechopperdoeswarmshisbody.Hemaybewearingaheavysweater(answerchoice(A)),butthatisn’tthepointthattheauthorismaking.

231.(A)Thefirstsentenceoftheparagraphstates,“Allsoundsaresharperinwinter;theairtransmitsbetter”(line43).Thisisreinforcedinthenextsentence,whichstatesthatanothersoundisheard“moredistinctly.”

232.(D)Theauthormakesitclearthatheisn’ttalkingaboutconventionalheat.Thereisnomentionofmakingafiremoreeasily(answerchoice(A))ortheairbeingdry(answerchoice(B)).

233.(D)Theauthorenjoysthesoundofthefoxandimaginesthingsabouttheanimal.Itdoesn’tannoy(answerchoice(A))orfrighten(answerchoice(B))him.Nordoeshefinditchilling(answerchoice(C)).

234.(B)Theauthorlikenswintertoanartistseveraltimesinthepassage.

235.(C)Winterisn’tsentimental;summeris.

236.(D)Thesnowkeepsarecordofthefootprintsofanimalsandpeople.

237.(A)Gravityisaconsequenceofdistortioninspaceandtime,accordingtoEinstein.Theotheranswerchoicesareallcharacteristicsofblackholes.

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238.(D)ThepassagestatesthatEinsteinforeshadowedthepossibilityoftheexistenceofblackholesin1915.

239.(C)NuSTARmeasureshigh-energyX-raylight(lines41–42).

240.(B)Bymeasuringthespeedandorbitofstarsandinterstellargasesastheyorbitablackhole,scientistscanmeasurethemassoftheblackhole.

241.(C)TheChandraX-rayObservatorycanmeasureX-raysthatareabsorbedbytheatmosphereandcannotbedetectedonEarth.Thephrase“readastopsignfromadistanceof12miles”(answerchoice(A))isusedbytheauthormerelytoindicatetheacuityofthetelescope.

242.(C)ByquotingfromtheautobiographyofDr.Wheelerattheendofthepassage,theauthormakesclearthatthenatureoftheuniversemayneverbefullyunderstood.

243.(A)Whenthestarcollapsesonitself,itsmassbecomesinfinitelydenseandisknownasasingularity.

244.(A)Theparagraphstatesthisstatisticas24millionmilesvs.93millionmiles,orslightlymorethan25%.SgrA*hasamassequivalentto4millionsuns,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.Answerchoices(B)and(D)arefacts,notinferences.

245.(B)Newtondefinedgravityasaforce,atheorythatwassupersededbyEinstein’sGeneralTheoryofRelativity.

246.(C)Thefirstsentenceoftheninthparagraphstatesthat“somepeoplebelievethatblackholesare‘wormholes’thatleadtoanotherdimensionandanotheruniverse.”Answerchoices(A)and(B)arefalsestatements.Wormholesmightbeafantasy(answerchoice(D)),butthereisnowaytoprovethetheory.

247.(D)Althoughhisautobiographyisquotedinthelastparagraph,Dr.Wheelerisbestknownforfirstusingtheterm“blackhole.”

248.(D)Becausenothingcanenterablackholewithoutbeingdestroyed,thereisnowaytoproveanytheoryaboutwhetherblackholesleadanywhere.

249.(C)Accordingtothepassage,“thegravitationalattractionnearlyequalsthe

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speedoflight”attheeventhorizon(lines24–25),soyouwouldbeoverwhelmed.

250.(C)Dr.Wheelerissayingthattheselawsaren’tpermanent.

Chapter5:Set1EnglishQuestions251.(A)NocommaorsemicolonisrequiredbetweenPartyandand,becauseandjoinstwoparallelphrasesanddoesn’trequireanypunctuation;noristhereaneedforacommaafterand.

252.(D)Notransitionwordisrequiredhere,becausethesentenceintroducesinformationaboutAlicePaulthatisn’tdirectlylinkedtotheprecedingsentence.

253.(D)Aserialcommaisrequiredbeforeand,becausethisisaseriesofdegreesthatPaulreceived.

254.(B)Sincetheactiontookplaceinthepast,theverbshouldreflectthat.Theverbformhavingtraveledcreatesaphraseratherthanasentence;asentenceisrequired.

255.(A)Thissimplepastverbformiscorrect.Answerchoices(B)and(C)changethesentencetoaphrase.

256.(D)Notransitionwordisrequiredhere.

257.(D)Thetransitionwordwhilemakesthemostsense,sinceitlinksthetimeofPaul’sbeinginprisontowhatshewasdoing.

258.(D)Includingthenamethatthepressgavethedemonstrationsshowsthatthepresswascharacterizingthem.

259.(B)Thewordbutshowsthecorrectrelationshipbetweenthetwopartsofthesentence.

