AlcoholAlcohol

What is Alcohol?What is Alcohol?

Alcohol is a compound of carbon, hydrogen Alcohol is a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which is produced when glucose and oxygen, which is produced when glucose is fermented by yeast. The alcohol content of a is fermented by yeast. The alcohol content of a particular drink is controlled by the amount of particular drink is controlled by the amount of yeast and the duration of fermentation. yeast and the duration of fermentation.

Fruits are used to make wines and ciders, Fruits are used to make wines and ciders, while cereals such as barley and rye form the while cereals such as barley and rye form the basis of beers and spirits. basis of beers and spirits.

BenefitsBenefits Alcohol consumed in moderation is thought to be beneficial in Alcohol consumed in moderation is thought to be beneficial in

reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. Indeed, alcohol reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. Indeed, alcohol consumption in conjunction with high intakes of fruit and consumption in conjunction with high intakes of fruit and vegetables, may well explain the so-called 'French paradox'. vegetables, may well explain the so-called 'French paradox'. The French diet is considered to be very high in fat, especially The French diet is considered to be very high in fat, especially saturated fat, yet the death rate from coronary heart disease saturated fat, yet the death rate from coronary heart disease remains relatively low. It is thought this is at remains relatively low. It is thought this is at least partlyleast partly due due to people's consumption of red wine.to people's consumption of red wine.

The key word, though, is moderation. In 1997, the World The key word, though, is moderation. In 1997, the World Health Organization concluded that the reduced risk from Health Organization concluded that the reduced risk from coronary heart disease was found at the level of one drink coronary heart disease was found at the level of one drink consumed every second day. consumed every second day.

RisksRisks Alcohol has been linked to a wide range of illnesses, such Alcohol has been linked to a wide range of illnesses, such

as the increased risk of mouth, pharyngeal and esophageal as the increased risk of mouth, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers (this risk being greatly increased if combined with cancers (this risk being greatly increased if combined with smoking). Furthermore, alcohol probably increases the smoking). Furthermore, alcohol probably increases the risk of colorectal and breast cancer. risk of colorectal and breast cancer.

And the list doesn't stop there: high blood pressure, And the list doesn't stop there: high blood pressure, gastrointestinal complications, such as gastritis, ulcers, gastrointestinal complications, such as gastritis, ulcers, and liver disease, and the depletion of certain vitamins and liver disease, and the depletion of certain vitamins and minerals can all be caused by alcohol consumption. and minerals can all be caused by alcohol consumption.

Excessive alcohol consumption can also have detrimental Excessive alcohol consumption can also have detrimental social and psychological consequences. social and psychological consequences.

During pregnancy - the risk of birth defects is greater if During pregnancy - the risk of birth defects is greater if pregnant women drink, especially in the first eight to pregnant women drink, especially in the first eight to twelve weeks of pregnancy. This is called Fetal Alohol twelve weeks of pregnancy. This is called Fetal Alohol SyndromeSyndrome

What's a unit?What's a unit?

One unit is considered to be 8g of alcohol. One unit is considered to be 8g of alcohol. Often units are quoted as being one small glass Often units are quoted as being one small glass of wine, half a pint of beer or one pub measure of wine, half a pint of beer or one pub measure of spirits. of spirits. Some stronger beers and lagers may contain as Some stronger beers and lagers may contain as

many as 2.5 units of alcohol per half pint. many as 2.5 units of alcohol per half pint. Cans of beer and lager often contain about three-Cans of beer and lager often contain about three-

quarters of a pint, rather than half, and so will quarters of a pint, rather than half, and so will contain 1.5 units - more if the product is high contain 1.5 units - more if the product is high strength. strength.

Nutrition of AlcoholNutrition of Alcohol

Alcohol is a high source of energy, providing Alcohol is a high source of energy, providing 7 calories per gram of alcohol. Therefore, if 7 calories per gram of alcohol. Therefore, if you're watching your waistline it might be an you're watching your waistline it might be an idea to cut down the amount you drink idea to cut down the amount you drink

Alcohol is often referred to as a source of Alcohol is often referred to as a source of 'empty calories', meaning it has no nutritive 'empty calories', meaning it has no nutritive value other than providing energy. This isn't value other than providing energy. This isn't strictly true: some alcoholic drinks contain strictly true: some alcoholic drinks contain sugars sugars

How it works?How it works?

Alcohol follows the same path in the body as Alcohol follows the same path in the body as food does…as it travels through the digestive food does…as it travels through the digestive system.system.

