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Al-Jathiya (CROUCHING) Verse:013
Abdul Daryabadi : And He hath subjected for your sake whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is in the earth, the whole from Himself. Verily herein are signs Unto a people who ponder.
Dr. Mohsin : And has subjected to you all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth; it is all as a favour and kindness from Him. Verily, in it are signs for a people who think deeply.
Dan Dia telah menundukkan untukmu apa yang di langit dan apa yang di bumi semuanya, (sebagai rahmat) daripada-Nya. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu benar-benar terdapat tanda-tanda
(kekuasaan Allah) bagi kaum yang berfikir.
Al-Shuara (THE POETS) Verse:183
Abdul Daryabadi : And defraud not people of their things, and commit not corruption on the earth.
Dan janganlah kamu merugikan manusia pada hak-haknya dan janganlah kamu merajalela di muka bumi dengan membuat kerusakan
Mexico & United State Challenge
Kaiwan email: [email protected]
Marine Le Pen email: [email protected], [email protected]
James E Cartwright, email: [email protected] [email protected]
Mahtab P. Bavaghar as Topography expert & progress, RS & GIS laboratory, Faculty of Natural Resources,
University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Yuliana Rotua Ulibasa, as Judgement calculation about port merger, town industry, up to relation between
Mexico and United State, email: [email protected]
Rini Fatimah Jaelani (Syahrini) as presenter, email: [email protected]
Ufti Adenda Aulia as verse-spirit-peace presenter, email: [email protected]
Hua Chun Ying as presenter, email: [email protected]
Mumpuni Handayayekti as student and spare presenter, email: [email protected]
Abstract: Generally, condensation for make rain, require lower temperature. CO2 absorb heat from sun shine
but O2 not, so forest makes lower temperature of the air by absorbs CO2 and produce O2. Regarding data
compound and additional evident from United State, between rain intensity, wind which brings water favor, and
forest population and position, shown that forest make higher rain intensity. On United State, water vapor
finished after distance more than 1,300 km from east beach. Data shown than on 25,000 square kilometer of
forest with tree density 56 – 75per acre, annual precipitation become 50 – 60 inches.
So For United State I propose wind reflector project on Mexico including as mining and as source of metallurgy,
water vapor come from south, many national park (forest) on center of United State, rain come down, farm
expansion, reduce much forest burning and storm; mangrove development along south beach, several vegetation
propose around Texas, and potential position for wind power station.
Mexico industries model are assembly, Mexico trading; 47% import from United State, and 70% export to
United State, so I propose town industry supported by port on east and west, near metallurgy, domestic rubber
supply because shown USD significant, as additional I propose several vegetation, mangrove and fish trap, and
domestic product calculation of composition.
1. INTRODUCTION
Initially this paper idea generated for herox award, San Antonio as special support relation between United state
and Mexico. And then developed further on both of United State and Mexico. So in this paper directly
innovation idea than paper writing rules.
2. BASIC THEORY
2.1 General Rain Process Flow
2.1.1 Water vapor is produced by water evaporation. The biggest resources are from sea
evaporation.
2.1.2 Condensation is process to change water vapor into water liquid as precipitation or rain,
generally by make lower temperature.
2.2 Evaporation Resources
Iran territory has 2 (two) big evaporation resources, those are: Caspian Sea on the north, and Straight
Hormuz on the south.
2.3 Forest contribution
Forest absorbs CO2 and produce O2. CO2 absorb heat from sun shine but O2 not. Forest makes lower
temperature of air which required for condensation process.
2.4 Wind
Initially, wind as earth rotation result. Combine with Iran topography, I able to make the direction of
wind flow prediction, shown on figure 3: Data compound map. Wind flow brings water vapor from sea
evaporation.
I term two kinds of wind (shown on figure 3: Data compound)
Not water vapor contain from sea evaporation
Water vapor contain from sea evaporation 3. EVALUATION
Primary process on water circle is water evaporation and condensation for make rain In Iran territory, exist 2
water evaporation resources those are: Caspian sea on the north and Straight Hormuz on the south. Regarding
Rain data evaluation, Straight Hormuz evaporation is water vapor resources for North West area, and for wider
area than from Caspian evaporation. The easier project is for Caspian condensation process on the north, able
give water for Tehran.
Fig. 1: Forest cover map in Iran
ICID 21st European Regional Conference 2005 - 15-19 May 2005 - Frankfurt (Oder) and Slubice - Germany and Poland
Fig. 2 Rain intensity map
3.1 Data Evaluation
Data collect and compound, Shown on figure 3: Data compound map, and Table 1: Data compound
Table 1: Data compound
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Forest Wind Annual Rain
Num Notification Condition vapor condition Intensity (mm) By contour
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 A apart, fragmented forest 300 - 350
2 B close forest 500 3 C NW other wooded land No data
4 C other wooded land 500
5 D low, other wooded land 200
6 E low, other wooded land 200
7 F East low, other wooded land 150? Contour
8 F other wooded land 350
9 X other wooded land 100 - 200
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2 Evaluation Result
wind which bring water vapor, and forest give higher rain contribution, in which X
(other wooded land) have 100-200 mm annual rain.
Regarding Existing rain data and wind flow prediction, evaporation from Straight Hormuz are rain
resources for north west of Straight Hormuz.
Fig 3: Data compound map
3.3. Other evident from United State
Fig 4: United State forest
A B
D
A E
F
Direction of Earth Rotation
x
C
D
A
General wind direction Earth Rotation direction
Fig 5; United State annual rain intensity
Data Evaluation, those are:
Wind direction bring water favor
So: Because: and;
Fig 6; Land topography, shape, forest effect for rain intensity
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is similar, how can it be?...in this precision?
Fig 7; Forest effect for rain intensity
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So; Because:
Fig8; position from west sea, and forest effect for rain intensity
Fig. 9: Prediction of evaporation area from Straight Hormuz as rain resources on Iran
3.4 Proximate correlation between forest and annual precipitation Water vapor arrive the state of Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas (likes rolled back of C) have
been reduced by hills effect on Caroline, become 60 – 70 inches annual precipitation on south of Louisiana,
Mississippi, and Alabama with same class of forest, so water vapor and forest condition able to proximate
correlation with distance from beach up to annual precipitation border (1,300 km around shape likes Rolled back
of C)
Distance up to 1,300 km, from beach on 25,000 square kilometer of forest with tree density 56 – 75per acre,
annual precipitation become 50 – 60 inches
Note;
1Acres = 43,560 square feet
1 Acres = 4,052 square meter
1 inches = 2.54 mm
I feet = 0.305 meter
USA Forest class note: FIA refers to number of trees as a stocking level and sets this standard: "Forest land is
considered land at least 10 percent stocked by trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover, and not
currently developed for non-forest uses, with a minimum area classification of 1 acre."
4. Innovation
Further innovation depending from both condition of United State and Mexico; initial earth
condition, land use management, technology, and relation between them.
Regarding my data base from website and google earth, thoose are;
1. As we known, United State have high technology of; metallurgy, automotive, comunication,
agriculture and so on
2. United State, land use and management around San Antonio
3. Mexico industries type and position
4. Top 5 Import origins of Mexico: United States (47%), China (17%), Japan (4.9%), Germany
(4.2%), and South Korea (3.9%)
5. Top 5 Export destinations of Mexico: United States (70%), Canada (5.4%), Spain (2.1%), China
(2.0%), and Colombia (1.8%)
6. United State and mexico land condition, potential, position and so on.
I have some propose idea, those are:
Town industry on picture below for collect and merger industries from Tecate, Mexicali, Hermosilo,
Ciudad Juares, Elsato, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi, Silao, Salamanca, Celaya, Queretaro,
Cuautitlan, Tultitlan, Cd. Sahagun, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Santiago Tianguistengo, Ocoyoacac, Lerma,
Toluca. By merger, some process able to be reduced. Location are selected for reduce transportation
cost, near water resources, land condition, cheaper land price.
Town industry will supported by Mazatlan port for import-export to Europe, United State and
Matamoros for import-export to Asia, United State, Canada. If have profit opportunity, matamoros
port is merger result from other port.
Reclamation usefull for increase rain intensity for keep existing water resources, increase farm
production, and the other hand initial smaller of swietenia macrophylla for furniture and Albiza
chinensis fo pulp or pallet box near town industry.
In United State, water vapors finish after 1600 kilometer from east. I propose digging and dumping
for wind reflector, forest development and much farm on west of dallas. By wind reflector, I hope
reduce much storm and then water vapor come, existing national park suitable for condensation,
rain come down including for reduce national park burning. Mining sector is unrenewable, mexico
require profit for children and grandchild, so valuable material will not sale go out from mexico, and
I propose valuable material dumping because digging processing faster than mineral processing and
methalurgy. I propose some reclamation area for mineral processing, don’t forget for good waste
and tailing magement. 2 methalurgy position possibility, for reduce raw material hauling cost or
reduce fuel supply cost. United State and Mexico must make fair agreement, win-win and profit-
profit solution.
Wind reflector will be continued on United State to trace water vapor and manage to arrive far away
on north-north east from phoenix for develop stable river regarding topography, like symetryc line
on center of United State, longer water run off are better. Because have fund and effort to water
vapor supply, no problem for share water run-off on the east of those river, likes farm, livestock, but
must by evaluated for tree up to avoid soil erotion but not fo water vapor share. If over or big effect
will be evaluated later.
mangrove
My data hypothesis shown, wind generally from east; big lake on the north but cold, lower sun shine
intensity, lower water vapor so lower rain effect for forest on west, but become worst for lower
forest. And then on south, Smaller focusing by Philadelphia, dark green forest make effect and
correlation for dark green rain intensity and then green belt rain intensity to west. And then on
south, warmer, bigger focusing by Carolina and Florida plus forest class population, make white and
dark green of rain intensity likes pie, I think focusing give bigger contribution, and then water vapor
finish after 1600 kilometer from east. Many forests, national park on west side on United State,
green up to dark class of forest, suitable for condensation condition but have no correlation
with rain intensity. I offer green mine, reclamated waste dump for reduce focusing on
Relatively model
of mine possibility
Reclamated
waste dump
possibility model
Mangrove
Caroline (must be evaluated by detail data, tools, and experts), shear water vapor, go longer
to north west relatively. Rain on there, big forest area, ground water infiltration,
evapotranspiration, I hope able as water trap cycles for rain further expand to west. Become
dark class of forest to west, apart water run off to east for develop wider farmer and big
trees beside river may be for much evapotranspiration but not for condensation for water
trap cycles go to west (will be evaluate later).
Mangrove on beach and much leaf of vegetation along river suitable for water vapor
additional by evapotranspiration, condensation also. Mangrove develop microorganism for
feeding in fish ecosystem, so I hope better for fish concentration and shorter distance of
fishery. I think not a long beach use for access and picnic. Mangrove for evapotranspiration
starting from Texas, North Lake, south beach up to east.
Wind power station
Wind power station and wind reflector as miner easier reflection in company business, but
mangrove along beach, much leaf of vegetation along Mississippi river development are
difficult for identification in individual or company, who make invest, who next generation
will take profit, reduce forest burning, farm on center of United State, fishery, so must by
good willing. After United State pay investment for mangrove, and then my dream not true,
so what? I have no data detail; tools and equipment for evaluate my dream first.
On United State many people meet and collect money when election, I think United State
has long time experience in democracy, the truth and good willing between of United State
presidents just little bit different, many qualified persons in department for evaluation and
then president make decision.
I think no 3 election (12 years) able for use people meeting time, effort and money collect
for mangrove development and vegetation along Mississippi river. Good willing and self-
belonging of United Stated people.
I am alone in responsibility. Truth and good willing of United State president will not touch
cash flow for my dream running.
Over production will make lower in selling price. In these chase, I want increase people
income and reclamation. Additional other product model will give them long-term
investment for alternative, together as rain intensity additional (totally may be not reduce
short term profit).
Regarding United State land use management (see picture below), I propose Swietenia
macrophylla as furniture wood starting from land border for not disturb existing farm.
United State able to make exam and check Swietenia macrophylla posibility growth, and
then give them knowledge including about investment combination. I think no problem let
them manage for highest profit.
United State have high technology of Agriculture so I propose agarwood. May be Aquilaria
Moluccensis must be moficated, because it is tropical cultivar. Aquilaria Moluccensis require t special
care for growth and must be guard after injection because expensive. Regarding population
condition, I propose around Eidenberg for Aquilaria Moluccensis, not so far from house, able to be
additional on existing farm, near airport for product transport. I think extraction process is easy for
United State.
Same with united State, regarding population condition, existing airport, and position on the earth, I
propose Benito Juarez and Pemex, I hope Aquilaria Moluccensis able to be direct planted, without
modification.
On protect forest on east borneo indonesia, my friend said; original harvest was finish because have
parfum aroma for far distance and make hunter easy to find, world demand too high now,
processing able from United State, and Benito Juarez and Pemex have shorter distance to United
State as market place than from Indonesia.
Regarding my mission, I want to make additional reclamation and increase mexico people income,
not for replace dicotile likes coffe or cocoa, must be manage on existing small and short time harves
likes vegetable for not cover sun shine, because aquilaria harvest around 8 years, injection after 6
year and 2 years for antibody production.
Fish trap just example, able to explain on other pIace. Mangrove function is for reduce sea water
abration, reclamation, and able to rain increase on big area, and as fish habitate, small fish for
bigger diet, so fish become renewable. Separate or make distance with other mangrove or rain
increase purpose. I want to check about water level up and down for border harvest, after mangrove
ready, we able manage the opening trap, witch size we want.