260.(B)Sincetheactiontookplaceinthepast,theverbshouldreflectthat.Answerchoice(A)isincorrect,becausethisverbformcreatesaphraseratherthanasentence.Answerchoice(C)isanincorrectpasttense,sinceitshowsanongoingaction.Answerchoice(D)isalsoanincorrectpasttense.

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261.(B)Thisverbformintroducesaphrasethatmodifiesbanners.

262.(D)Theverbformsdeniedandabridgedarepartofthesentenceandshouldnotbesetoffbycommas.

263.(A)Thisisthecorrectpast-tenseverbform.Answerchoice(B)isincorrect,becauseanamendmentcannotratify;itcanonlyberatified.Answerchoices(C)and(D)areincorrectverbforms;theyareinthepresenttense.

264.(B)Thisiswherethesentencelogicallybelongs.Itistooimportantadetailtoomit,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

265.(C)Theactiontakesplaceinthepast,soapast-tenseverbformisrequired.

266.(C)Theconjunctionstillcreatesthecorrectrelationshipbetweenthetwopartsofthesentence.

267.(D)Thisisthemostconcisewaytoexpresstheidea.Theotheranswerchoicesareawkwardandwordy.

268.(D)Thereisnoneedforthewordstheywere;allthatneedstofollowthecolonisthenamesoftheexplorers.

269.(A)Thewordexposuresuccinctlyincorporatestheconceptsofverycoldweatherandlackofwarmclothing.

270.(D)Thisisthemostconciseandexactwaytocommunicatehowhighthestationisabovesealevel.

271.(B)ThisisthestrongestdescriptionoftheweatherattheSouthPole;itgivesthereaderasenseofdangerbyusingthewordssevereandlife-threatening.

272.(D)Answerchoice(D)isn’tacceptableasanalternativetoConsequently.AlloftheotheranswerchoicescouldbesubstitutedforConsequently.

273.(B)Swellsismuchmorepreciseanddescriptivethantheotheranswerchoicesofwhathappenstothepopulationofscientists.

274.(C)Byeliminatingthesetwowords,thereaderwouldlosethesenseofacontrastbetweenwherethestationislocatedandhowmanyscientistswork

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there.

275.(C)Thisgivesmorespecificinformationaboutthescientificdisciplinesthatmakeuseoftheresearchstation.

276.(C)Thisisthemostsuccinctanddirectwaytoincludeinformationaboutlightpollution.Theotheranswerchoicesarewordyorconvoluted.

277.(D)Thisinformationisofminorimportancetothemaintopicoftheparagraph.

278.(B)Acommaisnecessaryafterthisopeningphrase.Answerchoices(C)and(D)wouldmaketheopeningphraseanincompletesentence.

279.(B)Thisisthemostsuccinctanddirectwaytolinktheseries.Theotheranswerchoicesincludeunnecessaryandrepetitiveadverbs.

280.(D)ThewordHowevershouldbeomitted,sincethereisnorelationshipbetweenthissentenceandtheprecedingone.Answerchoice(B)isincorrect,sincethewordBecausewouldmakethesentenceincomplete.

281.(B)Thiswordagreesinnumberwiththesubjectofthesentence,scientists.Answerchoice(D)isincorrect,becauseitwouldleavethesentencewithoutaverb.

282.(D)Thereisnobasisfortheotherthreeanswerchoices.

283.(C)Thisisthemostsuccinctwaytoexpressthisidea.Answerchoices(A)and(B)areoverlywordyandawkward.Thesentencewouldn’tmakesenseiftheprepositionwereremoved,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

284.(A)Acommaisrequiredaftertheopeningphrase,whichdescribesElYunque.Answerchoices(C)and(D)wouldmaketheopeningphraseanincompletesentence.

285.(C)Thisprovidesthestrongestandmostprecisedescriptionoftheviews.Answerchoice(A)israthervague.Answerchoice(B)wouldbeungrammatical.Answerchoice(D)wouldleavetheviewswithoutadescription.

286.(D)Thisprovidesavividimageoftheclouds.Theotheranswerchoices

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areimpreciseandweakdescriptors.

287.(C)Thesentenceonlymakessenseusingthiswordsequence.

288.(D)Thisisapossessiveform.Answerchoice(B)isincorrectfortworeasons:lackofapossessiveformandomissionofthenecessarycomma.Thereisonlyonemountain,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

289.(A)Thisisthemostsuccinctanddirectwayofcommunicatingthisinformation.Theotheranswerchoicesareunwieldyandawkward.

290.(B)Thislanguageisstrongandprovidesavividimage,makingthewritingmuchmoreinterestingandcolorful.Answerchoices(A)and(C)arevagueanduninteresting.Answerchoice(D)wouldresultinanincompletephrase.

291.(A)Thiswordalertsthereadertoinformationthatisamazing.Answerchoice(B)isincorrect,sinceitimpliesanegativerelationshipwiththeprecedingsentence.Answerchoice(C)iscontrarytothemeaningofthesentence.Answerchoice(D)wouldleaveoutanimportantclueaboutthelargenumberoftreevarietiesfoundinElYunque.

