AKS 43: Age of Revolutions & Rebellions Chapter 21.5 – Pages 614-617 Chapter 22.4 – Pages 640-645 Chapter 23 – Pages 651-675 Chapter 24.1 – Pages 681-686

AKS 43:AKS 43:Age of Revolutions Age of Revolutions & Rebellions& Rebellions

Chapter 21.5 – Pages 614-617Chapter 21.5 – Pages 614-617Chapter 22.4 – Pages 640-645Chapter 22.4 – Pages 640-645Chapter 23 – Pages 651-675Chapter 23 – Pages 651-675Chapter 24.1 – Pages 681-686Chapter 24.1 – Pages 681-686

England (1689)England (1689)

Charles IICharles II:: Rule known as Rule known as

Restoration (restored Restoration (restored monarchy)monarchy)

Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus – gave – gave every prisoner right every prisoner right to get a doc. stating to get a doc. stating charges against them charges against them (couldn’t jail someone (couldn’t jail someone for no reason)for no reason)


James II & Causes:James II & Causes: James offended subjects b/c he boasted James offended subjects b/c he boasted

his Catholicismhis Catholicism Dissolved Parl. b/c he appointed Cath. Dissolved Parl. b/c he appointed Cath.

officials to high office (against law)officials to high office (against law) Glorious Revolution:Glorious Revolution:

William & Mary (James’ daughter) led William & Mary (James’ daughter) led army to London; James fled (bloodless army to London; James fled (bloodless overthrow)overthrow)


Results – Limits on Monarchs:Results – Limits on Monarchs: Became const. monarchyBecame const. monarchy Bill of Rights passedBill of Rights passed Cabinet developed to keep gov’t from Cabinet developed to keep gov’t from

halting to a standstillhalting to a standstill

United States (1776)United States (1776)

Causes:Causes: Trade, tax laws seen as unfair by colonistsTrade, tax laws seen as unfair by colonists Boston Tea Party incident & shutting Boston Tea Party incident & shutting

down of Bostondown of Boston Battle at Lexington & ConcordBattle at Lexington & Concord

Enlightenment Influence:Enlightenment Influence: King George broke social contractKing George broke social contract Dec. of Ind. based on ideas of Locke & Dec. of Ind. based on ideas of Locke &

others from Enlightenmentothers from Enlightenment


Changing Idea:Changing Idea:


Success:Success: Colonists motivation greaterColonists motivation greater British generals made mistakesBritish generals made mistakes Time – British citizens got tired of Time – British citizens got tired of

fightingfighting French helped at YorktownFrench helped at Yorktown


Results:Results: Americans won ind.Americans won ind. Constitution:Constitution:

Based on theories of Locke, Montesquieu, & Based on theories of Locke, Montesquieu, & RousseauRousseau

Bill of Rights:Bill of Rights: 11stst 10 amend. to Const. 10 amend. to Const. Protected basic rights as freedom of speech, Protected basic rights as freedom of speech,

press, assembly, & religion ( ideas of press, assembly, & religion ( ideas of Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke)Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke)

Haiti (1791)Haiti (1791)

Causes:Causes: Oppressed people (many slaves) fed up Oppressed people (many slaves) fed up

w/ treatment from white mastersw/ treatment from white masters Toussaint L’Ouverture:Toussaint L’Ouverture:

Became leader of rev., skilled general, Became leader of rev., skilled general, diplomatdiplomat

French made peace, accused him of French made peace, accused him of another uprising, & sent him to prison another uprising, & sent him to prison in French Alpsin French Alps

His name is fun to say!!

Haiti (1791)Haiti (1791)

IndependenceIndependence Jean Jacque Jean Jacque

Dessalines:Dessalines: Took over for Took over for

L’OuvertureL’Ouverture 1804 – declared colony 1804 – declared colony

an ind. countryan ind. country 11stst black colony to free black colony to free

itself from Euro. controlitself from Euro. control

Latin America (1808-Latin America (1808-1825)1825) Causes:Causes:

Lack of loyalty to kingLack of loyalty to king Locke’s ideas – when ruler removed, Locke’s ideas – when ruler removed,

power shifted to the pplpower shifted to the ppl

Simón Bolivar:Simón Bolivar: Venezuela – called Venezuela – called

“George Washington of “George Washington of S.A.”S.A.”