About 20 percent of alcohol passes directly About 20 percent of alcohol passes directly into the blood from the stomach the rest is into the blood from the stomach the rest is absorbed by the intestines.absorbed by the intestines.

Some effects are short term and some are long Some effects are short term and some are long term. term.

Immediate EffectsImmediate Effects

Factors involvedFactors involved Amount consumedAmount consumed Size of personSize of person

Body fatBody fat Body type Body type Body wtBody wt

Food in stomachFood in stomach Male or femaleMale or female

Amount ConsumedAmount Consumed

Obviously, stronger drinks will result in higher Obviously, stronger drinks will result in higher BACs. BACs.

Remember one serving depends on the drink…Remember one serving depends on the drink…a serving of Wine is not the same size as a a serving of Wine is not the same size as a serving of Beer or spirits.serving of Beer or spirits.

The liver can only oxidize ½ oz/ hr.The liver can only oxidize ½ oz/ hr. Changes back to water carbon dioxide and energy.Changes back to water carbon dioxide and energy.

Size of PersonSize of Person

Body Fat Body Fat the more body fat a person has the higher the more body fat a person has the higher their blood alcohol level will betheir blood alcohol level will be

Body Type Body Type people of the same weight, a well muscled people of the same weight, a well muscled individual will be less affected than someone with a individual will be less affected than someone with a higher percentage of fat since fatty tissue does not higher percentage of fat since fatty tissue does not contain very much water and will not absorb very contain very much water and will not absorb very much alcoholmuch alcohol

Body Weight Body Weight In general, the less you weigh the more In general, the less you weigh the more you will be affected by a given amount of alcoholyou will be affected by a given amount of alcohol

Food in stomachFood in stomach

In a fasting individual, it is generally agreed that 20% to 25% In a fasting individual, it is generally agreed that 20% to 25% of a dose of alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and 75% to of a dose of alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and 75% to 80% is absorbed from the small intestine. Thus, in fasting 80% is absorbed from the small intestine. Thus, in fasting people, peak BACs are achieved in 0.5 to 2.0 hours; while in people, peak BACs are achieved in 0.5 to 2.0 hours; while in non-fasting people, peak alcohol BACs are achieved in 1.0 to non-fasting people, peak alcohol BACs are achieved in 1.0 to 6.0 hours. 6.0 hours.

While alcohol will be absorbed from the stomach, it is a While alcohol will be absorbed from the stomach, it is a slower and less efficient transition. Because alcohol is slower and less efficient transition. Because alcohol is absorbed most efficiently in the small intestine, the ingestion absorbed most efficiently in the small intestine, the ingestion of food can slow down the absorption of alcohol by keeping of food can slow down the absorption of alcohol by keeping the alcohol in the stomach longer the alcohol in the stomach longer

Male or femaleMale or female

WomenWomen Lower toleranceLower tolerance A women’s blood alcohol level will be a third A women’s blood alcohol level will be a third

higher than the man's. higher than the man's. It will take a third longer for your body to It will take a third longer for your body to

eliminate the alcohol from your blood.eliminate the alcohol from your blood.

Why Does Alcohol Effect Women Why Does Alcohol Effect Women Differently?Differently?    

Women have a higher proportion of body fat and less Women have a higher proportion of body fat and less

water in their bodies than men. This means that water in their bodies than men. This means that alcohol is less diluted and will have a stronger affect alcohol is less diluted and will have a stronger affect on you. Therefore women will generally be affected on you. Therefore women will generally be affected more quickly than men, even if they are the same size more quickly than men, even if they are the same size as some men, and feel the effects longer. as some men, and feel the effects longer.

The The liverliver is where the body finishes breaking down is where the body finishes breaking down alcohol. Working at full speed, a healthy young man's alcohol. Working at full speed, a healthy young man's liver takes about an hour to process one drink. A liver takes about an hour to process one drink. A healthy young woman's liver will generally take healthy young woman's liver will generally take longer longer

How does alcohol work in the body?How does alcohol work in the body? Immediate effectsImmediate effects

Brain- depresses brain activity, thought processes Brain- depresses brain activity, thought processes are disorganized, and memory and concentration are disorganized, and memory and concentration are dulled.are dulled.