292.(D)Withoutthewordexotic,thereaderwouldnotrealizethatthesevarietiesofvegetationareunusual.

293.(B)Thisprovidesimportantinformationaboutthetrails.Theotheranswerchoicesaddlittleornonewinformation.

294.(B)Thissentenceneedsasubjectandaverb,andthecontractionit’s,foritis,providesthese.Answerchoice(A)isapossessiveform,notacontraction.Answerchoice(C)isgrammaticallyincorrect.Answerchoice(D)wouldresultinanincompletesentence.

295.(D)Thisplacementisthemostlogicalandhelpsthereaderunderstandwhatthebirdlookslike.Theotheranswerchoicesrenderthesentenceextremelyconfusingorungrammatical.

296.(A)Thisfitsthenotionofthecoquícallingoutduringtheeveninghours.Answerchoice(B)ismundane.Answerchoices(C)and(D)wouldapplytoaperson,notananimal.

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297.(C)TheideaexpressedinSentence5naturallyfollowstheideaexpressedinSentence3.

298.(C)Theuseofyouwouldpersonalizethesensethatthewriterwantstoconvey.Theotheranswerchoicesarenotaccurate.

299.(B)ThephrasedescribingTimbuktu,“afamouscityinwesternAfrica,”shouldbesetoffbycommas.

300.(D)Sincetheseclausescontaintwodistinctthoughts,eachoneshouldbeitsownsentence.

301.(C)Thisisthemosteffectiveclosingsentence;itsumsuptheinformationintheprecedingsentences.Theotheranswerchoicesprovidedetails,butnotasummary.

302.(B)Thesimplepastverbformfitsthecontexthere.

303.(B)Apossessiveformisrequiredtoshowthatthisrepresentsatime(period)ofsixmonths.Since“sixmonths”isplural,thesingularpossessiveinanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

304.(B)ThistellsofCoxandAbdulbecomingfriends—importantinformationforunderstandingtherestoftheessay.

305.(B)Thesimplepastverbformfitsthecontexthere.

306.(B)Thepastparticipletakenmatchessold.Thesimplepastformwasfitsthecontext.

307.(B)Thepronounwhoreferstoaperson(inthiscase,Abdul);thatandwhichareusedwithobjects,soanswerchoices(A)and(D)areincorrect.Whomisn’tusedwhenthepronounisthesubjectofitsclause,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

308.(D)Thissequenceshowsthat17yearspassedbetweenAbdul’senslavementandCox’sdiscoveryofhiminMississippi.

309.(B)Thesuperlativeformoftheadjectivemakesthemostsense.Mostestisn’tgrammatical,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

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310.(A)Thesimpleinfinitiveformiscorrectinthisconstructionwithsent.

311.(B)Thephraseisevidencethatthewriterresearchedthesubject.

312.(D)Thephrase“throughdiplomacy”modifies“developingtradeandgoodrelations”andshouldbeplacedwithit.

313.(A)Althoughanswerchoice(B)expressesthesamethoughtasanswerchoice(A),itisn’taswellwritten.Theotheranswerchoicesareconvoluted.

314.(B)Acommaisrequiredaftertheconjunctiveadverbhowever.

315.(C)Sincetheseclausescontaintwodistinctideas,eachoneshouldbeitsownsentenceandtheyshouldbeseparatedbyaperiod.

316.(D)Thetenseoftheverbinthesubordinateclauseshouldagreewiththetenseofthemainverb(thepresenttense).

317.(D)Thepastparticipleaffectedneedsaverbtomakethisacompletesentence;canbemakesthemostsense.

318.(A)Theunderlinedportioniscorrectlypunctuated.

319.(B)Thewordterrormosteffectivelyindicatestheintensefearthatatsunamievokes.

320.(C)Thecolonintroducesanexplanationofwhatatsunamiis.

321.(D)Theantecedentis“tidalwaves,”sothepronounshouldbethey.Sincetheverbinthemainclauseisinthepresenttense,theverbinthisclauseshouldalsobeinthepresenttense.

322.(D)Althoughthisinformationdoesn’tcontradictearlierstatements,itdoesn’tadvancethemainideaoftheessay;itdistractsthereader.

323.(B)Thisphrasemodifiescalledandshouldbeplacedimmediatelybeforeit.

324.(C)Theinfinitiveisrequiredintheconstructionwithcauses.

325.(A)Theconjunctiveadverbhoweverintroducesanewandcompleteidea

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andthereforeneedstobepartofaseparatesentence.

326.(B)Useofthecomparativeformofshallowiscorrect,sinceonlytwoitemsarebeingcompared:thedepthoftheoceanfartherandclosertoshore.

327.(D)Thepresentparticiplematchestheearlierverbformpulling.