Partnered w/ San Partnered w/ San Martín in EcuadorMartín in Ecuador

Bolivia named in his Bolivia named in his honorhonor

José de San Martín:José de San Martín: Liberator of Argentina, Liberator of Argentina,

Chile, & PeruChile, & Peru

Latin America (1808-Latin America (1808-1825)1825)

Mexico:Mexico: Miguel Hidalgo started itMiguel Hidalgo started it José Morelos continued it (creoles José Morelos continued it (creoles

feared loss of property, land, & lives)feared loss of property, land, & lives) Agustín de Iturbide finished - 1821Agustín de Iturbide finished - 1821

Brazil:Brazil: Happened w/o fightingHappened w/o fighting Brazilians signed petition, asked Dom Brazilians signed petition, asked Dom

Pedro (King John’s son) to rule, he Pedro (King John’s son) to rule, he agreed - 1822agreed - 1822

Latin America (1808-Latin America (1808-1825)1825)

France (1789)France (1789)Revolution Begins (Causes)Revolution Begins (Causes)

THREE ESTATESTHREE ESTATES First Estate:First Estate:

ClergyClergy Enlightenment ideas badEnlightenment ideas bad

Second Estate:Second Estate: Rich nobles Rich nobles Disagreed about Enlightenment ideasDisagreed about Enlightenment ideas

Third Estate:Third Estate: Bourgeoisie (middle class), peasant farmersBourgeoisie (middle class), peasant farmers No power to influence gov’tNo power to influence gov’t Embraced Enlightenment ideasEmbraced Enlightenment ideas Resented 1Resented 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd estates estates

Louis XVI & Marie AntoinetteLouis XVI & Marie Antoinette Inherited debt from previous kingsInherited debt from previous kings Extravagant spenders themselvesExtravagant spenders themselves Louis weak leader, indecisiveLouis weak leader, indecisive Marie spent a lot of money on gowns, Marie spent a lot of money on gowns,

jewels, etc.jewels, etc. Known as “Madame Deficit”Known as “Madame Deficit”

France (1789)France (1789)Revolution Begins (Causes)Revolution Begins (Causes)

Estates-General:Estates-General: Assembly of reps from all 3 estatesAssembly of reps from all 3 estates Solution to $ problem - impose new tax on Solution to $ problem - impose new tax on

nobility – assembly called to approve it in nobility – assembly called to approve it in 17891789

France (1789)France (1789)Revolution Begins Revolution Begins (Causes)(Causes)

National Assembly & Tennis Court National Assembly & Tennis Court Oath:Oath: Formed by members of 3Formed by members of 3rdrd Estate Estate Act proclaimed end of abs. mon. & Act proclaimed end of abs. mon. &

beginning of rep. gov’tbeginning of rep. gov’t 3 days later – 33 days later – 3rdrd Estate delegates locked Estate delegates locked

out of meeting hall – broke down door to out of meeting hall – broke down door to indoor tennis court & vowed not to leave indoor tennis court & vowed not to leave until new constitution was writtenuntil new constitution was written


Storming of Bastille:Storming of Bastille: Mob searching for gunpowder stormed Mob searching for gunpowder stormed

prison, killed prison guards, & paraded prison, killed prison guards, & paraded in streets with their headsin streets with their heads

11stst major act of revolution major act of revolution


Great Fear:Great Fear: Senseless panic – peasants became Senseless panic – peasants became

outlaws in fear that nobles were hiring outlaws in fear that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize peasantsoutlaws to terrorize peasants

Peasant women, demanding bread, Peasant women, demanding bread, marched on Versailles – demanded marched on Versailles – demanded Louis & Marie return to ParisLouis & Marie return to Paris