Regarding the existing mexico industries, annual import value for Corn $2,948,872,902.20 for beer
and for rubber tires $2,908,966,981.94. My question, what did mexico exactly want? Beer or profit?
I didn’t make compare and detail calculation, I propose to replace corn area and other for beer to be
rubber for supply to tire industries.
Regarding reference about rubber Hevea brasiliensis optimum growth up to 15N and then growth
will slower, late on production. I have no information, just late or lower production, but I think
mexico export rubber as rubber tires and other rubber part on tractor, car and so on. Back to I want
for reclamation and increase mexicoe income and reduce gambling risk, must do good land use
management. I propose general concept thinking, those are: replace any land use for raw material of
beer and liquor, and then starting from the north go to south, calculate farm land area requirement
for long time for daily diet; food, vegetable, fruit, and then starting from the easiest, I think cow is
easy for domestic cheese, milk and beef. Replace land use from beer, liquor and then vegetable or
fruit export starting which have shortest time to be garbage. In these scope, maximum land are
replace up to domestic cheese, milk, and beef demand. And then compare with reclamation area
near town industry for water resources, renewable furniture, pallet box, and pulp if by good
management. The last is for rubber but not for replace existing dicotile and must be good plan
management for replace because coffe, cocoa, sugar are forever demand than rubber.
Regarding mexico population, becarefull and must by good management and coordination for
reclamation on mexico simetryc line for not water fold on their home. I just propose one
reclamation area now for mineral processing
5. References 1 Allah, Al Qur’an
2 Tayeb Raziei, Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh and Bahram Saghfian, Annual Rainfall Trend in Arid and
Semi-arid Regions of Iran, ICID 21st European Regional Conference 2005 - 15-19 May 2005 -
Frankfurt (Oder) and Slubice - Germany and Poland,
http://www.zalf.de/icid/ICID_ERC2005/HTML/ERC2005PDF/Topic_4/Raziei.pdf
3 http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/18314/en/irn/
4 How can forests affect climate change?
http://www.greenfacts.org/en/forests/l-2/3-climate-change.htm#0
5 The Greenhouse Effect, http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm
6 Water vapor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor
7 The Water Cycle: Condensation,
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclecondensation.html
8 Water cycle, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle
9 J. K¨ampf, M. Sadrinasab, The circulation of the Persian Gulf: a numerical study, European
Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X Vol.22 No.2 (2008), pp.279-285, © EuroJournals
Publishing, Inc. 2008, http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr
10 Iran population density
http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/iran_pop_1978.jpgor
DATA BASE
http://forestry.about.com/od/forestresources/tp/forest_location_USA.htm
Where U.S. Forests are Located
Maps of the United States Forest
By Steve Nix
The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program of the U.S. Forest Service is continually
surveying all United States forests including Alaska and Hawaii. FIA coordinates the only
continuous national forest census. This survey specifically addresses the land use question
and determines whether that use is primarily for forestry or for some other use. Here are
clickable maps that visually provide the location of United States forests based on county
level survey data.
Forest Tree Densities by Growing Stock by U.S. County and State. USFS/FIA
1. Where U.S. Forests are Located: Forestland Areas with the Most Trees
This forestland location map indicates where most of the individual trees are concentrated
(based on existing growing stock) in the U.S. by county and state. The lighter green map
shade means less tree densities while darker green means larger tree densities. No color
means very few trees.
FIA refers to number of trees as a stocking level and sets this standard: "Forest land is
considered land at least 10 percent stocked by trees of any size, or formerly having such tree
cover, and not currently developed for non-forest uses, with a minimum area classification of
1 acre."
This map shows the spatial distribution of the nation's forest land in 2007 as a percentage of
county land area to county tree density.
Source: National Report on Forest Resources
4 Tips for Improving Test Performance
Area of U.S. Forest Land. USFS/FIA
2. Where U.S. Forests are Located: Areas Designated Forestland
This forestland location map indicates areas (in acres) classified as forest land based on the
minimum definition of existing growing stocking by U.S. county. The lighter green map
shade means less available acres for growing trees while darker green means more available
acres for potential tree stocking.
FIA refers to number of trees as a stocking level and sets this standard: "Forest land is
considered land at least 10 percent stocked by trees of any size, or formerly having such tree
cover, and not currently developed for non-forest uses, with a minimum area classification of
1 acre."
This map shows the spatial distribution of the nation's forest land in 2007 by county but does
not consider stocking levels and tree densities beyond the above set standard.
Source: National Report on Forest Resources
Agar wood, (Aquilaria malaccensis) uses for perfume
A. malaccensis sesuai ditanam di antara kawasan dataran rendah hingga ke
pergunungan pada ketinggian 0 – 750 meter dari permukaan laut dengan curah hujan
kurang dari 2000 mm/tahun. Suhu yang sesuai adalah antara 27°C hingga 32°C
dengan kadar cahaya matahari sebanyak 70%. Kesesuaian tanah adalah jenis lembut
dan liat berpasir dengan pH tanah antara 4.0 hingga 6.0
They typically grow
between altitudes of 0-850 m, and up to 1000 m in locations with average daily temperatures of
20-22oC (Ding Hou, 1960; Afifi, 1995; Keller and Sidiyasa, 1994; Wiriadinata, 1995
Aquilaria crassna is one source of agarwood, a resinous heartwood, used for perfume and incense.
To have Agarwood produce the best quality of Oud oil, we select the “Aquilaria crassna” species
which is a huge tree and it is originated in Southeast Asia. They grow up very well in good weather
condition in particular geographical area. “Aquilaria crassna” species can be founded in only seven
countries and can produce seeds when it is four years old. The production of Agarwood fragranced
resin is associated with wounds from fungal invasion or insect disturbance. As a response to the
fungal infection, the tree produces the resin that cures the wound itself. Naturally Agarwood might
take around 10 – 100 years to produce this precious resin. - See more at:
http://www.treedom.com/about-treedom/plantations#sthash.2gzc8AV0.dpuf
Kelapa sawit, Elaeis Curah hujan: 1.250 – 3.000 mm/thn (opt 1.750 – 2.500 mm/thn)
Karet, Hevea brasiliensis 15° LS hingga 15°LU. Di luar zone tersebut, pertumbuhan tanaman karet
akan terhambat sehingga produktivitasnya juga akan terlambat. Tanaman karet tumbuh optimal
pada daerah dengan curah hujan antara 2.500 mm hingga 4.000 mm per tahun,
Cashew, Anacardium occidentale Daerah yang paling sesuai untuk budidaya jambu mete ialah di
daerah yang mempunyai jumlah curah hujan antara 1.000-2.000 mm/tahun dengan 4-6 bulan kering
(<60 mm). What can I say, in my experience growing cashews is super easy...
5.2. Media Tanam
Jenis tanah paling cocok untuk pertanaman jambu mete adalah tanah berpasir, tanah lempung
berpasir, dan tanah ringan berpasir.
Jambu mete paling cocok ditanam pada tanah dengan pH antara 6,3 - 7,3, tetapi masih sesuai pada
pH antara 5,5 - 6,3.
5.3. Ketinggian Tempat
Di Indonesia tanaman jambu mete dapat tumbuh di ketinggian tempat 1-1.200 m dpl. Batas
optimum ketinggian tempat hanya sampai 700 m dpl, kecuali untuk tujuan rehabilitasi tanah kritis.
Sengon (Albizia chinensis) Sengon dijumpai secara alami di hutan luruh daun campuran di wilayah
lembab dan ugahari, dengan curah hujan antara 1.000–5.000 mm pertahun. Pohon ini didapati pula
di hutan-hutan sekunder, di sepanjang tepian sungai, dan di sabana, hingga ketinggian 1.800 m dpl.
Sengon beradaptasi dengan baik pada tanah-tanah miskin, ber-pH tinggi, atau yang mengandung
garam; juga tumbuh baik di tanah aluvial lateritik dan tanah berpasir bekas tambang.[7]
pembuat peti, papan penyekat, pengecoran semen dalam kontruksi, industri korek api, pensil, papan
partikel, bahan baku industri pulp kertas
jati Tectona grandis 1 500 – 2 000 mm pH 4.5 – 7 dan tidak dibanjiri dengan air. Kayu jati terbaik
biasanya berasal dari pohon yang berumur lebih daripada 80 tahun. Tanah yang sesuai adalah yang
agak basa, dengan pH antara 6-8, sarang (memiliki aerasi yang baik), mengandung cukup banyak
kapur (Ca, calcium) dan fosfor (P). Jati tidak tahan tergenang air. Berat jenis kayu jati berkisar 0,62
hingga 0,75, termasuk golongan kelas kuat II.
Swietenia macrophylla
Mahoni dapat tumbuh dengan subur di pasir payau dekat dengan pantai dan menyukai tempat yang
cukup sinar matahari langsung. Tanaman ini termasuk jenis tanaman yang mampu bertahan hidup di
tanah gersang sekalipun. Walaupun tidak disirami selama berbulan-bulan, mahoni masih mampu
untuk bertahan hidup. [10] Syarat lokasi untuk budi daya mahoni diantaranya adalah ketinggian
lahan maksimum 1.500 meter dpl, curah hujan 1.524-5.085 mm/tahun, dan suhu udara 11-36 C
berat jenis berkisar 0,53 hingga 0,72, termasuk kelas kuat III hingga kelas kuat II.
Eusideroxylon zwageri , Ulin 2500-4000 mm
Port of Veracruz
United State GDP by industry[edit]
Industries by GDP value added 2011.[112]
Industry GDP value added $ billions 2011 % of total GDP
Real estate, renting, leasing 1,898 13%
State and Local Government 1,336 9%
Finance and insurance 1,159 8%
Health/social care 1,136 8%
Durable manufacturing 910 6%
Retail trade 905 6%
Wholesale trade 845 6%
Non-durable manufacturing 821 6%
Federal Government 658 5%
Information 646 4%
Arts, entertainment 591 4%
Construction 529 4%
Waste services 448 3%
Other services 447 3%
Utilities 297 2%
Mining 290 2%
Corporate management 284 2%
Education services 174 1%
Agriculture 173 1%
Total 15,075 100%
http://quranexplorer.com/
http://www.pasanglaut.com/
Further information: United States budget
In Fiscal Year 2012, the U.S. federal government ran a budget deficit of $1.09 trillion.[347] The U.S.
federal public debt was $17.07 trillion (107% of GDP) as of October 26, 2013.[348]
Fiscal revenue fiscal year 2012 (Total Receipts)[citation needed]
Revenue by Source Revenue $ billions 2012 fiscal year Percent of revenue
Individual income taxes 1,165 47.19%
Social Security receipts 841 34.06%
Corporate taxes 237 9.60%
Misc. taxes 105 4.25%
Excise taxes 79 3.20%
Customs and duties 31 1.26%
Estate and gift taxes 11 0.44%
Revenue total 2,469 100.00%
Fiscal expenses fiscal year 2011[347]
Expenses by department Expenses $ millions 2011 fiscal year Percent of expenses
Health and Human Services 891,244 24.76%
Social Security Administration 784,194 21.79%
Defense-Military 678,073 18.84%
Treasury 538,702 14.97%
Agriculture 139,399 3.87%
Labor 131,973 3.67%
Veterans Affairs 126,917 3.53%
Transportation 77,302 2.15%
Office of Personnel Management 74,091 2.06%
Education 65,486 1.82%
Housing and Urban Development 57,005 1.58%
Other Defense Civil Programs 54,862 1.52%
Homeland Security 45,744 1.27%
Energy 31,372 0.87%
Justice 30,518 0.85%
State 24,355 0.68%
International Assistance Programs 24,355 0.68%
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 17,617 0.49%
Other independent agencies 14,496 0.40%
Interior 13,529 0.38%
Environmental Protection Agency 10,770 0.30%
Corps of Engineers 10,138 0.28%
Commerce 9,930 0.28%
Judiciary 7,295 0.20%
National Science Foundation 7,146 0.20%
Small Business Administration 6,162 0.17%
Legislative 4,583 0.13%
General Services Administration 1,889 0.05%
Expense total 3,599,285 100%
See also[edit]
Forbes top 10 U.S. corporations by revenue[edit]
Further information: List of largest companies by revenue
Top 10 U.S. corporations by revenue in 2013[259]