328.(D)Sincethesubject(“ThePacificTsunamiWarningCenter”)issingular,theverbmustbesingular.Thetenseoftheverbshouldbethesameasthatoftheearlierverb,monitors,thatis,presenttense.

329.x(A)It’sisthecontractedformofithas,whichisgrammaticallycorrect.Theotheranswerchoicesareungrammatical.

330.(D)Paragraph2logicallyintroducestheessayandthereforeshouldbeplacedfirst.

331.(B)Since“notedthinker”and“JosephCampbell”areinapposition,thereshouldbenocommaafterthinker.

332.(A)Thewriterislettingthereaderknowwhathethinksoftheadvicethatfollows.

333.(D)Asuperlativecomparisonisbeingmade,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Answerchoices(A)and(C)areungrammatical.

334.(B)Thisiswherethephraselogicallybelongs.Theotheranswerchoicesmakethesentenceconfusingandillogical.

335.(B)Stressfulisastrongdescriptor.Theotheranswerchoicesareweakandvague.

336.(D)Thewordtoisincorrectinthisconstruction.Sincethetenseoftheverbshouldmatchthatofthemainclause,answerchoices(B)and(C)areincorrect.

337.(C)Theoriginalconstructionisarun-onsentenceandneedstobemadeintotwosentencesbyinsertingaperiodandcapitalizingthefirstwordofthesecondsentence.

338.(D)Sincetheitemsinthisseriallistareseparatedbycommas,thereshould

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beacommaafterartistic.

339.(D)Thewordasisincorrect,becausemachineandcomputerbothmodifyrepairman.

340.(A)Thisisvaluableinformationaboutconventionalpeopleandwhytheychoosethejobstheydo,soitshouldbeincluded.

341.(D)Thisisaseriallistofthekindsofjobsthatconventionalpersonalitytypesdo,sothereneedstobeacommabetweenthejobpossibilitiesclericalworkandaccounting.

342.(A)ThetransitionwordHowevercontraststheinformationintheprecedingsentencewiththeinformationinitssentence.

343.(D)Aswellasintroducesanincompletesentenceandneedstobejoinedtotheprecedingsentence.

344.(A)ThisiswhereSentence1logicallybelongs.

345.(C)Thearticledoesn’tdiscussvariouscareeraspects;itdiscussespersonalitytypesandwhichcareersaremostsuitableforcertainpersonalities.

346.(A)Apossessiveformisrequiredtoshowthatthisrepresentsatripofoneday.Since“aday”issingular,thepluralpossessiveinanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.

347.(A)Thisistheclearestandmostsuccinctwaytoexpressthisfact.Answerchoice(D)isincorrect,becauseitwoulddeleteimportantinformation.

348.(D)Thephrasesinanswerchoices(A),(B),and(C)areunnecessaryandcumbersome.

349.(D)Thisaddssignificantinformationtotheessay.Theotheranswerchoicesarevague.

350.(D)Thewordnostalgictellsthereaderthatthewriterwasfeelingwistfulaboutthepast.

351.(B)Theoriginalconstructionisarun-onsentenceandneedstobemade

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intotwosentencesbyinsertingaperiodandcapitalizingthefirstwordofthesecondsentence.

352.(D)Thepastperfecttense(withthecorrectpastparticiple,chosen)iscorrect.

353.(D)Thisprovidesconciseandimportantinformation.Answerchoice(B)isincorrect,sincechildrenarepeople.

354.(B)Thisclauseisdirectandconcise.Answerchoice(A)isslightlyawkward,andanswerchoice(C)iswordy.Answerchoice(D)isungrammatical.

355.(A)Thisdescriptivewordgivesthereaderanideaofwhatthetownwaslike.

356.(D)Thisiswherethephraselogicallybelongs,sinceittellswhatthewomenweredoingwiththepots.

357.(D)ThewordHoweversuggestsacontrastingrelationshipbetweenthissentenceandtheprecedingone,butnoneexists,soitshouldbedeleted.

358.(B)Acommaisrequiredbetweentwoclausesthatareconnectedbyatransitionword.

359.(B)Paragraph2logicallyintroducestheessayandthereforeshouldbeplacedfirst.

360.(A)ThewritercontrastshismemoriesofSherbroIslandwithhisfeelingsasherevisitsit.

361.(C)It’sisthecontractedformofitis,whichisgrammaticallycorrect.Its’isungrammatical,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.They’re(answerchoice(D))ispluralandmakesnosenseinthiscontext.

362.(B)Theoriginalconstructionisarun-onsentenceandneedstobemadeintotwosentencesbyinsertingaperiodandcapitalizingthefirstwordofthesecondsentence.

363.(D)Theconditionalverbwouldiscorrectafterknew.

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364.(B)Thesimplepastverbformlikedmatchesthesimplepastformgrewearlierinthesentence.Answerchoice(C)isungrammatical,andanswerchoice(D)isawkward.

