The Political Landscape of the Suffering Church

Lessons and Legacies

Allen D. HertzkeUniversity of Oklahoma

November 5, 2012University of Notre Dame

Is the Blood of the Martyrs the Seed of the Church Today?

• It Depends…

– On the landscape of the suffering church– On political leadership – On scholars and intellectuals – On the global Church’s response

Elaboration

• Pervasive, relentless, and vicious persecution can marginalize or eradicate Christian witness– World as laboratory of highly diverse contexts

• Old ways (persecution) and new methods (cleansing) • This calls for rigorous scholarship

– Precision in language – discrimination, persecution, martyr– Pew-like initiatives: documenting martyrs with inter-coder

reliability• Requires creative Church response – solidarity +• Needs the best journalism – John Allen• Demands assertive public policy – Tom Farr

20th Century: Bloodiest for Christians

• Armenian Genocide: Only 300,000 Christians left in Turkey

• Soviet liquidations• Maoist China’s atrocities• Middle East Religious Cleansing• Genocidal campaign by Sudan: Rallied for South

Ecumenism of Martyrdom

• TERTIO MILLENNIO ADVENIENTE (Toward the Third Millennium), Apostolic Letter of John Paul II, 1994

• The Pope lauded the Christian witness of Catholics, Protestants & Orthodox believers

• He cited the “ecumenism of Christian martyrdom” and called for documentation and solidarity

• Synecdoche for broader persecution and pressure– Need for ecumenism of advocacy

Momentous for Fate of the World

• Christianity as largest religion in the world

• Most globally dispersed

• Persecuted in more diverse contexts

• Linked to Human Freedom

Christianity and Freedom

• Pure Christian Ethic: Theology of human dignity and equality, Imago Dei

• Autonomous civil society -- Libertas ecclesiae• Limited Government – Loyalty to Authority higher

than state. Limit on hegemonic state, Sanneh• Religious Freedom – conscience cannot be forced• Engine of Democratization

– Focus of Georgetown University’s Religious Freedom Project

Landscape of the Suffering Church:Diverse Challenges

Communist Remnant

• China and Vietnam – repressed but thriving• North Korea – Orwellian persecution– North Korea: 2% Christian (400,000)– South Korea: 29% Christian (14 million)

• The New Underground – Melanie Kirkpatrick, Escape from North Korea– “Look for a church, a Cross”– Martyrdom could be seed if regime collapses

Radical Islamist Pressure

• Intimidate, marginalize, strip of rights• By state action– Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan

• By Social Hostilities– Nigeria, Indonesia

• By Both– Pakistan

• Failing to challenge is patronizing and undermines Muslim heroes of conscience

Vanishing Christians in the Middle East

• Ancient communities facing extinction or catacomb existence – Iraq, Palestine, Algeria, Tunisia, Yemen, Turkey

• Some still have still have statistically significant minorities but all are in decline– Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordon

• Irony of emigration • Harmful for Muslim societies• Habib Malik: Only vigorous international response

can forestall disaster

Ironic Growth in the Gulf

• Gulf Guest Workers– Kuwait (14%), Qatar (14%) Saudi Arabia (4.4%),

UAR (13%)– Different Paths: From Pew Forum

Ethno-Religious Nationalism

• Exploit ethno-religious identities for political gain• Stigmatize Christians as alien, impure• Unleash social hostilities and vigilante action

India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Turkey• Diplomatic response • Church support: awareness, prayer, material aid

Autocratic Regimes

• Fear independent civil society• Exploit ethno-religious tensions• Repress Christian communities and leaders • Harass human rights movements– Burma, Venezuela, Eritrea

Why We Care: Empirical Value of Religious Freedom

• Brian Grim and Roger Finke, The Price of Freedom Denied– Religious Freedom powerfully contributes to political

rights, civil liberties, democratic consolidation, women’s status, economic development, societal peace, and regional stability.

• Liminal Book – validates timeless ideal– Provides real guidance for religious authorities, political

leaders, scholars

Correlation of Religious Freedom with Other Freedoms and Well-being within Countries

Religious Freedom

Broader ReligiousParticipation

Positive Contributions of

Religion to Society

Social Restrictionof Religious Freedom

Violencerelated to Religion

Governmental Restrictionof Religious Freedom

Religious Freedom CycleReligious Violence Cycle

Empirical Model:Interaction of Social Forces and Government Laws

Price of Freedom Denied, Grim & Finke, 2011

Crucible of the 21st Century:Living with our differences in a shrinking world

• Fate of Christianity is pivotal to this challenge– the leaven and test

• “Where Christians are Dying,” societies struggle– Title of new book by Francesca Paci

• Religious Freedom must be a priority of all Democracy-loving peoples – Tony Blair in The Review of Faith & International Affairs