RANK CORPORATION REVENUE $ millions 2012[259] PROFIT $ millions 2012[259] ASSETS
12/31/12[260] DEBT RATIO 12/31/12[260] HEADQUARTERS EMPLOYEES 2012
MARKET CAP 4/1/13 $ billions[260] INDUSTRY
1 Exxon Mobil 454,926 41,060 334 50% Irving, TX 99,100 403
Energy
2 Wal-Mart Stores 446,950 15,699 203 62% Bentonville, AR 2,200,000
246 Retail
3 Chevron 245,621 26,895 233 41% San Ramon, CA 61,189 230
Energy
4 ConocoPhillips 245,621 12,436 117 59% Houston, TX 29,800 73
Energy
5 General Motors 150,476 9,190 149 76% Detroit, MI 202,000 38
Auto
6 General Electric 147,616 14,151 685 82% Fairfield, Connecticut 301,000
240 Diversified
7 Berkshire Hathaway 143,688 10,254 427 56% Omaha, NE 288,500
259 Diversified
8 Fannie Mae 137,451 −16,855 3,221 99% Washington D.C.
7,300 1 Finance
9 Ford Motor 136,264 20,213 190 91% Dearborn, MI 164,000 50
Auto
10 Hewlett-Packard 127,245 7,074 108 80% Palo Alto, CA 350,610
43 Computers
https://www.google.co.id/search?q=mexico+rain+map&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=kX
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content%252Fuploads%252F2013%252F07%252Fforest.png%3Bhttp%253A%25
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252Ffree-maps-thematic%2
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&ei=9uPWU4DrEJKzuATr94DgBQ&ved=0CCcQ7Ak&biw=1366&bih=667#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=4
U7ZqIEadqLOXM%253A%3BphP6_lSvcTV4dM%3Bhttp%253A%
https://www.google.co.id/search?q=mexico+economic+map&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X
&ei=9uPWU4DrEJKzuATr94DgBQ&ved=0CCcQ7Ak&biw=1366&bih=667#q=mexico+export+to+unite
d+state&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=HYN7mCGLmnnc6M%253A%3BKfl5gXmbLIgEaM%3Bh
ttp%253A%252F%252Fimg.qz.com%252F2014%252F03%252Ftop-importers-of-us-cheese-as-a-
percentage-of-total-cheese-exports-2003-
2013_chartbuilder.png%253Fw%253D1024%2526h%253D394%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fqz.com%
252F186390%252Fsouth-koreas-cheese-binge-is-driving-american-milk-prices-to-an-all-time-
high%252F%3B1024%3B394
Top 5 Products exported by Mexico Crude Petroleum (13%), Cars (8.9%), Computers (5.4%),
Video Displays (5.4%), and Delivery Trucks (5.0%)
Top 5 Products imported by Mexico Broadcasting Accessories (3.4%), Computers (3.3%),
Telephones (2.8%), Cars (2.6%), and Office Machine Parts (2.1%)
Top 5 Export destinations of Mexico United States (70%), Canada (5.4%), Spain (2.1%), China
(2.0%), and Colombia (1.8%)
Top 5 Import origins of Mexico United States (47%), China (17%), Japan (4.9%), Germany (4.2%),
and South Korea (3.9%)
Mexico is ranked 25 with an Economic Complexity Index (ECI) of 0.989139
Mexico is the top exporter of Silver, Beer, Tomatoes, Tropical Fruits, Revolution Counters, Feldspar,
and Citrus and Melon Peels.
Mexico export
2709 Crude Petroleum $45,907,721,592.53 13%
2 8703 Cars $30,901,173,968.90 8.9%
3 8471 Computers $18,885,629,835.93 5.4%
4 8528 Video Displays $18,880,773,570.34 5.4%
5 8704 Delivery Trucks $17,324,019,999.61 5.0%
6 8517 Telephones $10,105,377,060.89 2.9%
7 8544 Insulated Wire $8,901,920,726.90 2.6%
8 7108 Gold $8,379,885,040.19 2.4%
9 8701 Tractors $6,489,674,823.83 1.9%
10 9018 Medical Instruments $6,385,446,609.44 1.8%
11 9401 Seats $6,225,647,825.48 1.8%
12 8525 Broadcasting Equipment $5,510,760,000.86 1.6%
13 7106 Silver $4,465,818,284.20 1.3%
14 8409 Engine Parts $3,765,012,832.27 1.1%
15 8418 Refrigerators $3,704,659,236.90 1.1%
16 8536 Low-voltage Protection Equipment $3,481,236,643.04 1.0%
17 8537 Electrical Control Boards $3,303,464,100.26 0.95%
18 8501 Electric Motors $3,030,032,532.93 0.87%
19 8708 Vehicle Parts $2,880,819,565.19 0.83%
20 8407 Spark-Ignition Engines $2,859,583,441.87 0.82%
Mexico import
1 8529 Broadcasting Accessories $10,089,837,131.08 3.4%
2 8471 Computers $9,649,512,207.18 3.3%
3 8517 Telephones $8,187,853,933.05 2.8%
4 8703 Cars $7,614,778,450.55 2.6%
5 8473 Office Machine Parts $6,291,007,847.19 2.1%
6 8708 Vehicle Parts $6,163,091,965.81 2.1%
7 8525 Broadcasting Equipment $5,598,224,577.76 1.9%
8 8542 Integrated Circuits $5,126,608,468.60 1.7%
9 8536 Low-voltage Protection Equipment $4,819,029,588.97 1.6%
10 8544 Insulated Wire $4,593,209,140.99 1.6%
11 8408 Combustion Engines $4,061,614,089.69 1.4%
12 3926 Other Plastic Products $3,481,017,602.61 1.2%
13 8409 Engine Parts $3,222,864,382.18 1.1%
14 2710 Refined Petroleum $3,173,593,413.77 1.1%
15 8414 Air Pumps $3,160,390,282.36 1.1%
16 3004 Packaged Medicaments $3,117,570,507.88 1.1%
17 1005 Corn $2,948,872,902.20 1.0%
18 4011 Rubber Tires $2,908,966,981.94 0.99%
19 8481 Valves $2,677,143,858.37 0.91%
20 8538 Electrical Power Accessories $2,662,858,774.16 0.90%
Explore
Hard liquor US$ 1.13B
http://atlas.media.mit.edu/profile/country/mex/
https://www.google.co.id/search?q=mexico+export+atlas&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=zfrWU
OdEIizuASf5oLYCw&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=nXfaqVdW
L9Q-XM%253A%3BaaxPG8pL3-AyHM%3Bhttp%2
WHERE DOES MEXICO EXPORT TO?
1 USA United States $244,861,600,371.62 70%
2 CAN Canada $18,959,383,365.43 5.4%
3 ESP Spain $7,403,887,971.33 2.1%
4 CHN China $6,937,111,183.27 2.0%
5 COL Colombia $6,212,288,552.46 1.8%
6 BRA Brazil $5,947,299,712.50 1.7%
7 DEU Germany $5,366,347,015.76 1.5%
8 JPN Japan $3,928,073,657.48 1.1%
9 IND India $3,508,153,387.67 1.0%
10 GBR United Kingdom $3,147,239,167.65 0.90%
11 CHL Chile $2,582,829,678.85 0.74%
12 KOR South Korea $2,332,736,181.91 0.67%
13 ARG Argentina $2,213,222,480.13 0.63%
14 NLD Netherlands $2,098,441,194.53 0.60%
15 VEN Venezuela $2,027,454,443.00 0.58%
16 AUS Australia $1,919,362,564.68 0.55%
17 GTM Guatemala $1,832,878,102.07 0.53%
18 BLX Belgium-Luxembourg $1,766,493,194.99 0.51%
19 PER Peru $1,729,038,344.32 0.50%
20 FRA France $1,651,984,548.26 0.47%
Explore
WHERE DOES MEXICO IMPORT FROM?
USA United States $137,814,098,650.80 47%
2 CHN China $49,992,254,448.55 17%
3 JPN Japan $14,382,067,703.75 4.9%
4 DEU Germany $12,520,728,485.39 4.2%
5 KOR South Korea $11,640,225,822.15 3.9%
6 CAN Canada $7,088,002,729.14 2.4%
7 ITA Italy $5,151,618,887.01 1.7%
8 ESP Spain $4,393,967,590.26 1.5%
9 BRA Brazil $4,130,212,045.89 1.4%
10 Other Asia $3,945,055,127.81 1.3%
11 NLD Netherlands $3,399,936,538.81 1.2%
12 THA Thailand $3,198,537,136.04 1.1%
13 FRA France $3,100,131,241.63 1.0%
14 MYS Malaysia $2,806,730,780.65 0.95%
15 IND India $2,197,113,467.14 0.74%
16 CRI Costa Rica $2,191,836,868.58 0.74%
17 GBR United Kingdom $2,128,575,181.42 0.72%
18 CHE Switzerland $1,516,044,246.59 0.51%
19 PHL Philippines $1,349,248,262.78 0.46%
20 CHL Chile $1,330,028,824.34 0.45%
http://atlas.media.mit.edu/profile/country/mex/
https://www.google.co.id/search?q=mexico+port+map&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=a
RLXU7aUFpSUuAT0iYKgBA&ved=0CCgQsAQ&biw=1366&bih=624#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=x3gi9pq
YjNnyzM%25
https://www.google.co.id/search?q=mexico+road+map&tbm=isch&imgil=HKFHYdL3OSexEM%253A
%253Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fencrypted-
tbn3.gstatic.com%252Fimages%253Fq%253Dtbn%253AANd9GcR6VR3SGm_WK8spZNdG_F7HfOIgf0
_TqXmT3kqFglArg0iFVhKy%253B3126%253B2063%253Bffk75QyZ7_6keM%253Bhttp%25253A%252
52F%25252Fmapasdemexico.org%25252Fmaps%25252Froads3.html&source=iu&usg=__YAxuYnNZQ
2-ZSDFO9X9v-WjjBlY%3D&sa=X&ei=oybXU7-
LFYq9uASS24HoAw&ved=0CCIQ9QEwAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=HKFHYdL3
OSexEM%253A%3Bffk75QyZ7_6keM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmapasdemexico.org%252Fimages
%252Fcuotar.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmapasdemexico.org%252Fmaps%252Froads3.html%3B
3126%3B2063
http://gulfcouncil.blogspot.com/2012/06/normal.html
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isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=AlTXU9z6BoqeugS5z4CIAg&ved=0CB0QsAQ&biw=1015&bih=61
9#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=YFC3jLxgnRX3qM%253A%3BsKqyYWjfBw9sGM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%2
52Fgeo-mexico.com%252Fwp-content%252Fuploads%252F2011%252F02%252Ffisheries-nw-
mexico.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fgeo-mexico.com%252F%253Fp%253D3551%3B550%3B449
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isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=AlTXU9z6BoqeugS5z4CIAg&ved=0CB0QsAQ&biw=1015&bih=61
9#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=eMY8MmBUKFYN9M%253A%3Biettu1G2LBOY9M%3Bhttp%253A%252F
%252Fwww.bassfishingmexico.com%252Fimage%252Fmexmap2%252520copy.gif%3Bhttp%253A%2
52F%252Fwww.bassfishingmexico.com%252Fpages%252Fmexmap.htm%3B500%3B338
https://www.google.co.id/search?q=mexico+fish+map&rlz=1C1GGGE___ID598ID599&espv=2&tbm=
isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=AlTXU9z6BoqeugS5z4CIAg&ved=0CB0QsAQ&biw=1015&bih=61
9#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=3yHyyFB-
KrtWLM%253A%3BUaA3KTSpexgoOM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fximages.wholesalehunter.com%2
52Fprodpics%252FMS_SFC001.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.wholesalehunter.com%252Fpro
duct.asp%253Fproductid%253D1034659%3B500%3B323
http://www.zonu.com/detail2-en/2009-09-17-1517/Mexico-Major-Agricultural-Areas-1975.html
https://www.google.co.id/search?q=mexico+agriculture+map&rlz=1C1GGGE___ID598ID599&espv=
2&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=PljXU4PIJo2GuATZpYLQCA&sqi=2&ved=0CB0QsAQ&biw
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as%252Fmexico_industry_1978.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmaps.nationmaster.com%252Fcount
ry%25
http://app1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/informe_2008_ing/03_suelos/cap3_2.html
Table 1. Value of agricultural products (1995 US$ per year) from data of SIAP (2004)
Period
Product 1990-1996 1997-2002
Maize 3,837 2,618
Fruits 3,013 2,830
Vegetables 2,347 2,622
Sugar cane 1,102 1,112
Other industrial crops 852 764
Beans 802 627
Wheat 756 436
Coffee 542 527
Potato 422 472
Oil crops 273 124
Other cereals pulses 172 166
Other crops 466 302
Beef 3,214 2,835
Milk 2,435 2,599
Poultry 1,840 2,346
Pork 1,892 1,870
Eggs 1,121 1,198
Goat meat 137 107
Sheep meat 100 98
Goat milk 48 43
THE CULTIVATING OF THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR
During the drawing up of the Europe-Mexico Free Trade Agreement, agricultural issues proved to be
a major source of wrangling. Europeans were afraid a barrage of cheap Mexican imports would enter
their markets, endangering their producers. Mexico, on the other hand, was concerned terms of the
agreement would not leave the playing field level - to its disadvantage, and that its products would
not be able to compete against heavily subsidized European produce. Especially since the Salinas
administration heftily cut back on subsidies to the sector.
Despite such sticking points, the agreement was reached, allowing for completely open markets on
both sides for reciprocal products, with clear sanitary regulations, making it the first time Europe has
reach an agreement with such criteria. Cereals, lactates and meats were left out, to push the
agreement forward, butAgriculture Minister Romarico Arroyo Marroquinsays that's no worry for
Mexico, since it has developed deals with the United States and Japan which encompass these
products. The agreement assures that when the European winter sets in, fruit bowls will be stocked
with pineapples, melons, grapefruit, avocados and grapes from Mexico.
Alongside the competitive Mexican commercial agro-industry, characterized by the high sanitary
standards, advanced technological equipment and farming methods, grows the produce for
subsistence farming. With 27% of the population living in rural regions, 17% of which lives off of
farming, it is important that the nation be on the forefront of policies and trade to ensure the
sector's growth.