365.(D)Theclauseislogicallyplacedattheendofthesentence.

366.(A)Theotheranswerchoicesaddlittledetail.

367.(C)Thereisnoreasontosupposethatthewritercleanedonlythedirtierordirtiestcages,soanswerchoices(A)and(D)areincorrect.Answerchoice(B)isn’tgrammatical.

368.(C)Therelativepronounwhoreferstopeople,whilethatreferstoanimalsandobjects;therefore,answerchoices(A)and(B)areincorrect.Sincethepronounisnecessary,answerchoice(D)isincorrect.

369.(D)Thisinformationisincludedearlierinthesentence.

370.(B)Thetenseoftheverbinthesubordinateclausemustmatchthatofthemainverb(thesimplepasttense).

371.(B)Theoriginalconstructionisarun-onsentenceandneedstobemadeintotwosentencesbyinsertingaperiod.Answerchoice(C)alsocreatesarun-onsentence.

372.(B)Consequentlydoesn’tmakesenseinthiscontext.Theotheranswerchoiceshavetheapproximatemeaningofhowever.

373.(D)Thesingularpossessiveofyearisrequiredhere.

374.(A)Thesimplepasttensematchesthetenseofsentlaterinthesentence.

375.(B)ThisiswhereSentence2,asanintroductorysentence,logicallybelongs.

Chapter6:Set2EnglishQuestions376.(B)Acommaisrequiredafterthenameofthestate.

377.(D)ThewordHoweversuggestsacontrastingrelationshipbetweenthis

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sentenceandtheprecedingone,butnoneexists,soitshouldbedeleted.

378.(B)TheinclusionofthefactthatwomenwererareinearlyaviationshowshowspecialAmeliaEarhartwas.

379.(D)Sincethedecisiontookplaceinthepast,theverbshouldbeinthesimplepasttense.

380.(B)Thisisthemostconcisewaytoprovidetheinformation.Answerchoice(A)doesn’tmodifyanyelementintherestofthesentence.Answerchoices(C)and(D)arewordy.

381.(A)Thewordwithcompletesthemeaningoftheverboutfitted.Answerchoices(B)and(C)wouldcreateanungrammaticalsentence.Answerchoice(D)isincorrect,becauseitwouldeliminateimportantinformation.

382.(A)Acommaisrequiredbetweentheopeningphrase,whichmodifiesshe,andthemainclause.Answerchoice(D)wouldcreateanincompletesentencebeforetheperiod.

383.(C)Thesimplepasttenseisthecorrectformoftheverb.Answerchoice(A)isincorrect,sinceNoonanwasnotintheactofcharting.

384.(D)Sincetheantecedentofthiswordisthey,thepluralpossessiveformisrequired.

385.(C)Whereisrequired,becausetheclausethatfollowsconcernsthelocationoftheairfieldandfueltanks.Theotheranswerchoicesareungrammatical.

386.(B)Thisistheonlyanswerchoiceoftransitionwordsthatcannotbesubstitutedforthough.

387.(C)ThisiswhereSentence6logicallybelongs.Answerchoice(D)isincorrect,becauseitwoulddeleteimportantinformation.

388.(D)Thisiswherethephraselogicallybelongs.Theotheranswerchoicesareawkwardorconfusing.

389.(B)Aconjunctionisrequiredtoconnecttosendand(to)see.

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390.(D)Thesimplepasttenseformoftheverbisrequired.

391.(C)ThisstatementaboutNoonan’scareerisanunimportantdetailinanessayabouttheill-fatedflightofEarhartandNoonan.

392.(B)Thisplacementmakesthemostsense.Theotheranswerchoicesareawkwardorchangethemeaningofthesentence.

393.(C)Thisisthesimplestandmoststraightforwardwayofstatingtheinformation.Theotheranswerchoicesareungrammaticalorcontainredundantwords.

394.(A)Theotheranswerchoiceschangethemeaningofthesentence.

395.(B)Eliminationofexoticand“fromtheEast”wouldremovetheideathattheitemswerenoteasilyobtainedbecausetheycamefromfaraway.

396.(D)Acommaisrequiredaftertheopeningadverb.Sincemerchantsisthesubjectofthesentence,thepossessiveformisnotused.

397.(A)Acommaisrequiredaftertheopeningphrase.Answerchoices(C)and(D)wouldcreateanincompletesentence.

398.(B)Thistransitionwordcorrectlyshowsacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweentheprecedingsentenceandthissentence.Answerchoices(A)and(C)incorrectlysuggestacontrastingrelationship.Answerchoice(D)incorrectlysuggeststhatthereisnorelationshipbetweenthetwosentences.

399.(B)Thesentencecontainstwodistinctideasandshouldbeseparatedintotwosentences.