Liver- oxidizes ½ ox./hr. Changes it to water, Liver- oxidizes ½ ox./hr. Changes it to water, CO2 and energyCO2 and energy

Blood vessels-causes dilation-makes the skin feel Blood vessels-causes dilation-makes the skin feel warm but body temp actually decreaseswarm but body temp actually decreases

Stomach- immediately absorbed into the blood Stomach- immediately absorbed into the blood from stomach food in stomach slows down from stomach food in stomach slows down absorption rate-alcohol increases the flow of absorption rate-alcohol increases the flow of gastric juices.gastric juices.

How does alcohol work in the body?How does alcohol work in the body?

Long term effectsLong term effects Tolerance-must drink more to produce same effectTolerance-must drink more to produce same effect Withdrawal-jumpiness, sleeplessness, sweating, Withdrawal-jumpiness, sleeplessness, sweating,

poor appetite, tremors, convulsions and poor appetite, tremors, convulsions and hallucinations.hallucinations.

Dependence-body develops need for itDependence-body develops need for it Adolescents are more vulnerable than any other age Adolescents are more vulnerable than any other age

group to developing nicotine, alcohol and other drug group to developing nicotine, alcohol and other drug addictions because the regions of the brain that govern addictions because the regions of the brain that govern impulse and motivation are not yet fully formed, Yale impulse and motivation are not yet fully formed, Yale researchers have found researchers have found

Long term effectsLong term effects

Liver problemsLiver problems Interferes with the liver’s ability to break down Interferes with the liver’s ability to break down

fats causes (fatty liver)fats causes (fatty liver) Interferes with the growth of new liver cellsInterferes with the growth of new liver cells Heavy alcohol use destroys liver tissue and it is Heavy alcohol use destroys liver tissue and it is

replaced with scar tissuereplaced with scar tissue CirrhosisCirrhosis

High blood pressureHigh blood pressure Abdominal swellingAbdominal swelling Jaundice appearanceJaundice appearance

Brain damageBrain damage

Loss of intellectual abilitiesLoss of intellectual abilities Alcohol is a Alcohol is a depressantdepressant, which means it slows the , which means it slows the

function of the central nervous system. Alcohol function of the central nervous system. Alcohol actually blocks some of the messages trying to get actually blocks some of the messages trying to get to the brain. This alters a person's perceptions, to the brain. This alters a person's perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing emotions, movement, vision, and hearing

Because experts now Because experts now know that the human know that the human brain is still developing brain is still developing during our teens, during our teens, scientists are scientists are researching the effects researching the effects drinking alcohol can drinking alcohol can have on the teen brain. have on the teen brain.

Mixing Alcohol with other drugsMixing Alcohol with other drugs

Synergism or multiplier effectSynergism or multiplier effect Alcohol is a depressantAlcohol is a depressant

What is the effect if mixed with ?What is the effect if mixed with ? DepressantDepressant UpperUpper HallucinogenHallucinogen

Mixed with Tylenol can cause liver failure and Mixed with Tylenol can cause liver failure and even deatheven death

Mental and Social ProblemMental and Social Problem

Why young people drink?Why young people drink? To escape pressures or problemsTo escape pressures or problems To feel betterTo feel better To relaxTo relax To gain more self-confidenceTo gain more self-confidence To get away with something they arent suppose to To get away with something they arent suppose to

dodo To fit inTo fit in

Negative social consequencesNegative social consequences

Can affect not only the drinker but also the Can affect not only the drinker but also the drinkers family and friendsdrinkers family and friends Alienation of friends and familyAlienation of friends and family Lets your guard downLets your guard down Poor decision makingPoor decision making

Reason’s not to drinkReason’s not to drink

““I don’t need it”I don’t need it” Hate the tasteHate the taste It is fatteningIt is fattening Leads to other problemsLeads to other problems Don’t want to loose controlDon’t want to loose control Harmful to healthHarmful to health Want to enjoy what is going on around meWant to enjoy what is going on around me

Pregnancy and AlcoholPregnancy and Alcohol CauseCause

Although doctors aren't sure how much alcohol Although doctors aren't sure how much alcohol you'd have to drink to place your baby at risk, they you'd have to drink to place your baby at risk, they do know the more you drink, the greater the do know the more you drink, the greater the chance of problems developing. chance of problems developing.

TreatmentTreatment There's no cure for fetal alcohol syndrome. There's no cure for fetal alcohol syndrome.