Trade in agricultural products currently totals about $15 billion, with 82% of Mexico's produce going
to the United States and Canada, a proof of its competitiveness. But a little variation in outbound
markets wouldn't hurt, Arroyo said, which is where the pact with the European Union comes in.
Mexico's exports are growing at a 13.3% annual rate, while agricultural imports are increasing yearly
by 8%. Mexico has a very diversified foodstuff and agricultural products industry. "In reality, there
are few countries that can offer such a wide variety of products under advanced sanitary conditions
in developing countries," Arroyo said, a condition other countries have noticed. Since NAFTA opened
trade relations with Mexico's agro-industry, it has received 19% of foreign investment flowing in,
which comes to about $6 billion per year. And it continues to be a new space for the private sector,
with some of the larger operators still entering the market.
A FLOURISHING AGRO INDUSTRY
The sector presents many avenues for investors to peruse, cotton being an important one. Mexico's
cotton industry cannot keep up with U.S. consumer demand, making it a principal textile provider to
its northern neighbor. In Mexico, Bachoco , a poultry producer and distributor, is one of the few
agriculture companies with a strong presence on the market with six production complexes, and
operations covering over 60% of national territory. Its recent acquisition of Grupo Campi from
conglomerate should give it a market share of 30-31%, and boost last year's revenues of $240
million. Bachoco, planning to participate in further consolidation of the sector, became
institutionalized in 1997, and has listed about 16% of its shares on both the Mexican stock exchange,
and the New York Stock Exchange. The extra liquidity will be in hand when an opportunity to expand
arises. Desc , trying to move away from commodity products and shift toward name-brand products,
sold Campi in November. Desc holdings cross many sectors, with food branch Agrobios, Girsa, its
petrochemical unit, Unik, its auto-parts arm and a real estate branch. Almost 41% of Desc's sales
come from exports, which makes it highly sensitive to currency fluctuations. Though it reported
losses last year, it is expecting a rebound in 2000, mainly due to higher oil prices and new U.S.
contracts for its auto-parts. Mexico has a growing need for barley, a key raw material in beer
production. It currently imports $30 million worth of barley per year, while its beer exports total
$600 million. Mexico has two major beer producers,Grupo Modelo , known worldwide for its Corona
Extra beer, ranking among the top five most popular beers in the world, and Femsa , which comes in
a not too distant second. Grupo Modelo registered sales of $20.6 million, with Femsa bringing in
$13.5 million in 1998. Femsa has also positioned itself for growth by promoting its main products -
like Sol, Tecate, and Dos Equis - in outbound markets. Mexican beer is not the only national drink to
gain recognition abroad. Tequila over the past five years has gained popularity unseen in it decades
on market shelves as a very Mexican spirit.Casa Jose Cuervo , one of the producers to gain a strong
presence outside of Mexico, has been able to ride on this wave of popularity. Tequila producers have
secured their market when they won a ruling last year stipulating that Tequila could only be
processed in Tequila, Jalisco, when countries with similar climates took up growing and harvesting
the blue agave cactus particular for Tequila production. Producers, however, are facing a problem
not related to competition ... supplies. At the present explosive rate of demand for Tequila in Mexico
and abroad, the blue agave plant available will last another five years or so. Cultivating agave is at
least a seven-year process, leaving Tequila manufacturers little time to resolve how they will have
enough raw materials to keep their doors open. The demand has also driven prices to outrageous
highs, making what was once a popular drink for the average Mexican almost impossible to afford.
Mexican wines are also on the rise, and why not, since Mexico has the oldest recorded vintners in
the history of the Western Hemisphere, when Spanish conquistadors ordered grape vines to be
planted in the early 1500s. Baja California Sur has become a mini Napa Valley, where small, exclusive
vintners have emerged, their wines gaining recognition in distinguished French wine competitions.
The small wine industry, however, could use some competition, since the quality is still not on par
with other minor Latin American producers, and the prices, in turn, are excessive. Casa Pedro
Domecqis a national commercial expert in grape-derived beverages. With a variety of wines and
brandies on the market, it is a leading producer of alcoholic product lines in the domestic market.
Some food manufacturers have made their fortunes with wheat and corn-flour based products,
namely to make bread and tortillas. Grupo Bimbo is the nation's foremost food producer and among
the top fifteen companies in Mexico. It is one of the few Mexican companies that has been able to
compete against well-established foreign companies ... on their own turf. As the third largest
producer and seller of bread products in the world, in the United States it runs against heavyweights
like Wonder and Mrs. Baird's with 17 plants there, 12 in Latin America and 47 in Mexico. Grupo
Maseca, known as Gruma , firmed its position in much the same way as Grupo Bimbo. It is the
world's top corn-flour and tortilla producer, with annual sales surpassing $250 million. A large part of
its growth can be attributed to incursions into the U.S. market since 1976, where it is the No. 1
tortilla brand, and plans to spread more, in response to increasing demand, says Gruma Director
General Ricardo Alvarez-Tostado. Aside from tortillas, Gruma's product line also includes snacks,
canned food, farming products and machinery for tortilla and snack production. But it has recently
launched a brand of white and sweet breads to compete in the $3 billion market against current
leader Bimbo. Other markets it has penetrated include Central America, Northern Europe and most
recently, Venezuela. Gruma strives to become the primary source of both corn and flour packaged
products, Alvarez-Tostado says.Maizoro and Gamesa have product lines in the snack and corn- and
wheat-flour products, and provide hearty competition for similar products of Bimbo and Gruma.
The nation's corn-flour products may soon be using improved materials in conjunction with a
government project headed by the National Institute for Forest Agriculture and Fishing
Investigations (INIFAP), which is working on strains of Quality Protein Maize (QPM). With the widest
variety of corn in the world - over 40,000 - Mexico hopes to have several million hectares of QPM
maize sown because it is the population's staple food. If maize's protein quality can be enriched,
everyone's diet will be improved, says INIFAP Director Jorge Kondo . Scientists have also seen
dramatic effects on animals fed QPM maize, showing greatly improved health compared to animals
fed normal maize. Mexico produces 32 million tons of grains yearly, of which 18 million is maize. The
QPM materials have genes native to a Mexican strain with more Triptophane and lysine - essential
amino acids for humans - than normal, and have been crossed with strains with higher tolerance for
pests and diseases to produce strong industrial quality.
http://www.winne.com/mexico/cr09.html
THE CULTIVATING OF THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR
During the drawing up of the Europe-Mexico Free Trade Agreement, agricultural issues proved to be
a major source of wrangling. Europeans were afraid a barrage of cheap Mexican imports would enter
their markets, endangering their producers. Mexico, on the other hand, was concerned terms of the
agreement would not leave the playing field level - to its disadvantage, and that its products would
not be able to compete against heavily subsidized European produce. Especially since the Salinas
administration heftily cut back on subsidies to the sector.
Despite such sticking points, the agreement was reached, allowing for completely open markets on
both sides for reciprocal products, with clear sanitary regulations, making it the first time Europe has
reach an agreement with such criteria. Cereals, lactates and meats were left out, to push the
agreement forward, butAgriculture Minister Romarico Arroyo Marroquinsays that's no worry for
Mexico, since it has developed deals with the United States and Japan which encompass these
products. The agreement assures that when the European winter sets in, fruit bowls will be stocked
with pineapples, melons, grapefruit, avocados and grapes from Mexico.
Alongside the competitive Mexican commercial agro-industry, characterized by the high sanitary
standards, advanced technological equipment and farming methods, grows the produce for
subsistence farming. With 27% of the population living in rural regions, 17% of which lives off of
farming, it is important that the nation be on the forefront of policies and trade to ensure the
sector's growth.
Trade in agricultural products currently totals about $15 billion, with 82% of Mexico's produce going
to the United States and Canada, a proof of its competitiveness. But a little variation in outbound
markets wouldn't hurt, Arroyo said, which is where the pact with the European Union comes in.
Mexico's exports are growing at a 13.3% annual rate, while agricultural imports are increasing yearly
by 8%. Mexico has a very diversified foodstuff and agricultural products industry. "In reality, there
are few countries that can offer such a wide variety of products under advanced sanitary conditions
in developing countries," Arroyo said, a condition other countries have noticed. Since NAFTA opened
trade relations with Mexico's agro-industry, it has received 19% of foreign investment flowing in,
which comes to about $6 billion per year. And it continues to be a new space for the private sector,
with some of the larger operators still entering the market.
A FLOURISHING AGRO INDUSTRY
The sector presents many avenues for investors to peruse, cotton being an important one. Mexico's
cotton industry cannot keep up with U.S. consumer demand, making it a principal textile provider to
its northern neighbor. In Mexico, Bachoco , a poultry producer and distributor, is one of the few
agriculture companies with a strong presence on the market with six production complexes, and
operations covering over 60% of national territory. Its recent acquisition of Grupo Campi from
conglomerate should give it a market share of 30-31%, and boost last year's revenues of $240
million. Bachoco, planning to participate in further consolidation of the sector, became
institutionalized in 1997, and has listed about 16% of its shares on both the Mexican stock exchange,
and the New York Stock Exchange. The extra liquidity will be in hand when an opportunity to expand
arises. Desc , trying to move away from commodity products and shift toward name-brand products,
sold Campi in November. Desc holdings cross many sectors, with food branch Agrobios, Girsa, its
petrochemical unit, Unik, its auto-parts arm and a real estate branch. Almost 41% of Desc's sales
come from exports, which makes it highly sensitive to currency fluctuations. Though it reported
losses last year, it is expecting a rebound in 2000, mainly due to higher oil prices and new U.S.
contracts for its auto-parts. Mexico has a growing need for barley, a key raw material in beer
production. It currently imports $30 million worth of barley per year, while its beer exports total
$600 million. Mexico has two major beer producers,Grupo Modelo , known worldwide for its Corona
Extra beer, ranking among the top five most popular beers in the world, and Femsa , which comes in
a not too distant second. Grupo Modelo registered sales of $20.6 million, with Femsa bringing in
$13.5 million in 1998. Femsa has also positioned itself for growth by promoting its main products -
like Sol, Tecate, and Dos Equis - in outbound markets. Mexican beer is not the only national drink to
gain recognition abroad. Tequila over the past five years has gained popularity unseen in it decades
on market shelves as a very Mexican spirit.Casa Jose Cuervo , one of the producers to gain a strong
presence outside of Mexico, has been able to ride on this wave of popularity. Tequila producers have
secured their market when they won a ruling last year stipulating that Tequila could only be
processed in Tequila, Jalisco, when countries with similar climates took up growing and harvesting
the blue agave cactus particular for Tequila production. Producers, however, are facing a problem
not related to competition ... supplies. At the present explosive rate of demand for Tequila in Mexico
and abroad, the blue agave plant available will last another five years or so. Cultivating agave is at
least a seven-year process, leaving Tequila manufacturers little time to resolve how they will have
enough raw materials to keep their doors open. The demand has also driven prices to outrageous
highs, making what was once a popular drink for the average Mexican almost impossible to afford.
Mexican wines are also on the rise, and why not, since Mexico has the oldest recorded vintners in
the history of the Western Hemisphere, when Spanish conquistadors ordered grape vines to be
planted in the early 1500s. Baja California Sur has become a mini Napa Valley, where small, exclusive
vintners have emerged, their wines gaining recognition in distinguished French wine competitions.
The small wine industry, however, could use some competition, since the quality is still not on par
with other minor Latin American producers, and the prices, in turn, are excessive. Casa Pedro
Domecqis a national commercial expert in grape-derived beverages. With a variety of wines and
brandies on the market, it is a leading producer of alcoholic product lines in the domestic market.
Some food manufacturers have made their fortunes with wheat and corn-flour based products,
namely to make bread and tortillas. Grupo Bimbo is the nation's foremost food producer and among
the top fifteen companies in Mexico. It is one of the few Mexican companies that has been able to
compete against well-established foreign companies ... on their own turf. As the third largest
producer and seller of bread products in the world, in the United States it runs against heavyweights
like Wonder and Mrs. Baird's with 17 plants there, 12 in Latin America and 47 in Mexico. Grupo
Maseca, known as Gruma , firmed its position in much the same way as Grupo Bimbo. It is the
world's top corn-flour and tortilla producer, with annual sales surpassing $250 million. A large part of
its growth can be attributed to incursions into the U.S. market since 1976, where it is the No. 1
tortilla brand, and plans to spread more, in response to increasing demand, says Gruma Director
General Ricardo Alvarez-Tostado. Aside from tortillas, Gruma's product line also includes snacks,
canned food, farming products and machinery for tortilla and snack production. But it has recently
launched a brand of white and sweet breads to compete in the $3 billion market against current
leader Bimbo. Other markets it has penetrated include Central America, Northern Europe and most
recently, Venezuela. Gruma strives to become the primary source of both corn and flour packaged
products, Alvarez-Tostado says.Maizoro and Gamesa have product lines in the snack and corn- and
wheat-flour products, and provide hearty competition for similar products of Bimbo and Gruma.