400.(B)Theactualfiguresspentontelevisionadvertisingprovideasenseofthehugeamountofmoneyinvolved.

401.(D)Sincethesubject(advertising)issingular,theverbmustbesingular.Answerchoice(B)isplural,soitisincorrect.Answerchoices(A)and(C)areungrammatical.

402.(A)Thisimportantinformationwouldbelost.

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403.(D)Asuperlativeformoftheadverbisrequired,sincethereisarangeofprobabilities,notjusttwo.Answerchoice(B)isungrammatical.Answerchoice(C)isacomparativeadjective.

404.(C)Thisinformationisunnecessaryanddistractsfromthemainfocusoftheparagraph.

405.(C)Thisreadssmoothly.Answerchoice(A)isawkward,andanswerchoice(B)isungrammatical.Answerchoice(D)wouldeliminatethewordthatlinksthelocationofthissentencewiththatoftheprecedingone.

406.(D)Thisiswheretheparagraphbelongsintermsofsequenceandlogic.Theotheranswerchoiceswouldn’tmakesense.

407.(A)Thewriterhassuccessfullyfulfilledhisgoalbydemonstratingthesignificanceofadvertisingthroughtheyears.

408.(B)AcommaisrequiredafterNakotatoseparatetheseriallistfromthephrasebeginningwithcomprising.

409.(D)Thisistheclearestandmostdirectoftheanswerchoices.Answerchoice(B)isungrammatical.

410.(D)Thisphraseprovidesthemostsignificantinformation.

411.(C)Thisisaseriallistofgerunds,sothereneedstobeacommabetweenthesecondandthirdgerundphrases,“gatheringfoodstuffs”and“caringfortheiryoung.”Answerchoice(B)wouldcreateanincompletesentence.

412.(D)Theprepositionwithisrequiredtoshowtherelationshipbetween“nature”and“theanimalstheyhunted.”

413.(B)Theactionhasoccurredforgenerationsuptothepresent,andtheverbformmustbeinthepassivevoice.

414.(A)Thestoryoftherainbowhappenedinthepast,andtobecorrectlyfollowscameinthisidiom.

415.(B)Theadverbconsequently,formedbyadding-lytotheadjectiveconsequent,iscorrect.Consequenceisanounandcannotbeconvertedtoan

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adverb,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.Thephrasewithconsequencemakesnosense,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

416.(B)Theadjectiveintegral,meaning“essentialtocompleteness,”ismoreprecisethananswerchoices(A)and(C).Answerchoice(D)makesnosense.

417.(D)Sentence5shouldbeplacedafterSentence7.

418.(D)Thisphraseisclearandstraightforward.Theotheranswerchoicesareawkwardorungrammatical.

419.(B)Culminatingmeans“comingtoaclimaxorending”anddescribesseries.Concomitantandcascadingdon’tmakesenseinthiscontext.Theadverbcollaterallywouldmakethesentenceungrammatical.

420.(A)SittingBullwaschiefoftheSioux.Theotheranswerchoicesobscureorcontradictthisfact.

421.(C)TheSiouxisacollectiveplural,andtheverbmustbeinthepresenttensebecausethereferenceistotoday.Answerchoice(D)isawkward.

422.(A)Thephrase“theirnative”isspecificandclear.

423.(A)Thestatementexplainswhythesiteisreveredandsacred.

424.(C)Theprogressivetenseisusedtoexpressanongoingactionwhenanotheractiontookplace.

425.(D)Sincetheseclausescontaintwodistinctthoughts,eachoneshouldbeitsownsentence.

426.(B)Thewordexcitedlyaddsthenuancethatthewriterwasthrilledbythediscoveryoftheturtles.

427.(A)Thesimplepasttenseisrequiredtomatchthetenseoflookedupandbelonged,soanswerchoices(B)and(C)areincorrect.Answerchoice(D)isincorrect,becauseacommaisrequiredtoseparatetheinitialadverbialphrasefromtherestofthesentence.

428.(C)Inhabits,whichmeans“livesin,”makesthemostsensehere.

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429.(C)Musthavebeenistheonlyanswerchoicethatisgrammatical.

430.(A)Thephraseshouldbeplacedwhereitisnow,becausethephrase“tosupportthem”mustimmediatelyfollow“anaquaticenvironment,”whichitmodifies.

431.(B)Wouldisrequiredinaclausethatbegins“ontheconditionthat.”

432.(C)Thesimplepasttensestartedmatchesthetenseofseemed.

433.(A)Thisadditionalinformationisimportant,becauseithelpsthereaderunderstandwhythewriterfedtheturtleslettuce.

434.(C)Lyingisthegerundoftheverbtolie,whichmeans“tobeinarecliningposition.”Layingmeans“puttingdown,”soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.Lainisthepastparticipleoflie,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Tolaymeans“toputdown,”soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

435.(C)Itisbesttodividetheawkwardsentenceintotwoseparatesentences;thismakesthemeaningclearer.