France (1789)France (1789)Reform & TerrorReform & TerrorDeclaration of the Rights of Man & of Declaration of the Rights of Man & of

the Citizensthe Citizens Similar to & inspired by U.S. Dec. of Similar to & inspired by U.S. Dec. of

Ind.Ind. Slogan – “Liberty, Equality, & Slogan – “Liberty, Equality, &

Fraternity”Fraternity”

France at War:France at War: 1792 – fought against Prussia & Austria1792 – fought against Prussia & Austria Mob imprisoned royal familyMob imprisoned royal family Legislative Assembly declared king Legislative Assembly declared king

deposed, dissolved assembly, & called deposed, dissolved assembly, & called for election of new legislaturefor election of new legislature

Jacobins – radical political org. – called Jacobins – radical political org. – called for death of those who supported kingfor death of those who supported king

France (1789)France (1789)Reform & TerrorReform & Terror

Guillotine:Guillotine: Machine with weighted blade that Machine with weighted blade that

severed head of victimsevered head of victim Louis and Marie executed in this wayLouis and Marie executed in this way

France (1789)France (1789)Reform & TerrorReform & Terror

Maxmilien Robespierre:Maxmilien Robespierre: Jacobin leader – wanted to get rid of all of Jacobin leader – wanted to get rid of all of

France’s past, religion, etc.France’s past, religion, etc. Became leader of Committee of Public Became leader of Committee of Public

SafetySafety From 1793-1794, ruled basically as a From 1793-1794, ruled basically as a

dictator – this period called “Reign of dictator – this period called “Reign of Terror”Terror”

France (1789)France (1789)Reign of Terror (1793-Reign of Terror (1793-1794)1794)

Reign of Terror:Reign of Terror: Chief Task: protect rev. Chief Task: protect rev.

from enemiesfrom enemies Often had “enemies” Often had “enemies”

tried in morning, tried in morning, guillotined in afternoonguillotined in afternoon

Many “enemies” were Many “enemies” were fellow radicals who fellow radicals who challenged Robespierre’s challenged Robespierre’s leadershipleadership

Many executed for the Many executed for the flimsiest of reasonsflimsiest of reasons


End of Terror:End of Terror: 1794 – members of Nat’l Convention 1794 – members of Nat’l Convention

turned on Robespierre – he was turned on Robespierre – he was executed by guillotineexecuted by guillotine

Set up new plan for gov’t. – power w/ Set up new plan for gov’t. – power w/ upper middle classupper middle class

Napoleon commanded France’s armiesNapoleon commanded France’s armies


Warm-UpWarm-Up

What is mercantilism?What is mercantilism?

France (1789)France (1789)Napoleon’s Rise & RuleNapoleon’s Rise & RuleHero & Coup d'état:Hero & Coup d'état:

Defended National Convention with Defended National Convention with cannonade from royalistscannonade from royalists

Invaded Italy – successful; Invaded Invaded Italy – successful; Invaded Egypt – unsuccessfulEgypt – unsuccessful

Came back, surrounded legislature, Came back, surrounded legislature, members dissolved Directory, Napoleon members dissolved Directory, Napoleon declares self first consul & assumed declares self first consul & assumed role of dictatorrole of dictator

Restored Order:Restored Order: Kept many of changes from Kept many of changes from

RevolutionRevolution Set up tax system & national Set up tax system & national

banking systembanking system Opened gov’t-run public Opened gov’t-run public

schoolsschools Brought religion backBrought religion back Created uniform set of laws – Created uniform set of laws –

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code Crowned self emperor in Crowned self emperor in

18041804

France (1789)France (1789)Napoleon’s Rise & RuleNapoleon’s Rise & Rule

Loss of American Territory:Loss of American Territory: Lost St. Domingue (Haiti) Lost St. Domingue (Haiti) Sold Louisiana Territory in 1803 for $15 Sold Louisiana Territory in 1803 for $15

million to U.S.million to U.S.