The nation's corn-flour products may soon be using improved materials in conjunction with a
government project headed by the National Institute for Forest Agriculture and Fishing
Investigations (INIFAP), which is working on strains of Quality Protein Maize (QPM). With the widest
variety of corn in the world - over 40,000 - Mexico hopes to have several million hectares of QPM
maize sown because it is the population's staple food. If maize's protein quality can be enriched,
everyone's diet will be improved, says INIFAP Director Jorge Kondo . Scientists have also seen
dramatic effects on animals fed QPM maize, showing greatly improved health compared to animals
fed normal maize. Mexico produces 32 million tons of grains yearly, of which 18 million is maize. The
QPM materials have genes native to a Mexican strain with more Triptophane and lysine - essential
amino acids for humans - than normal, and have been crossed with strains with higher tolerance for
pests and diseases to produce strong industrial quality.
http://www.winne.com/mexico/cr09.html
http://geo-mexico.com/?tag=industry&paged=3
1 2710 Refined Petroleum $23,924,579,586.76 10%
2 2711 Petroleum Gas $20,115,324,687.37 8.4%
3 1511 Palm Oil $15,983,141,744.48 6.7%
4 8542 Integrated Circuits $13,315,218,425.29 5.6%
5 8471 Computers $12,329,480,256.75 5.1%
6 2709 Crude Petroleum $11,926,018,226.70 5.0%
7 8473 Office Machine Parts $8,152,498,254.92 3.4%
8 8517 Telephones $8,146,330,306.87 3.4%
9 8541 Semiconductor Devices $4,939,238,449.69 2.1%
10 8528 Video Displays $3,956,820,943.13 1.7%
11 8525 Broadcasting Equipment $3,789,955,524.47 1.6%
12 4015 Rubber Apparel $3,495,155,936.73 1.5%
13 4001 Rubber $2,781,030,004.14 1.2%
14 9030 Oscilloscopes $2,771,813,641.58 1.2%
15 1519 Stearic Acid $2,498,269,944.18 1.0%
16 7113 Jewellery $2,384,324,675.42 1.0%
17 8443 Industrial Printers $2,306,600,932.87 0.96%
18 9403 Other Furniture $2,048,632,863.86 0.86%
19 8527 Radio Receivers $1,736,762,025.43 0.73%
20 8536 Low-voltage Protection Equipment $1,720,172,375.34 0.72%
http://atlas.media.mit.edu/profile/country/mys/
http://www.slideshare.net/ranzcdadavao/overview-of-agriculture-sector-in-malaysia-presentation
In May 2010, Grupo Modelo opened the first phase of a beer brewery and bottling plant in the Nava municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila. Named as Compania Cervecera de Coahuila, the brewery is located about 21km away from Piedras Negras. It is the eighth brewery of Grupo Modelo in Mexico. The project is being completed in three phases. The first phase of construction was started in November 2007 and completed in September 2010. The first brewline was officially inaugurated at the end of 2010. The second brewline was put in to operation in January 2011. The estimated investment for the mega brewery construction was $600m in phase I. It employs about 600 people. When all the three phases are completed, it will be the world's largest brewery of its kind. The total workforce will also be increased to about 2,000. Grupo Modelo is the sixth largest brewer in the world. The company brews 13 varieties of beer and supplies more than 170 countries. The brewer is investing MXP 4bn ($343m) to expand its distribution network by setting-up convenience stores and modernising its plants.
Capacity and expansion of Grupo Modelo's Piedras Negras brewery
"Grupo Modelo is the sixth largest brewer in the world, with 13 varieties of beer." The first phase of the Piedras Negras brewery has a production capacity of ten million hectolitres (hl) (one billion litres) per annum. The plant currently produces Corona, Corona Light, Negra Modelo and Modelo Especial brands. The second phase will increase the plant's capacity to 20 million hl of beer. The expansion is planned for completion in 2012. When the third phase is completed, the production capacity will reach 30 million hl.
It is planned for completion in 2013. These two phases will add three new brands each. The production will be exported to European and North American markets.
Site choice
The Nava beer manufacturing and bottling plant is located on highway 57 in the midst of the Piedras Negras and Nava cities. The greenfield facility occupies 334ha area. The site was chosen due to the availability of good quality water and proximity to the largest beer markets in the US. Presence of good road and power infrastructure was also a reason for choosing the site.
Brewery design features
The brewery is a three-story brewhouse with large metal silos, about 1.6km of conveyors and four pasteurisers. The facility consists of two brewhouses with malt intake, vacuum evaporation and energy recovery systems, 70 cylindro-conical fermentation and storage tanks, seven CIP stations, a yeast cellar with 16 tanks and continuous microfiltration (CMF), 30 pressure tanks and three filtration lines with 1,200hl/h capacity each, and a Siemens PCS 7 V7.0 automated process control system. The two brewlines produce 12 batches each a day (24 batches per day in total). It houses 15.2m diameter lauter tuns, the largest of their kind in the world. A 60km pipeline (DN 800) has been built connecting the brewery and a mountain aquifer supplying about 20 million m³ of water per annum. A wastewater treatment plant is also constructed at the site. The equipment and installations at the plant are tailored to allow future expansions to 20 million hl and 30 million hl capacity without interrupting the production process.
Processing ingredients
The brewery uses rice, barley malt and corn grits to produce beer. The feedstock is transported by trains to the site and unloaded through rail-road spurs built at the site.
"Most of the process technologies used at the plant were from Germany and the Americas." Six silos of 2,000t capacity each are available to store the raw material. Corn grits are directly transferred to two storage silos of 400t capacity each. A raw materials supply system handles the raw materials in bulk and conveys them to the brewhouse. These raw materials flow into a collection bin and then to a mash tun. They are then added with water and pumped to the cereal cooker of the brewhouse through a 100m long transfer pipeline. Two brew systems consisting of mash tuns and cereal cookers are designed to efficiently use the internal heat. These heaters can also clean them automatically by CIP (clean-in-place) technology. Fermentation takes place in unitanks configured with a Modelo-specific, automated clarification and purging system and an automated turbidity monitoring. The brewery consumes less than 3hl of water for one hl of beer. The CO2 reclamation capacity of the brewhouse is about 4,000kg/h.
Plant technologies at Grupo Modelo's brewery
Most of the process technologies used at the plant are from Germany and the Americas. The Italian company Sidel provided three bottling lines of 144,000 bottles an hour capacity and a canning line of 66,000 cans an hour capacity. The company also installed 37 robotic machines for filling, pasteurising and cap feeding, and end of line machinery. The production and logistic automated system (PLAS) of Sidel integrates bottling lines, an ERP system, automated trolleys and the warehouse. Elettric80 built the automated trolleys with LGV laser guides. The automated warehouse was built by System Logistics. It is equipped with digisat satellite and a systore SAP interface warehouse management system for handling the glass bottle packages. It can store about 63,000 pallets. The high level of automation enables the Coahuila beer manufacturing and bottling plant to reduce operational costs by about 40% than the seven other breweries of Grupo Modelo.
Contractors involved with the Coahulia plant
Ziemann was the main contractor for all the design, equipment and technology supplies at the Nava facility. Siemens was responsible for the complete automation, while all of the control cabinet and the
whole programming came from Ziemann. Sidel provided the robotics and technologies for the bottling plant. Grupo Modelo's subsidiary Inamex de Cerveza y Malta lead the project by providing engineering, construction, machinery installation and management services.
http://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/projects/grupo-brewery/
Grain Production
Mexico Table of Contents
Corn is the staple food of most Mexicans and is grown on about one-third of the country's
cultivated land. Central Mexico is the main area of corn cultivation. The size of the corn
harvest varies significantly with weather conditions. In the 1992-93 growing season, about
8 million hectares were planted in corn, and 16.5 million tons were harvested, a slight
increase over the previous year's output of 16.3 million tons. In 1994 the corn harvest
amounted to 19.2 million tons.
Until the late 1980s, Mexico enjoyed corn self-sufficiency during years when the harvest
was good. In 1990, however, demand exceeded supply by some 3.3 million tons and was
met by imports. Thereafter, Mexico's import needs steadily fell to 1.9 million tons, at a cost
of US$178 million in 1991 and 1.1 million tons in 1992. In 1993 Mexico imported just
400,000 tons of corn, almost all from the United States.
Wheat became more widely cultivated than it had been before, as bread replaced corn
tortillas among Mexican consumers. There is little correlation between poor harvests of
wheat and corn because each has different climatic requirements. The total area sown in
wheat declined from 1.1 million hectares in 1986 to 714,000 hectares in 1993. Mexico's
wheat output averaged slightly more than 4 million tons annually during the 1980s,
fluctuating from 3.2 million tons in 1981, to 3.7 million tons in 1988, and to 4.4 million in
1989. Wheat production fell slightly from 3.7 million tons in 1992 to 3.6 million tons in
1994. For most of the 1980s, domestic wheat output was barely sufficient to satisfy internal
demand. Mexico's wheat import requirement steadily grew from 260,000 tons (at a cost of
US$46 million) in 1990 to 1.4 million tons in 1993.
Because the climatic requirements of sorghum are similar to those of corn, its output has
undergone similar weather-based fluctuations. Mexico's sorghum production declined from
5.4 million tons in 1992 to 3.9 million tons in 1994. The land area sown in sorghum
declined by more than half between 1989 and 1993, from 1.3 million hectares to 600,000
hectares. Mexico's import requirements for sorghum (almost all from the United States)
consequently rose between the mid-1980s and early 1990s. Mexico imported 3.0 million
tons of sorghum (at a cost of US$362 million) in both 1990 and 1991. Its import needs rose
further to 5.0 million tons in 1992, then declined to 2.8 million tons in 1993.
The total land area sown in rice decreased from 192,000 hectares in 1986 to 50,000
hectares in 1993. Mexico's domestic output of milled rice fell steadily from 615,000 tons in
1986 to 312,000 tons in 1989. After rising slightly to 431,000 tons in 1990, rice output fell
again to 246,000 tons in 1992, then recovered to 371,000 tons in 1993. Mexico imported
substantial quantities of rice from the late 1980s through the early 1990s. In 1993 the
country imported 350,000 tons of rice.
Beans are a basic staple food for most poor Mexicans. Mexico's domestic production of
dry beans fell from 1.4 million tons in 1991 to 719,000 tons in 1992, then recovered to 1.5
million tons in 1994. In 1991 Mexico imported 125,000 tons of beans. The 1991 bean
harvest covered 1.9 million hectares, the largest area sown in beans since the early 1980s.
Mexico's barley output fell steadily from 581,000 tons in 1991 to 325,000 tons in 1994.
About 450,000 hectares were sown in barley in 1993. Annual production of oats remained
steady throughout the early 1990s at 100,000 tons, and some 100,000 hectares were sown
in oats each year.
Barley
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Barley: Genus Hordeum, family poaceae, a cereal grain.
Of the various cereals, barley has been adapted to the widest variety of climates, from
sub-Arctic to sub-tropical. Barley is grown on a wide scale in Russia, Australia, Germany,
Turkey and North America. Leading exporters are the European Union, Australia and
Canada.
Barley is classified as six-row or two-row, describing the physical arrangement of kernels
on the plant. Another classification describes the beards or awns covering the kernels.
Barley Usage
Barley is grown for feed, food, or malting. Barley grown for feed is used in rations for all animal types. Barley is a popular
grain throughout parts of the United States where it offers environmental advantages when grown in rotation, or has a
clear transportation advantage, such as California. It is a short-season, early maturing crop grown on both irrigated and
dry land production areas in the United States.
Though barley's energy is not as easily utilized by animals, it does have a higher protein content than corn, which
reduces the need for a protein supplement in a feed compound. Consequently, barley, although grown in smaller
quantities, competes with both corn and sorghum as a feed grain in the United States. Most barley in the United States is
grown to be malt barley because of the price premium it commands. Historically, livestock consumed most of the barley
produced in the United States. This is no longer the case as food and industrial uses have shown continued growth while
feed uses of barley have declined. The current breakdown is approximately 76 percent food, see and industrial use, 3
percent export use and 22 percent feed and residual use.
Barley Utilization:
Barley is popular as a staple food as well, used in soups, as an extender for vegetable proteins and occasionally milled
into flour. Most barley used for food is either pearl barley or barley flour. Pearling consists of a polishing process, which
removes the outer husk and part of the bran layer of the kernels. Barley flour, a by-product of pearling, is used in the
United States for baby foods and other specialties. Barley as flatbread or porridge is widely consumed in North Africa and
parts of Asia.
In addition to traditional 2-row and 6-row barley, hull-less barley varieties have been developed for food application,
where a minimal amount of cleaning is required prior to processing. Barley has nutritional advantages such as high fiber
and antioxidant content, as well as being cholesterol free and low in fat. A number of current and ongoing research
studies are concentrating on the potential health benefits of barley. Initial results in the lowering of blood cholesterol are
promising, but additional studies are necessary to confirm results.
When barley is used for malt, it involves steeping malting barley in water, under controlled conditions, allowing it to
germinate or sprout, at which stage it is known as green malt. It is then dried or roasted in a kiln, cleaned, and stored for
extended periods. Malt by-products such as screenings and sprouts are separated and used as animal feed. Malt is
primarily an intermediate product and requires further processing. Most of malt production is used to produce beer. To a
small extent, malt is used by the distilling industry in the production of hard liquors such as whiskey, and by the food
industry in the production of some cake mixes and breads.
The production of malt beverages in the United States has stabilized over the past decade. In 2002, the United States
produced 6.2 billion gallons (234 million hectoliters) of malt beverage. The brewing industry uses both six-row and two-
row barley in the production of malt beverages. U.S. maltsters prefer six-row barley with a minimum of 70 percent plump,
a maximum of three percent thin and protein levels of 12-14 percent. Two-row barley should be a minimum of 85 percent
plump, a maximum of three percent thin, and 11.5-13.5 percent protein.