436.(B)Wouldbecomeisthecorrectverbform;itshowsthewriter’sspeculationbasedontheprecedingsentence.

437.(A)Thisanswerchoicerevealsthewriter’sfeelingsmosteffectively.Answerchoices(B)and(C)arevague,andanswerchoice(D)isinaccurate.

438.(A)Paragraph1setsthestagefortheessay,andParagraph2providesmoredetailsabouttheturtles.Paragraph4relateseventsthatoccurredaftertheeventsofParagraph3.

439.(B)Theessaytellsofthewriter’sacceptanceofchangeandfulfillsthegoalofillustratingthatlifeisfullofunexpectedturns.

440.(C)Theprepositionthroughoutismostappropriateandmakesthemeaningclearest.Theotheranswerchoicesareawkwardormisleading.

441.(B)Thetenseoftheverbinthesubordinateclausemustmatchthesimplepasttenseoftheverbinthemainclause,was.

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442.(A)Imaginativesuggeststhatthetwoteenagersweretalented.

443.(A)ThisanswerchoicebestsubstantiatestheclaimsaboutSuperman’spowers.Theotheranswerchoicesarevague.

444.(A)ThisanswerchoiceaddsanimportantdescriptionofSuperman’spowers.Theotheranswerchoicesareawkwardorlessspecific.

445.(B)Could,whichindicatespossibility,matchescouldintheprecedingsentence.

446.(D)Notransitionwordisrequired,sincethesentenceisunrelatedtotheprecedingsentence.

447.(D)Ashisalterego,Supermanpurposefullychosetobemild-mannered.

448.(B)Thisisthemostdirectexpression;itreadsmoreclearlythananswerchoice(A).Answerchoices(C)and(D)wouldmakethesentenceungrammatical.

449.(B)Thephrase“asif”makesthemostsenseafterfeel.

450.(D)Helplessisthemostappropriatewordinthiscontext.Prostratemeans“lyingfacedown,”servilemeans“submissive,”andrejectedmeans“spurned”or“abandoned.”

451.(C)Thestatementwoulddistractthereaderwithoutaddinganyimportantinformation.

452.(A)Thetransitionwordbesidesmakesnosense.Answerchoices(B),(C),and(D)meanaboutthesameasbut.

453.(A)Thinkthereasonismakessenseandisgrammaticallycorrect;theotheranswerchoicesareungrammatical.

454.(C)Truly,whichmeans“really”or“doubtlessly,”bestcompletesthesentence.Seeminglyandapparentlyimplydoubt,soanswerchoices(A)and(B)areincorrect.OmissionofseeminglywouldweakenthenotionthatSupermancaresaboutpeople.

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455.(B)ThequotationmarksaddauthenticitytoSuperman’smissioninlife.

456.(C)Thesuperlativeformoftheadjectiveisrequiredforclarity,andoneofrequiresthepluralwomen.Answerchoice(D)wouldresultinanonsensicalsentence.

457.(D)Thisanswerchoiceprovidesspecific,relevantinformation.

458.(C)Itislogicalthatshetookthenameafterwards.Answerchoices(A)and(D)areungrammatical.

459.(B)Nocommaisusedbeforearestrictiveclause.Theuseofunderchangesthemeaningofthesentence,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

460.(D)Theunderlinedphraseshouldbeeliminated.Plethorameans“excess,”whichisclearlynotthewriter’sintention.Answerchoice(B)meansaboutthesamething,whileanswerchoice(C)meanstheopposite.

461.(A)Sincetheprecedingverbsareinthesimplepasttense,itwouldbeawkwardtouseanothertensehere.

462.(C)Thepassivevoicerequiresthepastparticleinvited.Answerchoice(B)isungrammatical.Oft,whilesometimesacceptableinpoetry,isarchaicandinappropriateinthisessay,soanswerchoice(D)isincorrect.

463.(B)Thepossessiveplural,women’s,mustbeusedbeforerights.

464.(D)Answerchoices(A)and(B)areungrammatical.Sincetherelativepronounthatisusedwithanimalsandthings,butnotwithpeople,answerchoice(C)isincorrect.Inthisconstruction,whommaybeunderstood.

465.(A)Whenaquestionmarkispartofatitlethatisfollowedbyacomma,thecommaisplacedaftertheclosingquotationmark,soanswerchoice(C)isincorrect.Answerchoice(B)isincorrect,becausethequestionmarkispartofthetitleofthespeechandmustbeplacedinsidetheclosingquotationmark.Sincethetitlemustbesetoffbycommasbeforeandafter,answerchoice(D)isincorrect.

466.(D)Theantecedentisinjustice,sothesingularpronounitisused.

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467.(C)Theotheranswerchoicesareungrammatical.

468.(A)Theotheranswerchoicesareawkwardandungrammatical.

