VI Rosenberg Forum Expo Zaragoza 2008, June 23-27

Lessons for Spain: a critical assessment of the role of science and society

Alberto Garrido & Ana Iglesias UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE

MADRID

Lesson 1 The agricultural sector is the cornerstone of water policy

As a practical approach, irrigation is crucial: • Quantitatively • For drought management • For the implementation of the EU WFD

(least cost means to achieve good ecological status by 2015?)

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LESSON 1 – Irrigation is the cornerstone of water policy in Spain

ACs Agriculture Total Uses

Mm3

Andalusia 89.8% 6,077

Aragon 96.4% 2,992

Castile Leon 91.4% 2,471

Castile La Mancha 93.3% 2,471

Catalonia 73.8% 2,118

Valencia 87.4% 2,718

Extremadura 95.4% 2,822

Galicia 13.3% 1,648

Madrid 22.6% 264

Murcia 80.6% 663

Rest of ACs 33.3% 2,766

Spain 84.4% 23,853

Andalusia

Extremadura

Cast-Leon Aragón

Cast-La Mancha

Murcia

Valencia

Catalonia

Reservas de la cuenca del Ebro

Reservas de la cuenca del Guadalquivir

LESSON 1 – Irrigation is the cornerstone of water policy in Spain

0 20

40

60

80

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Octubre Febrero Mayo Julio

0 20

40

60

80

10

0

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Octubre Febrero Mayo Julio

Storage levels Guadalquivir

Storage levels Ebro

LESSON 1 – Irrigation is the cornerstone of water policy in Spain

Marginal and average cost of increasing river flows

Lesson 2 Let growers’ be driven by Commodity markets

• Changes in cropping patterns • CAP Decoupling measures of support

r ace5 24 Alfalfa 12 4 Tomato15 4 Tomato 6 19 Vineyard1 70 Corn 5 34 Alfalfa9 44 Vineyard 13 18 Peaches11 40 Mandarin 1 68 Corn

14 28 Peaches 8 53 Oranges13 45 Potato 9 50 Mandarines7 58 Oranges 3 71 Olives3 69 Olives 19 14 Lettuce10 56 Sugar beet 10 49 Sugar beet

Lesson 2 Let growers produce to the markets

Rank of crops in total value, surface and pland productivity Spain (95 crops)

1995 2000 2005 Total value Su f €/ha Crop Surface €/ha Crop Surface €/ha Crop

1 4 25 Alfalfa 2 13 4 Tomato 3 7 40 Oranges 4 9 32 Mandarines 5 21 7 Lettuce 6 6 58 Sugar beet 7 2 71 Corn 8 8 60 Potato 9 28 5 Beens 10 31 11 Garlic

Lesson 3 Don’t expect too much from irrigation in terms of income generation

• Stabilised Farm prices (except cereals,…) • Growing input prices (fertilizers, fuel,

labor,…) • Intense land-consolidation process • Intense capitalisation (2006 farm

outstading debt €21 billion, from €15 b. in 2004)

irrig_out rainfed_outprotected_out

Source: Anuarios MAPA

Irrigated, and rainfed Production

Lesson 3 Don’t expect too much from irrigation in terms of income generation

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1995 2000 2005 year

Rainfed Irrigated land Greenhouses

Crop production in rainfed, irrigated land and greenhouses (Measured in constant 2001 billion euros --- 1995-2005)

Farm output per irrigated hectare Farm output per irrigated hectare

Lesson 3 Don’t expect too much from irrigation in terms of income generation

Provincial changes of land productivity irrigated land vs rainfed region (constant €/ha)

Ali

Alm

Bad

Bal

Bar

Cad Cas

Cord

Gir gran

Huel

Jae

Mal

Mur

Palm

Ten

Sev Tarr

Val

Ali

Alm

Bad

Bal Bar

Cad Cas

Cord Gir gran

Huel

Jae

Mal

Mur

Palm

Ten

Sev Tarr

Val

0

5000

10

000

15

000

20

000

Far

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tput

per

irrig

ated

hect

are

0 500 1000 1500 2000 Farm output per rainfed ha

Mediterranean regions

1995 2005

1995 2005

Farm output per irrigated hectare Farm output per irrigated hectare

Provincial changes of land productivity irrigated land

Lesson 3 Don’t expect too much from irrigation in terms of income generation

vs rainfed region (1995-2005) (constant €/ha)

Ala

AlbAvi

Bur

Cac

c.real

Cuen

Guad

Hues Leo

Llei

Rio

Mad Nav

Pale Sal

Seg

Sor Ter

Tol

Vall

Zam

Zar

Ala

Alb

Avi

Bur

Cac

c.real

Cuen

Guad

Hues

Leo

Llei

Rio

Mad

Nav

PaleSal

Seg

Sor

Ter

Tol

Vall Zam

Zar

0

2000

40

00

6000

80

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Far

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perirr

igat

edhe

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0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Farm output per rainfed ha

Interior regions

1995 2005

Wine industry Olive oil sector

Measured in December, INEM

Lesson 3 Don’t expect too much from irrigation in terms of income generation

720

74

0

760

78

0

800

82

0

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Contracted farm workers Tendencia

170

18

0

190

20

0

210

22

0

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Farm owners Trend

Only 17 provinces

Labor utilisation and farm operators (1000 persons, measured in December each year 1996-2006)

Lesson 4 Focus on non-point pollution

• Use of Nitrogen and other fertilizers • Livestock density (Spain tops EU pork

production)

Lesson 4 Focus on non-point pollution

Nitrogen use

Agriculture (Tn/comarca) Animal (Kg/km2)

Lesson 5. Listen to what scientists have to say

• Yearly growth in papers produced by Spanish scientists 9%.

• Spain is #5 in EU and #9 in world, in number papers

• Spain is #10 (March 2008) in total citations (12 in Sept. 2004)

• Spain in #6 world ranking in agricultural sciences (13 in Geology, 11 in Chemistry, 15 in Engineering)

Lesson 5bis. Stimulate researchers’ outreach and popular dissemination

• To reach • Gov’t agencies

• To work with • The private sector

Lesson 6. Prepare for intense pressures for water trading

ill

18

Alberto Garrido, María Bielza y Cristian Morales

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Lesson 6. Prepare for intense pressures for water trading

1 2

3 4

5

1995 2000 2005 year

Irrig Farm output bill € Rainfed Farm outpu

Protected Farm output bill €

Mediterranean regions

0 2

4 6

Source: Anuarios MAPA

Farm outpu

•Trading means not only spot or occassional •water exchanges, but also risk-sharing instruments •Note that trading requires revised definition of water rights

Lesson 7. Frame evaluations of Water footprint and virtual water trade in policy contexts

Lesson 7. Interpret the Water footprint and virtual water trade

Lesson 7. Interpret the Water footprint and virtual water trade

Lesson 8. Communicate better what is agriculture and irrigation

• During 2004-08, agriculture has been blamed for everything that went wrong

• Agricultural key roles are poorly explained: • Buffer to other users • Food production • Landscape stewards

Lesson 9. Take into account that rivers are shared with others

Guadalquivir

Ebro The EU mandates that EU member states coordinate Water plans.