Though two-row varieties are higher in test weight and kernel production plumpness, six-row barley has superior enzyme
characteristics, which are crucial in beverage production. Brewers evaluate malt on the basis of total protein, soluble
protein extract, fine/coarse difference, diastatic power, and alpha amylase. The very high diastatic power and alpha
amylase levels make U.S. malt very efficient in the brewhouse.
World Barley Production and Trade
After corn and sorghum, barley is a major feed grain crop produced in the United States. Production is concentrated in
the Northern Plains states and the Pacific Northwest. In 2010-11 it is estimated that 2.9 million acres of barley will be
planted in the United States. Although this represents less than 2 percent of the total crop area in the country, the United
States is the eigth-largest barley producing country in the world. Barley is produced in areas of the United States where
the growing season is relatively short and climatic conditions cool and dry.
World Barley Production:
Barley is grown in significant quantity in many places around the world. Like wheat in the western world and rice in the
eastern world, barley production, because of its importance in malt beverages, is often a cultural, rather than economic
phenomenon.
In Europe, in particular, this has resulted in a decades long subsidy of barley and malt production so that today the
European Union is currently the third largest exporter of barley and malt. U.S. exports had been substantial prior to the
1980s, when the effect of European subsidies began to be felt and U.S. producers lost market share.
World Barley Exports:
Though the United States produces only 3-5 percent of the 200 million metric tons (7-8 billion bushels) of world barley
output, the U.S. is consistently one of the top 10 world barley exporters.
Japan, Canada and Mexico are the largest importers of the world's barley. Japan imports barley for both feed and malt
production. A significant and growing percentage of world and U.S. exports is in the form of malt. Japan and Mexico
consistently remain as top customers for U.S. barley.
Top U.S. Barley Customers:
For further information contact:
http://www.thegrainsfoundation.org/barley
Mezcal & Tequila
Finally, what are the important differences between Mezcal and Tequila? We refer to the formal
framework first, determined by valid legislation. Then there are cultural distinctions which are very
important concerning the product quality, on which we talk under “Cultural Differences” below.
Formal (i.e. legal) differences:
Raw materials:
Tequila is only allowed to be made from Agave tequilana Weber, which comes from intensively
grown monocultures. Modern breeding techniques have strongly impoverished the gene pool of the
agaves in the Tequila regions.
Mezcal is allowed to be made from any species of agave including wild ones. The majority uses
cultivated Agave angustifolia though, the archetype of A. tequilana Weber. They are bred and
cultivated by local farmers in a small scale agricultural context.
Territory of production:
Tequila must be made in Jalisco or a few municipalities in the states of Nayarit, Guanajuato,
Michoacan or Tamaulipas.
Mezcal must be made in the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas or a
few municipalities in the states of Guanajuato und Tamaulipas.
100% Agave-Products and Mixtos:
In both catogories a product from 100% agave has to be labeled as such. If not it is a Mixto.
Tequila can be made from up to 49% of foreign sugars (mostly from sugar cane) in the mash.
Mezcal is allowed to made from a maximum of 20% of foreign sugars in the mash.
Bottling:
Tequila in the mixto category can be exported as bulk. The product is shipped in stainless steel tanks
and bottled in the country of destiny. It has to be emphasised that the regulatory authority for
Tequila CRT has no legal hold about this process because it takes place outside of its area of
application. This is rather unusual for a product with denomination of origin. 100%-Agave-Tequila
has to be bottled in Mexico, though.
Mezcal must only be bottled in Mexico, the maximum size of containers for export is 5 litres.
Cultural Differences:
Actually these are the differences in production scale, i.e. artisanal small production for Mezcal and
industrialised mass production for Tequila. There are mass produced Mezcals, though, while
artesanal Tequila production has virtually died out.
Cooking or steaming og agaves:
In mass production agaves get steam-cooked within a few hours in large autoclaves under high
pressure. By this a full range of flavours cannot be obtained because many substances are not
converted into aromas and convertible sugars.
In artisanal production agaves are steam-cooked at low temperatures up to five days in natural
underground ovens over wood and stone. In this way the entire resources of the plants become
activated before getting mashed.
Fermentation:
Industrialised production uses cultivated yeast strains to achive a uniform flavour profile and a
higher yield. Besides fermentation accelerators are used.
Artisanal production utilises natural yeasts and microorganisms for fermentation, no accelerators
are applied.
Distillation:
Industrialised production uses continuous distillation in stainless steel production lines.
Artisanal production uses discontinuous distillation in pot still made from copper, clay or other
materials.
Mezcal - What it is (and what it's not)
Because there is a lot of faulty knowledge concerning Mezcal we want to put a few things straight
here. We've tried to compile all there is to know about the topic (not an easy task) because
publications are limited and often more poetic than true. Nevertheless we keep on researching,
below you will find a basic outline of what we've learned.
Definition:
Mezcal (also: Mescal or Meskal) is a spirit distilled from mash made out of the steamed hearts of
various species of agaves. The word mezcal comes from the Aztec language, the Nahuatl, and means
"cooked agave": mezcalli from metl = agave, ixcalli = cooked. Historically, mezcal is the general term
for all kinds of agave spirits made in Mexico. Since 1994 however, there is a protected denomination
of origin (denominación de orígen) for Mezcal.
Traditionally agave spirits are made from locally available agaves with varying techniques and named
differently from region to region. Tequila from Jalisco is the most widely known mezcal,
commercialized under the name "Vino Mezcal de Tequila" (Mezcal wine from Tequila). Popular since
the 1880s in Mexican mining towns, the name Tequila persisted.
Other agave spirits are: Bacanora from Sonora; Raicilla, around Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco; Tuxca,
around Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco; Comiteco, around Comitán, Chiapas; Sotol from Chihuahua (attributed
to the family of Mezcales though not made from agaves, but from Dasylirion-species).
Denominación de Orígen:
The Mexican standard NOM-070-SCFI-1994 regulates the production of Mezcal and implies the
denomination of origin, which limits the production of agave spirits to be called Mezcal to the
following Mexican states: Oaxaca, Guerrero, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas, Guanajuato und
Tamaulipas.
The concept of denomination of origin of Mezcal and Tequila (and since 2000 also for Bacanora)
does not apply to the historic formation of the product, but with the general linguistic usage and we
follow this for better understanding. There are traditionalists, who disclaim the governmental
regulation in its current form. More about this under TYPES & QUALITIES.
Popular Errors:
Tequila can be called Mezcal accordingly, but not all Mezcal is Tequila. And that´s a good thing,
because industrial shortcuts have made Tequila a mediocre product over the last 100 years, while
Mezcal-production has kept its handcrafted character at a high level. Note: Mezcal is not Tequila
with a worm.
Oh, right - the worm! This is actually the larva of Hypopta agavis, a agave vermin, and has nothing to
do with a proper Mezcal. Nor does it have a hallucinatory effect and the fact that "Mezcal" sounds
like "mescaline" is only a coincidence.
Also note: The standards of Mezcal are by no means laxer than those for Tequila, but on the
contrary. More about that under MEZCAL & TEQUILA.
Raw material Agave
Though the strange looking agaves don't seem at all suitable for human consumption its uses are
wide-ranging. The roasted plants have been eaten since the beginning as sweets and the young
floral sprout is a specialty of local cuisine, for each plant produces only a single one.
Of the 288 specified kinds of agaves from the family of Agavaceaes 274 are native to South Mexico.
To distill Mezcal approximately 30 cultivated as well as wild species are used, which range in growth
from 8 to 15 or more years. Agave angustifolia (Espadín) is most typically used and is also the genetic
ancestor of Agave tequilana Weber (Azúl). Espadín grows relatively large and yields a high grade of
convertible sugars. They also reproduce faster than other species.
The most interesting Mezcales are made from wild agaves, where –similar to wine- the terroir has an
important impact. Natural surroundings, location, altitude, soils and many more factors leave their
trace in the product. The most popular wild agave for Mezcal is Agave potatorum, called “Tobalá”.
This plant grows in forests in remote places in the mountains of Oaxaca, making the job of
harvesting it very intricate.
Ending its vegetative phase (estar a sazón) the plant starts to grow a stem (quiote, varejón, escapo
floral) out of its middle, later bearing the flowers. The young shoot gets cut, making the middle of
the plant (the heart or corazón) swell with juices. After several months the heart of the agave is
harvested by cutting of the leaves (rasurar) and chopping it off the ground. The plant now resembles
a pine cone or pineapple or what is called a piña. An exception is A. karwinskii, a yucca-like plant
with a wood-like trunk.
During its vegetative phase the agave already grows rhizomes (hijuelos, mecuates). When mature it
produces a single flower and then dies if not harvested first. The flowers are pollinated by insects,
birds (colibris) and bats, but when this does not happen agaves are also able to grow young plants
(bulbilos, apomixis) out of the flowers themselves. In cultivation this is often provoked by cutting off
the blossom.
Mezcal is a part of the holistic use of raw materials by local farmers who convert the cut stems into
food, the leaves into rope and the fibers left over by the fermentation into reinforcement for mud
bricks. Mezcal production follows the rhythm of agricultural activity, so few palenques are in use all
year long. Sowing has to be done during rainy season, for example.
Production
The distilling of Mezcal is surely one of the most fascinating activities related to spirits. Hard-bitten
experts get shiny eyes when it comes to the old craftmansship of the mezcalero-families, which is
passed from one generation to the next. Everything depends on carefully selected raw materials,
experience and feeling.
First the agaves get slowly steam-cooked to turn the carbohydrates into convertible sugars. To do
this a hole is dug in the earth, hardwood ignited inside and stones piled over and around it to hold
the heat. When the wood has completely burned down and the stones are red hot, the hearts of the
agaves get spread out on top of them. A layer of moist agave fibres protects the plants from the hot
stone and keep it from burning.
The pile gets covered with another layer of dry fibres and finally buried under a thick layer of earth.
It rests like this for 3 to 5 days to allow for a complete and slow conversion. After this steaming
process the oven gets dismantled and the piñas are stored in a clean and dry place. The flesh of the
plants is now soft, dark brown, and sweet-smelling from fresh plant sap and caramel. It has also
acquired tones from wood, smoke and earth, all aspects of the process.
To prepare for the fermentation the plants are cut into pieces approximately the size of a hand, and
unusable parts are discarded. The usable material is milled into a fibrous pulp (bagazo) by a stone
mill (tahona, molino egipcio or molino chileno). The mill wheel stands upright in a shallow basin
containing the agave pieces and is connected to a central pole by a horizontal beam. It is pushed in
circles by a beast or machine.
The pulp produced by this molienda is now mashed in tanks of different types, depending on the
region, its traditions and material availabilities: Dug-out trunks, stone pits and many more, but
mostly big wooden vats. These containers are always open to allow for natural yeasts to begin
fermentation. Cultivated yeasts are not used in producing traditional Mezcal. Depending on the size
of the vat, outside temperature, humidity and the types of agaves the fermentation takes between 1
to 3 weeks. Its end is marked by decreasing sounds inside the vat, the shape of the openings in the
pulp floating on top of the vat (both caused by the expulsion of CO2), the smell and temperature of
the mash as well as the taste of samples taken on different levels of the container. When all sugars
are converted, the mash has about 5% alcohol and is ready for distilling.
Usually copper pot stills (alambiques) are used for distillation, but there are also clay pots (ollas) or
pots made from different plants (reed, agaves, bamboo, wood etc). All of these forms don´t allow for
continuous distillation, which means that each portion has to be distilled completely before opening
the still to refill it. The most popular still is the alembik from copper with a container for the mash
(olla, cucúrbita or retorta), a seperable helmet (cabezote, montera or capitel) on top of that which
leads the vapours into a tube (turbante or pasa-vapores), ending in the worm condenser (serpentín
or culebra). There are no bubble trays, spirit safes, meters or any other devices applied.
Mezcal Minero is produced in stills from earthenware pots. The container for the mash is an
amphora-shaped clay pot, which is fixed into a mud brick oven, heated from below with firewood. A
clay pot with openings at both ends (montera), is placed on top of that to receive the vapours. The
condenser, a copper pan (cazo), is placed on the upper opening and contains cold water. On its
curved bottom the condensed liquid gathers and drips into a wooden spoon (paleta) fixed
underneath and then is led by a hollow reed to the outside of the still. The spirits produced this way
have a very individual character and an extraordinary grade of purity. Therefore Minreo is
considered to be one of the best Mezcales available. The challenge in producing it is in the handling
of this unusual still and its delicate clay pots.
Usually Mezcal is distilled twice, in the region of Oaxaca along with the solids from the fermentation.
In other regions, however, distillers prefer to use only the liquid parts, as Tequila-producers do.
1. Distillation: The still is filled with the liquid parts of the mash and –in Oaxaca- with the solids to
equal parts. During the heating process a liquid containing around 20% to 30% of alcohol is obtained
(ordinario, común oder shishe), similar to running a wash still in Whisky production.
2. Distillation: The second run (rectificación) produces heads (puntas or cabezas), heart (cuerpo,
corazón) and tails (cola). The heart is now also called Mezcal and has a graduation between 45% and
55% of alcohol. It is consumed at the strength it comes out of the still, without being diluted with
water.