PreventionPrevention Doctors haven't identified a safe level of alcohol Doctors haven't identified a safe level of alcohol

that a pregnant woman can consume. But, experts that a pregnant woman can consume. But, experts do know that FAS is completely preventable if do know that FAS is completely preventable if women don't consume alcohol during pregnancy. women don't consume alcohol during pregnancy.

Fetal Alcohol syndromeFetal Alcohol syndrome Distinctive facial featuresDistinctive facial features

including small eyes, including small eyes, an exceptionally thin upper lip,an exceptionally thin upper lip, a short, upturned nosea short, upturned nose smooth skin surface between the nose and upper lip smooth skin surface between the nose and upper lip

Heart defects Heart defects Deformities of joints, limbs and fingers Deformities of joints, limbs and fingers Slow physical growth before and after birth Slow physical growth before and after birth Vision difficulties or hearing problems Vision difficulties or hearing problems Small head circumference and brain size (microcephaly) Small head circumference and brain size (microcephaly) Mental retardation and delayed development Mental retardation and delayed development Abnormal behavior such asAbnormal behavior such as

a short attention span, a short attention span, hyperactivity, hyperactivity, poor impulse control, poor impulse control, extreme nervousness and anxiety extreme nervousness and anxiety

Cleft PalateCleft Palate

Advertising AlcoholAdvertising Alcohol

Advertising does not increase consumption. Advertising does not increase consumption. For example, alcohol brand advertising was For example, alcohol brand advertising was first introduced in New Zealand in 1992. first introduced in New Zealand in 1992. While advertising continues to increase, While advertising continues to increase, consumption continues to fall.consumption continues to fall.

Instead of increasing total consumption, the Instead of increasing total consumption, the objective of advertisers is to encourage objective of advertisers is to encourage consumers to switch to their brand and create consumers to switch to their brand and create brand loyalty. brand loyalty.

In reality, viewers are much more likely to see In reality, viewers are much more likely to see alcohol portrayed during TV programs than alcohol portrayed during TV programs than during commercials. For example, an analysis during commercials. For example, an analysis of prime time TV found that alcohol of prime time TV found that alcohol commercials appeared at the rate of 0.2 per commercials appeared at the rate of 0.2 per hour while drinking portrayals during hour while drinking portrayals during programs occured 25 times more frequently, at programs occured 25 times more frequently, at five times per hour. five times per hour. 1616

Parents are much more influential than they Parents are much more influential than they generally realize. For example, among six generally realize. For example, among six

things that might affect their decisions about things that might affect their decisions about drinkingdrinking

Parents (62 percent) Parents (62 percent) Best friends (28 percent) Best friends (28 percent) Teachers (9 percent) Teachers (9 percent) What they see on television (7 percent) What they see on television (7 percent) What they see in ads (4 percent) What they see in ads (4 percent)

Drinking and DrivingDrinking and Driving

EffectsEffects Reduced ability to judge distances, speed and turnsReduced ability to judge distances, speed and turns Reduced ability to judge your capabilities and Reduced ability to judge your capabilities and

limitationslimitations Increases the tendency to take risksIncreases the tendency to take risks Slows reflexes Slows reflexes Adds to forgetfulness of taking precautions such as Adds to forgetfulness of taking precautions such as

using signals when turningusing signals when turning Reduced ability to concentrateReduced ability to concentrate

Costs of DWICosts of DWI

Confiscation of driver’s licenseConfiscation of driver’s license ArrestArrest Court appearanceCourt appearance FineFine Possible suspension of driver’s licensePossible suspension of driver’s license Possible mandatory jail sentencePossible mandatory jail sentence Higher insuance ratesHigher insuance rates Possible law suitsPossible law suits

AlcoholismAlcoholism

A diseaseA disease Cannot keep from drinkingCannot keep from drinking Cannot manage tension without drinkingCannot manage tension without drinking Cannot stop drinking once they have startedCannot stop drinking once they have started

3 STAGES OF 3 STAGES OF ALCOHOLISMALCOHOLISM

STAGE 1STAGE 1

Starts with social Starts with social drinkingdrinking

Make excusesMake excuses

Physiological and Physiological and psychological psychological dependencedependence

Drinks regularlyDrinks regularly May have May have

blackoutsblackouts

STAGE 2STAGE 2

Cannot stop drinkingCannot stop drinking DefensiveDefensive In denialIn denial ToleranceTolerance Performance at Performance at

school or work school or work declinesdeclines

STAGE 3STAGE 3

Drinking is visibleDrinking is visible Drinking is uncontrollableDrinking is uncontrollable