Europe & Battle of Europe & Battle of Trafalgar:Trafalgar: Battlefield success Battlefield success

forced Austria, Prussia, forced Austria, Prussia, & Russia to sign peace & Russia to sign peace treatiestreaties

Only battle lost – Battle Only battle lost – Battle of Trafalgar – naval of Trafalgar – naval defeatdefeat

Results: ensured Results: ensured supremacy of British supremacy of British navy, forced Napoleon to navy, forced Napoleon to give up plans of invading give up plans of invading BritainBritain


France (1789)France (1789)Napoleon’s DefeatNapoleon’s DefeatMistakes:Mistakes:

Continental System:Continental System: Goal: Prevent trade & communication b/w Goal: Prevent trade & communication b/w

Great Britain & other European nationsGreat Britain & other European nations Blockade not tight enough – smugglers got Blockade not tight enough – smugglers got

cargo in & outcargo in & out Peninsular War:Peninsular War:

Guerilla peasant fighters in Spain fought Guerilla peasant fighters in Spain fought Napoleon’s forces – 6 years – losses Napoleon’s forces – 6 years – losses weakened French empireweakened French empire

Mistakes:Mistakes: Invasion of Russia (1812):Invasion of Russia (1812):

Breakdown in alliance caused Napoleon to Breakdown in alliance caused Napoleon to invadeinvade

Russians practiced scorched-earth policyRussians practiced scorched-earth policy Napoleon made it to Moscow – Alexander Napoleon made it to Moscow – Alexander

had burned ithad burned it Napoleon got trapped by winter – Russians Napoleon got trapped by winter – Russians

attacked – only 10,000 soldiers left to fightattacked – only 10,000 soldiers left to fight

France (1789)France (1789)Napoleon’s DefeatNapoleon’s Defeat

Defeat:Defeat: Prussia & Russia took advantage of Prussia & Russia took advantage of

inexperienced militaryinexperienced military Napoleon accepted terms of surrender – Napoleon accepted terms of surrender –

exiled him to Elbaexiled him to Elba


The Hundred Days & Battle of The Hundred Days & Battle of Waterloo:Waterloo: Hundred Days – Napoleon’s last bid for Hundred Days – Napoleon’s last bid for

powerpower Napoleon escaped Elba, regained powerNapoleon escaped Elba, regained power Battle of Waterloo – Prussian & British Battle of Waterloo – Prussian & British

troops defeated Frenchtroops defeated French Napoleon exiled to St. Helena – died 6 Napoleon exiled to St. Helena – died 6

years lateryears later


Europe before the Congress of Vienna

France (1789)France (1789)Congress of ViennaCongress of ViennaKlemens von Metternich & His Plan:Klemens von Metternich & His Plan:

Foreign minister of AustriaForeign minister of Austria Didn’t like democratic ideals of French Didn’t like democratic ideals of French

RevolutionRevolution

French Containment:French Containment: Surrounded France w/ strong countries Surrounded France w/ strong countries

so it could not overpower weak nationsso it could not overpower weak nations

Balance of Power:Balance of Power: No country, including France, would be No country, including France, would be

a threat to othersa threat to others

Legitimacy:Legitimacy: Restore ruling families of France, Restore ruling families of France,

Spain, several states in Italy & Central Spain, several states in Italy & Central Europe to their thronesEurope to their thrones

France (1789)France (1789)Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Europe after Congress of Vienna

Political Changes:Political Changes: Conservatives took control in many countriesConservatives took control in many countries Many countries remained politically dividedMany countries remained politically divided Latin American revolutions ensuedLatin American revolutions ensued

Legacy:Legacy: Power of France ↓; Britain & Prussian power ↑Power of France ↓; Britain & Prussian power ↑ Nationalism spread in Italy, Germany, GreeceNationalism spread in Italy, Germany, Greece Ideas about authority & basis of power changed Ideas about authority & basis of power changed

– democracy became more popular– democracy became more popular

France (1789)France (1789)Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Documents

AKS 43: Age of Revolutions & Rebellions Chapter 21.5 – Pages 614-617 Chapter 22.4 – Pages 640-645 Chapter 23 – Pages 651-675 Chapter 24.1 – Pages 681-686