The spirit is controlled during its distillation by dropping a small amount of liquid from a height of
50cm into a bowl, mostly a gourd (jícara). It produces small bubbles (perlas, perlado), which give the
master distiller information about the specific properties of the spirit, mostly its alcoholic
graduation. The bubbles should form a closed ring along the side of the gourd (cordón de perlas or
"string of pearls" ) and last as long as possible. The distillate is also rubbed by the distiller into the
palms of his hands in order to monitor the smell and feeling of evaporation. A traditional palenque
has no meters or other devices to control the product. Quality depends on the experience of the
master distiller. Chemical examination is undertaken in certified laboratories since the introduction
of the standard, controlled by COMERCAM. During each step of the process samples are taken and
tested.
Raw materias
Malt: Malt is obtained from barley, through a process called grinding, through which under
controlled humidity and temperature conditions, the barley grain germinates and is subsequently
dried, to produce the characteristics that will affect the flavor and color of the beer produced.
Water: Water is one of the basic ingredients in beer. Its quality is of vital importance since it
constitutes between 90 and 96% of beer. It is usually extracted from deep wells and it must be
appropriate for human consumption (potable water) and contain certain minerals that favor the
yeast reactions used in the process.
Hops: Hops is a climbing plant that is harvested in cold regions. Only the female flowers, which
contain the substance of the characteristic bitter taste, are used in beer production.
Yeast: Yeast is a one-cell organism that during the fermentation process transforms the sugar of the
wort into alcohol, carbon dioxide and other secondary products that give distinct characteristics to
each type of beer.
Adjuncts: Those cereals that provide qualities that complement the malt and promote the brilliance
and stabilization of beer are known as adjuncts, and they can be either corn flour or rice
grouper atau groper
Plectropoma laevis
Clearance Office:
Office of Trade Programs (OTP)
Date:
6/11/2009
GAIN Report Number: MX9315
Mexico
Post:
Mexico ATO
Mexican Market for Fresh Fruit Products
Report Categories:
Fresh Fruit
Approved By: W. Garth Thorburn II
Prepared By: Rosa Ma. Rivera
Report Highlights: In 2008, U.S. exports of fresh fruit reached $423 million, a record level. Although,
Mexico is a fresh fruit producer, there are some fruits that Mexico cannot produce. As a result,
Mexico relies on imports mainly from the United States. However, U.S. fresh fruit exports to Mexico
may decrease during this year as a result of newly applied tariffs on six different fresh fruit products
coming from the United States.
General Information: I. MARKET OVERVIEW Mexico is the second largest export market for U.S.
deciduous fruit. U.S. exports of fresh fruit to Mexico in 2008 reached $423 million, a record level.
However, U.S. exports to Mexico may decrease in 2009 due to the economic downturn and the
newly introduced duties that have been applied to five
of the most imported fresh deciduous fruits (grapes, pears, apricots, cherries, and strawberries)
which accounted for $170 million in 2008. Mexico is famous for the many varieties of fruit that are
produced locally. Over 20 varieties of fruit are produced in Mexico. Mexico consumes approximately
95% of domestically produced fruit and is blessed with good environmental conditions. The
depreciation of the peso and the newly introduced increase in duties for some imports of U.S. fruits
will benefit Mexican farmers and could result in an increase in Mexican production. In addition, for
the past few years, the Mexican industry has introduced a slogan that says “consume lo que el país
produce” or “consume what the country produces”. The program is designed to encourage Mexicans
to consume more locally produced products. Mexico will continue to be a producer of fruits and is
currently the second largest supplier of fruits to the United States. U.S. imports from Mexico are
estimated to be around $1.7 billion. Table 1: Advantages and Challenges for U.S. Exporters of Fresh
Fruits to Mexico Advantages Challenges
U.S. proximity resulting in fast and fresher shipments to Mexico
Depreciation of the Mexican Peso affects demand for high quality products
High recognition of U.S. products and associated as high quality
Mexican retaliation for abolishment of the U.S. trucking program is affecting 6 U.S. fruits
Mexican orchards that were converted to other crops or abandoned.
Higher cost of imports
Lack of investment, and high cost of production in Mexico
Mexican farmers seeking to limit imports of fresh fruit and vegetables to protect their crops
In-country U.S. produce associations working to market and promote their products
Strong third country competition, primarily from Chile and Argentina
U.S. offers a wider selection of varieties not available in Mexico
Consumers will substitute imported products with lower priced locally grown fruit
Availability of U.S. products in the retail sector
Economic downturn is impacting consumption and consumer incomes
Fruit from the U.S. have lower transportation costs compared to other supplier countries
Lack of adequate storage facilities
Fruit and vegetable growers are encouraging Mexican consumers to increase consumption
Inadequate handling procedures at the border affecting the quality of the products
In Mexico harvesting technology is not state of the art and limited arable land
Free Trade Agreements between Mexico and approximately 40 other countries
Mexico’s water availability problems and poor irrigation systems in most rural areas
The 2009 Mexican budget for agriculture increased 9.8%. 16.8 billion pesos was allocated for the
Procampo subsidy program. SECTION II. MARKET SECTOR OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS One of the
major players in fresh fruit distribution are the Centrales de Abastos (Central Markets) which are
throughout the country. Importers/distributors usually have branch offices at the Mexico City
Central de Abastos. Local and regional distributors and markets all around Mexico purchase these
products because only a few are able to cover the entire country, primarily due to lack of
appropriate storage facilities. The Central de Abasto in Mexico City is the largest and the most
important. This Central Market distributes to 30 smaller regional and local central markets located
around Mexico, with Guadalajara and Monterrey being the second and third largest, respectively.
The major buyers of fruit from the Central de Abastos in Mexico City are the public and street
markets. These markets are comprised of stationary neighborhood markets, and ambulatory street
markets called “tianguis” The retail sector is the second most important buyer of fresh fruit.
Supermarkets are becoming more and more interested in procuring directly from suppliers,
bypassing traditional distributors. The major retailers continue to develop increasingly sophisticated
distribution systems. However, for frozen foods and perishables, retail stores are still heavily
dependant on local distributors, although Costo procures most of their products directly. Upscale
hotels and restaurants demand quality products that will be consumed by both domestic and foreign
guests and customers. The most recent trend is for importers and distributors to limit the amount of
fruit purchases from the United States because the slowdown in economic activity, the devalued
peso and the increase in import duties that were implemented on March 19, 2009. Hotel and
restaurant owners have expressed to their distributors that product origin is not important as long
as they get quality products. [1] According to Mexico’s Secretariat of Tourism, there are 14,970
hotels in Mexico. 867 are considered upscale hotels with 153,007 rooms. In 2008, Mexico had 22.6
million foreign tourists. The most frequented locations were: Cancun, Mexico City, Los Cabos, Puerto
Vallarta, Monterrey, Cozumel, Mazatlan, etc. [2] The third most important buyer of fruits and
vegetables from the Mexico City Central de Abastos are the mom & pop stores, and convenience
stores that offer limited selection of products.
Mexico is a large producer of fruit and a net exporter. However, there are some fruits that Mexico
cannot produce due to the limitation of suitable land and/or because Mexican production is not
sufficient to meet local demand. As a result, Mexico relies on imports, mainly from the United
States. Currently, Mexico imports approximately 20 different kinds of fresh fruits from
approximately 20 different suppliers. The U.S. is by far Mexico’s largest supplier of fresh fruit
followed by Chile, Argentina and Canada, respectively. Table No. 2: Total U.S. Exports to Mexico of
Fruit (Values 1,000 Dollars/Quantities Reported in Metric Tons 2007-2008) Quantity 2007 Value
2007 Quantity 2008 Value 2008 % Change
Fresh Fruit, Deciduous
285,988.0
297,777
353,403.2
378,073
26.97
Fresh Fruit, Other
13,270.5
23,774
21,128.5
37,181
56.39
Fresh Melons
12,052.0
4,758
20,627.5
8,197
72.28
TOTAL
311,310.5
326,309
395,159.2
423,451
29.77 Data Source: Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Statistics Table No.
3: Mexican Imports of U.S. Fruits (2008) (1,000 U.S. Dollars) Product Value
Apples
221,069,000
Apricots
3,910,561
Cherries
3,957,285
Grapes
69,910,457
Peaches
2,774,088
Pears
80,074,000
Plums
133,239
Kiwis
3,007,535
Strawberries
30,959,706 Source: Secretariat of Economy. 1. Entry Strategy Importers/distributors are a key
component to U.S. export sales in Mexico. Identifying a good importer/distributor in Mexico is
critical to successfully exporting items to Mexico and this practice will also reduce the number of
unwanted problems. A good distributor should promote sales and ensure that the imported
products are available at the point of sales. Importers/distributors serve as a
link to buyers and in-country representatives and have the expertise to handle complicated
regulations and can trouble-shoot problems that importers can face at the border. U.S. firms should
consider using a variety of marketing tools to effectively distribute their products in Mexico. These
promotional activities could include: Participating in trade shows; Preparing brochures and
promotional materials in Spanish; Hosting technical seminars to inform end-users, distributors and
retailers of new technologies, innovations and product advantages; and Being involved with the
Agricultural Trade Office in organizing marketing campaigns to support American companies
exporting to Mexico. The Agricultural Trade Offices in Mexico City and Monterrey provide services to
help you access the market. In addition to sponsoring U.S. Pavilions (see below) the office can
provide information about local distributors and contacts. Below are the primary food exhibitions in
Mexico: ABASTUR 2009 When: September 30 - October 2, 2009 Where: Centro Banamex, Mexico
City Contact: Lourdes Guzmán, US Agricultural Trade Office (ATO)-Mexico City Tel: (011-5255) 5140
2672 Fax: (011-5255) 5535 8357 Email: [email protected] Web Page:
www.feriasalimentarias.com Show type: Mexico’s largest Hotel and Restaurant show EXPO
INTERNACIONAL NATURISTA ANIPRON 2010 When: February, 2010 Where: WTC World Trade
Center, Mexico City. Sponsored by Nutrisa Contact: ANIPRON-Asociación Nacional de la Industria de
Productos Naturales, A.C. Tel: (011-5255) 5663-1300 or 1295 or 1297 Fax: (011-5255) 5662 2221
Email: [email protected] Web Page: www.anipron.org Show type: Mexico’s largest show for
natural and healthy products
ANTAD 2010 When: March, 2010 Where: Expo Guadalajara Convention Center, Guadalajara, Jal.
Contact: Rosa Ma. Rivera, US Agricultural Trade Office (ATO)-Mexico City Tel: (011-5255) 5140 2657
Fax: (011-5255) 5535 8357 Email: [email protected] Web Page: www.antad.org.mx Show Type:
Mexico’s largest retail and supermarket show 2. Market Size, Structure, Trends The Mexican
agricultural sector performed relatively well prior to the world economic slowdown that began in
late 2008. Overall, in 2008, the sector grew by 3.24%. This percentage was substantially higher than
the 1.35% growth recorded for the entire Mexican economy in 2007. More specifically, in the final
quarter of 2008, the agricultural sector expanded by a rate of 3.3% compared to a decrease of 4.2%
and 0.9% for the industrial and service sectors, respectively. In 2008, the production of white maize,
sugar, milk, eggs, meat and other products reached a record high. [3] Table No. 4: Fresh Fruit
Production Monitored by SAGARPA (Values in 1,000 Pesos/Quantities Reported In Metric Tones
2007) PRODUCT PRODUCTION VALUE
Apples
505,078
2,837,217
Grapes
356,258
4,518,464
Peaches
192,260
1,185,558
Strawberries
176,396
1,449,827
Plums
70,024
218,160
Pears
24,739
108,180
Apricots
1,326
6,332
TOTAL
1,133,821
2,961,725 Source: SAGARPA/SIAP, Secretariat of Agriculture, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food.
Exchange rate: 1 USD = 13.00 pesos U.S. exports to Mexico are expected to decrease for 2009 due to
the weak Mexican peso, the economic downturn and the application of new retaliatory duties on
U.S. products. The Mexican Secretariat of Economy (SE) published an announcement that modified
import tariffs on 90 U.S. agricultural and
industrial products as a reaction to the U.S. eliminating the U.S.-Mexico Cross-Border Trucking
Demonstration Project. From this list, 36 agricultural products were impacted including six different
varieties of fresh fruits. Please refer to the table below: Table No. 5: New Import Tariffs Applied to
Fresh Fruits Effective date: March 19, 2009 HS Code Product New Tariff
0804.10.99
Dates, Figs, Pinaples,Guavas, Mangos
20%
0806.10.01
Grapes
45%
0808.20.01
Pears
20%
0809.10.01
Apricots
20%
0809.20.01
Cherries
20%
10.10.01
Strawberries
20% Source: SAGARPA/SIAP, Secretariat of Agriculture, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food.
