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1

Promising Aircraft

Modifications for

Low Handling Costs

Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2008

German Aerospace Congress 2008Darmstadt, Germany, 23.-25.09.2008

Francisco Gmez CarrascoHamburg University of Applied Sciences

Dieter ScholzHamburg University of Applied Sciences

DLRK2008-81169

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Overview

Review of ground handling servicesReference Data

New AircraftProposals

DOC

Methods

Ground

Handling

Charges

Ground

Handling

Procedures

OptimalProcedure

Identification

Detailed CostPrediction

Modificationsevaluation

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Overview



DOC

Methods

Ground

Handling

Charges

Ground

Handling

Procedures


OptimalProcedure

Identification


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Ground Handling Activities - Classification

Cabin service

Ramp services

Passenger services

Field Operation Services

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Ground Handling Activities - Classification

Cabin services

Ramp services

Passenger services

Field Operation Services

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Ground Handling Activities Ramp Services

Cargo andLuggageHandling

Catering

GPU

Refuelling

TransportPassengers

Pushback

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Ground Handling Activities GSEGround Support Equipment: Equipment that involve ground power

operations, aircraft mobil ity, and loading operations.

Refuelers

Tractors

Ground power units Buses

Container loader

Transporters

Potable water trucks

Belt loader

Passenger stairs Pushback tugs Container loader

De-icing vehicles

Air starter

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Overview



DOC

Methods

Ground

Handling

Charges

Ground

Handling

Procedures

OptimalProcedure

Identification



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Reference Data: Aircraft

The Airbus A320 has been chosen, as it is the mostcommonly used Airbus aircraft at Low Cost

Carriers.

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Reference Data: Mission

A research have been carried out in order to findthe low cost airlines average route length.

Average Length Distance of Low Cost Airlines (km)

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Reference Data: Mission

Low cost airlines average route length.

Average Length Distance of

Low Cost Airlines1028 km

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Reference Data: Ground Handling Procedure

A320 manual

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Overview



DOC

Methods

Ground

Handling

Charges

Ground

Handling

Procedures

OptimalProcedure

Identification



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DOC Methods

Available DOC methods: AEA -

Boeing -

AEA-Boeing - Airbus - No Method

American Airlines

Lufthansa - Tables

Fokker -

Those constants depend on number of seats, range, type of airline and

country.

( ) FHCKKKCGNDFEE

++= 05,5Seats321,

( ) 75,6

FuelBlockSeatsTotal

76543,

++= KKKKKCGNDFEE

PLGNDFEE mKC = 1,

seatshourman

98,12seats 21, +

= KKCGNDFEE

seats21, += KKC GNDFEE

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AEA 89Boeing

93

Boeing-

AEA 95AA 80

Fokker93

Handling Cost (US $)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Method

US $

Estimated Handling Cost for an A320 / R=500nm

PaxGH

PLGH

nKC

mKC

=

=

DOC Methods

In general:

DOC methods for handling cost do not take into account detailed aircraft parameters

Available DOC method cannot accurately predict the handling cost for all scenarios

Influence of the A/C configuration on the GH costs cannot be studied

with DOC methods

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Overview



DOC

Methods

Ground

Handling

Charges

Ground

Handling

Procedures

OptimalProcedure

Identification



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Ground Handling Charges

Airport schedules of charges have beeninvestigated.

The charges can be divided in three categories:

Airport Infrastructure Charges

Baseline service

Additional services

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Ground Handling Costs: Airport Charges

These costs have beenlisted and a ground

handling cost breakdown

tool has been producedUse of AI charge 100.3225

Baseline 1612.41

Fuel AI charge 42.97797

Airbridge 116.19

GPU 42.51

Pushback 114.43Transport at ramp 86.235

Stairs 17.18

Standard Turnaround Costs

Use of AI charge

Baseline

Fuel AI charge

Airbridge

GPU

Pushback

Transport at ramp

Stairs

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These costs only depend on operational aspects (services andtime)

Aircraft parameters are also not taken into account.

