A L L I E D H E A LT H I

UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN BODY

UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION

•Why are the characteristics of life an important part of the human body? •How is the organization of the body systems important to the orientation of the human body?•How does the orientation of the human body help to define direction?

OVERVIEW: How is your body organized?

• Our bodies are amazingly complex• Organization • Smallest element (atoms: chemical)

• Cells

• Tissues

• Organs

• Systems

• Organisms

Simple

Complex

ORGANIZATION IN-DEPTH ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

CELLS: What substances perform the work of the cells?

• Cells vary in shape, size and function• All cells need food, water and oxygen to live and

function• Basic structures of a cell:• Membrane• outer covering of the whole cell and nucleus • Helps to maintain shape and keep parts inside the cell

• Cytoplasm • gel like substance in the middle of the cell that

organelles float in. • Helps in movement and reproduction

CELLS: CONTINUED

• Nucleus • central part of the cell • All cells have then EXCEPT RBC’s (erythrocytes or red

blood cells)• Directs all cell activity • contains chromosomes • Chromosomes• made of DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid)• contains genetic information called genes• genes : hair color, eye color, height, weight, gender, and

hereditary diseases.

CELL TYPES: Do all cells have same or differing functions?

• All cells have special and specific functions• The functions are influenced by the shape of the

cell and adapt to meet the need at hand. • CELL TYPES: • Nerve cells: • usually long with thin extensions that transmit impulse

signals of a long distance. (neurons or neuroglia)

• Epithelial cells:• thin, flat and tightly packed cells that preform to protect

underlying cells (skin cells)

Muscle cells: slender rods that attach to structures to help with

motion

TISSUES: A grouping of cells that come together for a specific function.

• 4 different tissue types • Connective tissue • holds body parts such as bones, ligaments and tendons

together

• Epithelial tissue • covers all external and internal body surfaces • Skin and linings of internal organs and intestines

• Muscle Tissue • expends and contracts allowing for movement of the body,

food and blood

• Nervous Tissue • carries messages from all the parts of the body to and from

the brain and spinal cord

ORGANS: A grouping of tissues that perform a specific function.

• Organs can only completer their specific functions.

• EXAMPLES: • Kidneys: maintain water and salt balance in the blood • Stomach: breaks down food into usable substances for

energy.

SYSTEMS: Grouping of organs that work together to perform on of the body’s major functions.

• All systems have separate and distinct functions• They do rely on each other to perform at their

best. • If there is an issue in one system other systems

will have functional issues. • 11 total systems in the human body

1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • Controls reproduction and heredity

Female System

Ovaries

Vagina

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Mammary glands

Breasts

Male System

Testes

Penis

Prostate land

Vas deferens

Seminal Vesicles

2. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Consists of glands that secrete hormones for

regulation of many of the body’s activity

3. URINARY SYSTEM • Eliminates metabolic waste, maintain the acid –

based and water-salt balance, and help regulate blood pressure

4. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM• Consist of organs that aide in digestion, absorption

of nutrients, and elimination of waste. Necessary of normal intake of food and water into your body.

5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM• Consists of the organs that help in oxygen

exchange. Performs respiration in the cellular level

6. LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM • Helps to protect the body from infection and

disease (nonspecific and specific defense of infection)

7. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • Transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the tissues

and removes waste from the tissues.

8. SPECIAL SENSES SYSTEM • Involved in the reactions of the senses and regulate

the impulses of the senses to the brain.

9. NERVOUS SYSTEM • Regulates most of the body activities, sends, and

receives messages from the sensory organs.

10. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM • Provides the movement for the entire body. With out

the bones and muscles you would not be able to stand or move.

11. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • Largest organ in the whole body and serves as a

protective cover.

BODY CAVITIES

BODY CAVITIES: What are the cavities called and which systems live in each?

• Dorsal Cavity• located on the back of the

body • Contains the Cranial Cavity• brain only

• Contains the Spinal Cavity• Spinal cord only

BODY CAVITIES: What are the cavities called and which systems live in each?

• Ventral Cavity• located on the front of the

body • Contains the Pelvic Cavity• Reproductive organs

• Diaphragm• Muscle that separate the • Thoracic and abdominopelviccavity

• Contains the Thoracic Cavity• heart and lungs only

• Contains the Abdominal Cavity• Gastrointestinal only

A N AT O M I C A L P O S I T I O N

What position is this called?

ANATOMICAL POSITION

• Medical reference that helps define directional terms and anatomical locations • Has been used since the

early 500 BC • Anatomical Position• Standing upright • Facing forward • Arms at side • Palms facing forward • Feet together

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONTINUED

• Anterior• Ventral • Front of the body • Towards the belly

• Posterior • Dorsal • Back of the body • Towards the back

DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONTINUED

• Inferior• Above the

structure• Towards the

head

• Superior • Below the

structure• Towards the feet

DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONTINUED

• Medial • middle or near the

midline of the body

• Lateral• to the outside • Away from the midline

of the body

DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONTINUED

• Distal• farthest point of the

attachment to the trunk • Away from the heart

• Proximal • near point of the

attachment to the trunk • Towards the heart

LIMBS ONLY

DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONTINUED

• Superficial • near the surface of the

object

• Deep • Underneath the surface • towards the middle of

the structure

DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONTINUED

• Supine• Lying on one’s spine • Facing upward

• Prone• Lying in one’s stomach • Facing downward

PLANES OF THE BODY

PLANES OF THE BODY

• Planes are imaginary lines that help to divide the body into pieces • Helps to define relationship between organs or

systemsSAGITTAL PLANE : divides the body into right and left;

PLANES OF THE BODY CONTINUED

Frontal or Coronal PLANE : divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Transverse Plane : divides the body horizontally into superior and posterior halves

BODY QUADRENTS

BODY QUADRANTS

• The abdominal cavity is so large that is helpful to divide it in to 4 pieces • These pieces are called

quadrants • RUQ = right upper quadrant • LUQ= left upper quadrant • RLQ= right lower quadrant • LLQ= left lower quadrant

BODY QUADRANTS CONTINUED

• RUQ = right upper quadrant • Liver • Pylorus • Duodenum • Right kidney • Ascending colon • Transverse colon • Large and small intestine

BODY QUADRANTS CONTINUED

• LUQ = left upper quadrant • Medial lobe of the Liver • Spleen• Stomach • Pancreas • Left kidney • Ascending colon • Transverse colon • Large and small intestine

BODY QUADRANTS CONTINUED

• RLQ= right lower quadrant • Appendix• Cecum• Bladder • Right Ovary • Right Spermatic Cord • Right ureter • Ascending colon • Transverse colon • Large and small intestine

BODY QUADRANTS CONTINUED

• LLQ = left lower quadrant • Bladder • Left Ovary • Left Spermaitc Cord • Left Ureter • Sigmoid colon • descending colon • Large and small intestine