Mexico has a population of approximately 110 million inhabitants, of which 51% are women and
49% men. 70 percent of the population is urban and are dispersed in 126 major cities. 20 percent of
the rural population lives in communities of less than 2,500 inhabitants and the remaining 10% are
classified as semi-urban and live in communities with between 2,500 to 10,000 inhabitants. The
Mexico City metropolitan area has an estimated population of 23 million of which 99.8 percent are
urban and .2% rural. Mexico City has a concentration of economic, political and cultural resources
not seen anywhere else in the country. The second largest city is Guadalajara, with 6.7 million
people and is located about 290 miles northwest of Mexico City. Monterrey comes in third with 4.2
million people and is located in the northern border state of Nuevo Leon and is considered the
center of Mexico’s iron and steel industry. [4] Despite the large supply of fruits and vegetables
available throughout the country, Mexicans only consumed an average of two servings of fruits or
vegetables per day. In 2003, Mexico’s Secretariat of Agriculture launched a program called “Cinco
por Dia” (Five per Day) to mirror the famous U.S. “5 a Day” program and is aimed at promoting a
healthier diet among Mexicans. During its biggest promotion campaign, consumption of fruits and
vegetables increased 30%. No other programs have been launched since then. Mexican consumers
are changing their buying habits in several ways. First, some are buying the best quality fruit but in
smaller quantities. Second, some prefer quality to cost, and believe that domestic produce is higher
quality and fresher because it does not have to be shipped. Third, others choose to buy domestic
seasonal fruit to take advantage of the lower price. Most Mexican consumers make their
purchasing decisions based on price and taste more than product origin. [5] 3. Company Profiles In
Mexico there are around 200 hundred companies that import fruits and vegetables, but 25 of these
firms control 60% of all imports. These intermediaries sell their merchandise to other distributors
and/or large processing companies; therefore, some of the large retail or wholesale chain stores do
not import these products directly. However, more of the large chains are moving towards direct
imports through their distribution centers. SECTION III. MARKET ACCESS Tariff, Taxes, Quotas: As
specified under NAFTA, most import tariffs for fresh fruits and vegetables reached zero on January 1,
2008. However, an anti-dumping duty from 0 to 47.05 percent may apply to the varieties of red and
golden delicious apples depending on the exporting company. Most products exported from
Northwest Fruit Exporter (NFE) companies are applied a duty of 47.05. (Please refer to reports
MX6094 and MX7050). Furthermore, on March 19, 2009, the Mexican Secretariat of Economy (SE)
increased import tariffs for six different varieties of fresh fruits in retaliation for the abolishment of
the U.S.-Mexico Cross-Border Trucking Demonstration Project. (Please refer to Table No.3) Mexico
maintains a 15% value-added tax (VAT, or IVA in Spanish). Mexican Customs collects the IVA on
foreign transactions upon entry of the merchandise into the country. However, this does not apply
for imports of fresh fruits and vegetables. Customs brokers use total figures to calculate their fees,
which are 0.5 percent on average, plus any storage or handling fees. Phytosanitary or Sanitary
Requirements: Products must comply with applicable sanitary regulations and labeling
requirements. (Please refer to MX4309). Imports of fresh fruits and vegetable are subject to certain
mandatory Mexican Official Standards called “NOM” (Norma Oficial Mexicana) such as NOM-008-
FITO-1995. This NOM has been updated five times, twice in 2002; twice in 2006, and once in 2008.
For more specifics please visit the following website: http://148.243.71.63/default.asp?doc=569. In
addition, grapes must comply with NOM-120-SCFI-1996. SECTION IV. KEY CONTACTS AND FURTHER
INFORMATION U.S. Agricultural Trade Office
W. Garth Thorburn II, Director Liverpool No. 31, Col. Juarez Telephone: (011-52-55) 5140 2600 Fax:
(011-52-55) 5535-8357 www.mexico-usato.com U.S. Agricultural Trade Office, Monterrey Richard
Battaglia, Director Blvd. Díaz Ordaz No. 140 Torre II Piso 7, Col. Santa Maria 64650 Monterrey, N.L.
Tel. (011-52-81) 8333 5289 Fax:(011-52-81)8333 1248 E-mail: [email protected] California
Table Grape Commission Adrian Rivera Félix, Representative Pirules No. 18 - B Col. Valle Verde
38160 Querétaro, Qro. Tel/Fax: (011-52-442) 235-0437 Cel: (011-52-442) 265-5571 Email:
[email protected] Grupo PM, S.A. Luis Moreno, Director Mercurio 24, Col. Jardines de
Cuernavaca 62360 Cuernavaca, Morelos Tel: (011-52 -777) 316-7370 Fax: (011-52-777) 316-7369
Email [email protected] Group PM represents the following: California Cling Peach Advisory
Board California Strawberry Commission California Tree Fruit Agreement California Pears Advisory
Board California Cherry Advisory Board
California Kiwi Fruit Farmers Pear Bureau Northwest Us Apple Export Council Washington Apple
Commission Juan Carlos Moreira Martin, Representative Ciruelos No. 137 -111 Col. Jurica 76100
Querétaro, Qro. Tel/Fax: (011-52-442) 218-1097 Email: [email protected] Confederacion de
Agrupaciones de Centrales de Abasto (CONACCA) Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 797 Piso 4 Oficina 7 Col.
Nápoles, C.P. 03810, México, D.F. Tel. (011-52-55) 5536-5323 y 5536-7019 [email protected]
Other Relevant Reports: MX8307 - The Mexican Market for the HRI Food Service Industries MX 8308
- The Mexican Caribbean Market MX8310 - HRI MX7306 - Exporter Guide Report [1] Distribuidora de
Alimentos del Centro/Martin Almeira. Phone call 04/07/2009 Bautista Quality/Cervando Bautista.
Phone call 04/08/2009 [2] Secretariat of Tourism, Datatur website [3] El Campo Puede Crecer_. El
Universal 03/27/09 [4] Value Marketing Seminar at ANTAD March 12, 2009 INEGI – website April
2009 [5] Aligen/Ernesto Cordero – phone call 04-08-2009 Grupo Bebo/Moises Velazquez -phone call
04-02-2009
THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF
AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY
-
Date:
GAIN Report Number:
Post:
Report Categories:
Approved By:
Prepared By:
Report Highlights: As part of the celebration of NAFTA’s 20th anniversary, this report examines the
growth of agricultural trade since 1994, highlighting the top-value products exported from the
United States to Mexico and those product categories with the largest growth in said twenty-year
span.
Luis Chavez
Alicia Hernandez
Market Development Reports
Country/Regional FTA's
Agriculture in the News
Agriculture in the Economy
NAFTA - 20 years of successful U.S.-Mexico Agricultural Trade
Monterrey ATO
Mexico
MX4504
4/30/2014
Public
Voluntary
General Information: Initiated on January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) between the United States, Mexico, and Canada redefined the economic relationship of
said three countries. Eliminating trade barriers and giving preferential treatment to imported goods
manufactured within the region, translated into an increase (both in volume and value) of goods and
services, including agricultural and food products. Some strategic commodities were reserved by
each member for additional periods of time, but 20 years after NAFTA’s inception, virtually every
product can be traded among the three partners, giving way to not only a bigger market, but
industry integrations that allow the North American bloc to compete into foreign markets as one
unit. Despite two serious economic difficulties (the Mexican crisis by the end of 1994 and the
financial crisis in the United States in 2008), trade between the two countries has quadrupled since
1994. When NAFTA began, the United States exported roughly $5 billion in agricultural products to
its southern neighbor; in 2013, agricultural exports totaled almost $20 billion. In NAFTA’s 20 year
span, Mexico has imported over $200 billion worth of agricultural products from the United States. It
is worth mentioning that similar growth has been experienced by Mexican agricultural exports to the
United States, its main commercial partner, a reflection of the positive benefit of free trade.
Source: Global Trade Atlas This report will highlight the categories that both in value and volume top
the charts on agricultural trade, focusing primarily on U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico, and
including a brief analysis of the specific products that in turn lead said categories. Basic reference
used will be the 6-digit tariff code, but in some cases products under similar categories will be
aggregated (i.e., frozen boneless beef + fresh/chilled boneless beef + frozen bone in beef +
fresh/chilled bone in beef = Beef, or all 5 cheese tariff codes integrated into Cheese). GRAINS:
CATEGORY LEADS THE WAY; CORN, INDISPUTABLE
CHAMPION Further analysis of U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico in the 20 years of NAFTA reveals
that in terms of value, grains represent the most successful category of products exported from the
United States to Mexico. Grains represent one element of how different economic sectors
“integrate” in a wider market: imported grains are used by the Mexican livestock industry to feed
breeding cattle and its offspring; after a period of time, cattlemen from Mexico then export live
animals to the United States where they are fed, slaughtered and processed into meat and related
food products which are then exported to Mexico and other parts of the world. In some cases, that
meat is then used to make food preparations that, once again, are exported by Mexico to the rest of
the world.
Source: Global Trade Atlas Individually, corn is the main U.S. agricultural export (and not just within
the category, but of the whole agricultural trade), with over $21 billion accumulated exports since
1995. By volume, considering exports measured in tons, corn is also by far the leader, with over 118
million MT exported throughout the 20-year lapse. It is worth mentioning that corn imported by
Mexico is mostly yellow corn, used primarily for animal feed; meanwhile, Mexico has a significant
surplus of domestic production of white corn, destined for human consumption. Wheat is also on
the top 5 leading U.S. exports to Mexico. Last year, wheat exports were valued at over $950 million,
almost seven times the amount exported back in 1995 (around $140 million). In total, Mexico has
imported over 40 billion MT of
wheat in the last 20 years. Sorghum also accounts for a large share of grain exports to Mexico, but
although the variation every year has been significant in value, the volume of sorghum exports has
been practically the same for the past 20 years: an average of two to three million MT per year.
ANIMAL PROTEIN: GOOD NUMBERS FOR BEEF, PORK, AND POULTRY Regarding animal protein, beef,
pork, and poultry (mainly chicken cuts) have shown constant growth since the beginning of NAFTA.
Although affected in small periods of time by droughts, price variations, and sanitary emergencies,
all three meat categories exported to Mexico show a positive trend when considering the value of
exports.
Source: Global Trade Atlas Considering volume, however, the story changes a little bit. Since 1995,
overall beef exports to Mexico have grown, but to a much smaller proportion than pork and
poultry. U.S. beef exports in 1995 accounted for almost 40 million MT; in 2013, said volume of
exports reached almost 150 million MT; beef exports, however, have reached peaks well over 200
million MT in past years.
Pork exports, on the other hand, have grown steadily at about 20% per year, going from 25 million
MT in 1995, to roughly 510 million MT last year. Poultry exports, in volume, show the same constant
growth per year, but to a lesser rate (10%), going from 130 million MT to almost 640 million MT in
2013.
DAIRY: ALBEIT SOME BUMPS, MILK AND CHEESE IN CONSTANT GROWTH Another successful
category in agricultural trade to Mexico is dairy exports; regarding specific products, concentrated
milk and cheese account for over 95% of the category and both qualify among the top-value
agricultural exports to Mexico. Cheese imports have experienced steady growth (19% yearly
average), with only one year registering a decrease in volume. Statistics show that Mexico has
imported almost $2.23 billion worth of cheese in the last 20 years, going from 5 million MT of cheese
back in 1995 to over 80 million MT in 2013.
Source: Global Trade Atlas Meanwhile, concentrated milk shows a more uneven growth, with several
highs and lows throughout the duration of NAFTA. Still, in 2013 milk exports were valued $755
million, more than 10 times the value of 1995’s exports.
APPLES: THE QUEEN OF FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES As part of NAFTA’s reshaping of agricultural
trade, one noticeable trend is that the United States specialized its exports to Mexico in grains,
meat, and dairy products, while Mexico focused on exporting beverages, food preparations, and
fresh fruits and vegetables. In this last category, while Mexico continues to register record exports of
tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, watermelons, avocados, citrus, and grapes, the United States has
exported almost 3 billion MT of fresh apples (worth $2.6 billion) since the beginning of NAFTA.
Source: Global Trade Atlas It is worth mentioning that apples and pears are the only fruit categories
that since 1995 have surpassed the $1 billion in accumulated exports to Mexico.
COTTON: MODERATE GROWTH IN VALUE, DECREASING TREND IN VOLUME
Although cotton exports to Mexico in 2013 are approximately two times the value (and volume) of
exports back in 1995, statistics show that cotton exports to Mexico reached a peak in the early
2000’s and have slowly decreased (in volume) ever since. Still, cotton exports in 2013 were valued
$456 million, the 10th place in the top-grossing agricultural categories, over other products like:
food preparations, rice, soybean oil, etc.
Source: Global Trade Atlas
BEER: FLOWING IN AND OUT OF MEXICO Mexico’s largest agricultural/food export to the world is
beer. Last year, Mexico exported to the world about 2.34 billion liters of cerveza, valued around $2
billion. Interestingly, the United States does export beer to Mexico: last year 152 million liters were
imported, representing the largest category by volume measured in liters and one of the individual
categories with the largest growth rate in the last 20 years.
Source: Global Trade Atlas
SOYBEANS: STEADY VOLUME, INCREASED VALUE Soybeans represent another example of a category
that despite the large value of exports reported, when reviewing the actual growth in volume,
numbers show a moderate increase. This category is one of the very few that surpass the $1 billion
mark every year. Despite an accumulated value during the NAFTA period similar to that of corn ($21
billion), when reviewing the total volume exported in said period, soybeans only account for 65
million MT, about half of the total aggregated volume
of corn in the same period.
Source: Global Trade Atlas
FOR MORE INFORMATION FAS/Mexico Web Site: We are available at: http://www.mexico-usda.com
or visit the FAS headquarters' home page at: http://www.fas.usda.gov for a complete selection of
FAS worldwide agricultural reporting. Useful Mexican Web Sites: Mexico's equivalent to the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (SAGARPA) can be found at http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx and Mexico’s
equivalent to the U.S. Department of Commerce (SE) can be found at http://www.economia.gob.mx.
These web sites are mentioned for the readers' convenience but USDA does NOT in any way
endorse, guarantee the accuracy of, or necessarily concur with, the information contained on the
mentioned sites
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