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However, different handling procedures can be compared with thistool.

Comparison of ground handlind costs of differente procedures

0102030405060708090

100

A - Standard

procedure

B - External

Apron,

transport,

stairs,

pushback.

C - External

ramp, transport

of passengers,

pushback

D - Terminal

ramp, airbridge

E - External

ramp, transport

of passengers,

stairs

F - External

ramp, transport

of passengers

G -Terminal

ramp, no

airbridge,

pushback

H - Terminal

ramp, no

airbridge

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Ground Handling : Optimal GH procedure

Handling is carried out at a terminal ramp without need ofpushback or transporting passengers.

This cost-efficient procedure in the most used by the LCA.

Examples:

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Ground Handling : Conclusions

To decrease the ground handling costs, LCA avoid as muchground handling services as possible.

In order to achieve this, a more automous aircraft are required.

For example

Pushback can be avoided by Autonomous Pushback Systems

Airbridge use can be switched by stairs.

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Overview



DOC

Methods

Ground

Handling

Charges

Ground

Handling

Procedures

OptimalProcedure

Identification



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New aircraft proposals

Model Developer Criteria Results

A2007 Delt University Minimize turnaround High wing, APS, Integrated stairsStartXpress Stuttgart University More Electrial A/C. High wing, New Engine

Orca Stuttgart University Minimize turnaound New cofiguration. Double stairs at tail.

Larus Stuttgart University GH optimization New configuration.

Globalspirit Stuttgart University DOC High wing

Gastornis Stuttgart University GH and turnround New systems. Fuel cell APU

There is no studies about Ground Handlig Costs

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Overview



DOC

Methods

Ground

Handling

Charges

Ground

Handling

Procedures

Optimal

Procedure

Identification



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Integrated Stairs

Weight Penalty of about 65kg.Increase of DOC 0.06% (8USD/Trip)

Avoid Delays and Utilization of Airport

Equipement.Stairs -> 20USD

Airbridge -> 110USD

Possibility of boarding using two doors

Compatibilty with airbrigdes.

A clear decrease on costs

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Autonomous Pushback System

Weight Penalty of about 100kg.Increase of DOC 0.1% (15USD/Trip)

Small maintenance and depreciation

cost.(5USD/trip)

Avoid Delays and Utilization of Airport

Equipement.

Pushback -> 172USD/trip

It saves around 2 minutes in the turnaround

time.

Potential to use fuel cells.

A clear decrease on costs

Wheeltug

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Kneeling system

Lower sil l height leads to lower loading costs. Very high weight penalty.

Difficult to asses loading activitiy improvement

Belt and container loaders can be adapted to different

geometries already.

Containers and pallets have standard sizes.

Do not save costs.

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Overview



DOC

Methods

Ground

Handling

Charges

Ground

Handling

Procedures

Optimal

Procedure

Identification



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Summary and future steps

Despite these findings, aircraft configuration andgeometry cannot be evaluated regarding GH costs

yet.

A new tool has to be developed for this purporse. Ground Handling studies in detail.

Identif ication of Ground Handling parameters.

Assign cost values to each element. Connection between GH costs and Aircraft parameters

Evaluation of different configurations

iP

),,( ,...21 ii PPPCC =

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A modelization of the ground handling costs isbeing carried out.

Delays, geometrical compatibilities, staff, service

precision parameteres are taken into account.Sill Height Trade-off

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Cost Factor

SillHeight

Refuel

Cargo

iGH

CCCCC ...321

=

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Software Simba 2D from ARC is able to perform ground handlingsimulations and calculate costs.

Once the ground handling cost breakdown is totally defined, it is

possible to calculate turn-around times and costs in parallel.

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Thank you for your attention

Further information can be found on:

http://ALOHA.ProfScholz.de

http://Aero.ProfScholz.de

Documents

Aloha Pre Dlrk 08-09-23