469.(C)Sentence10explainsthepurposeoftheFreedmen’sBureau,whichismentionedinSentence3.

470.(D)Theinfinitiveofretireisrequiredintheconstructionwithcaused.Theotheranswerchoicesareungrammatical.

471.(A)Letushasaveryformaltoneinthiscontext;changingustomewouldmakethetonelessformalandmorepersonal.

472.(D)Theprepositionwhileestablishestheproperrelationshipbetweendutiesandrewards.

473.(D)Notransitionphraseisrequired,sincetheideasintheprecedingsentenceandthisonearen’tconnected.Answerchoice(C)makesnosense.

474.(B)Thesurveytookplaceinthepast,sothesimplepasttenseisrequired.Thepassivevoiceinanswerchoice(D)wouldcreateanungrammaticalsentence.

475.(A)Nopunctuationisnecessary.Answerchoice(B)createsanincompletesentence.

476.(D)Thepastprogressivetenseisusedtomatchwerefinishingearlierinthesentence.

477.(C)Theconjunctionaftermakesthemostsenseinthiscontext,becausehecontinuedsmilingafterhetookhisuniform.Takinginanswerchoices(B)and(D)don’tmatchthetenseoftheverbgave.

478.(B)Thephrase“inages”ismuchstrongerthan“inalongtime.”

479.(D)Thisplacementmakesthemostsense.Answerchoice(A)makesitappearthatthefriendsaretalkingtothemother.Answerchoices(B)and(C)areawkward.

480.(A)Fruition,whichmeans“achievement”or“fulfillment,”isappropriate

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here.Theotherwordsdon’tmakesense.

481.(B)Theotheranswerchoicesareungrammaticalornonsensical.

482.(A)BeginninganewsentencewithPlushighlightsthefactthatthereisevenmoreworktodo.Answerchoices(C)and(D)wouldcreaterun-onsentences.

483.(A)Infinitesimalmeans“exceedinglysmall”—theoppositeofimmeasurable.Theotheranswerchoicesarecloseinmeaningtoimmeasurable.

484.(C)Paragraph3setsthestagefortheeventsofParagraph2.

485.(B)Theessayclearlydemonstratesthatlifecanchangequicklyduetoanemotionalexperience;inthiscase,themother’sharrieddayturnedintoadayofjoy.

486.(D)Thesentenceiscompleteandcoherentwithoutaconjunctionatthebeginning;infact,theconjunctioncreatesanincompletesentence.

487.(A)“Conquistadors(soldiersoftheSpanishEmpire)”addstextureanddetailtotheessay.

488.(C)PioneersisanappositiveofthesubjectAnglosandthereforeisnotpossessive,soanswerchoices(A)and(B)areincorrect.Answerchoice(D)incorrectlysuggeststhatallAngloswereEnglish.

489.(D)Thetenseofroammustmatchthesimplepasttenseofthemainverbcame.Theadverbialformfreelymodifiestheverbroamed.

490.(D)“AftertheBattleofSanJacinto”isasubordinateclausesetoffbycommas.Theotheranswerchoiceswouldcreateincompletesentences.

491.(B)Consequentlycorrectlylinksthissentencetotheprecedingone.Answerchoices(A)and(C)establishanincorrectrelationshipbetweenthesesentences.Omittingthelinkingwordreducestheclarityoftheparagraph.

492.(C)Thesimplepasttenseisusedtomatchtookearlierinthesentence,soanswerchoices(B)and(D)areincorrect.Themisredundant,soanswerchoice(A)isincorrect.

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493.(A)“Thesevaqueros”refersto“thevaqueros”intheprecedingsentence.Vaquerosisplural,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Thoseinanswerchoice(C)makesitappearthattheyaredifferentvaqueros.Answerchoice(D)isanincompletesentence.

494.(D)Theyworechapsinordertoprotecttheirlegs.Theotheranswerchoicesareungrammatical.

495.(C)Thatisusedtocompletethethoughtintroducedbysomany.Theotheranswerchoicesareawkwardorungrammatical.

496.(D)Thesimplepasttenseisusedtomatchtheotherverbsintheparagraph,soanswerchoice(B)isincorrect.Thepluralcowboysmustbeusedtomatchotherusesofthewordintheparagraph,soanswerchoices(A)and(C)areincorrect.

497.(B)Settinghoosegowoffwithdashesisgrammaticallycorrect.(Itcouldalsobesetoffwithcommas.)

498.(C)Thisanswerchoiceissimpleanddirect.Theotheranswerchoicesareawkwardorwordy.

499.(B)Independentandself-reliantareadjectivesmodifyingcowboy.Nocomparisonisbeingmade,sousingthecomparativeorsuperlativeformsoftheseadjectivesisincorrect.

500.(C)Sentence1isthebestopeningsentence.ThewordalsoinSentence3linksittoSentence1.Sentence2isthebestclosingsentence.


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